2. High school teachers in Chicago, found that they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the ideal pupil. M/C children closest to ideal, better dressed and spoken

3. Lacey used the concepts of Polarisation and differentiation to suggest how subcultures develop. What do each of these mean? (2)

4. Polarisation= “pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite poles or extremes” Differentiation= “ Process by which teachers categorise pupils according to how they perceive their ability, attitude and/or behaviour”

5. Suggest why subcultures may form among (2)

6. Lower classes

7. Ethnic groups

8. Labelling, streaming/setting, cultural capital- school based on m/c standards, self fulfilling prophecy