2. Deals with stimulus-response and reinforces
Learning focuses on conditioning, modifying, and
shaping behavior through reinforcement and rewards
3. Curriculum organized so the students experience
success in mastering the subject matter
highly prescriptive and diagnostic
step by step, structured methods of learning
for students with difficulties of learning,
curriculum can be broken down into smaller units
desired behavior is reinforced
testing, monitoring, drilling, feedback
4. THORNDIKE - Connectionism
learning as a connection of habits into a complex
structure
THREE LAWS OF LEARNING
1. Readiness: when the nervous system is ready, it leads to a
satisfying state
2. Exercise: drills, repetitions, review
3. Effect: rewards and punishments
5. PAVLOV & WATSON - Classical conditioning
The strength of the association
stimulus- respond bond depends on the conditioning of
the response and the stimulus
SKINNER - Operant conditioning
Operant behavior is the emitted response seemingly
unrelated to any specific stimuli
6. BANDURA- Observational learning
behavior is learned through modeling and
observation
GAGNE - Hierarchical learning
behaviors are based on prerequisite conditions and result in a
cumulative process of learning
7. Focuses on information processing in interactions
with the world
the learning process focuses on student’s
developmental stages and multiple forms of
intelligence, problem solving, critical thinking, and
creativity
8. Environment influences cognitive growth and
development
interest in the amount and type of information and
knowledge people possess and how it modifies further
cognitive actions
focuses on how individuals process information and how
they monitor and manage their own thinking and the
results of their thinking
connects intelligence and mental development
textbooks and workbooks as sources of instruction ○ conducive to
critical/creative/intuitive thinking
9. Montessori - Structured Play
Emphasis on visual and auditory activities
Piaget - Cognitive Stages of Development
There are four cognitive hierarchical stages
that sequence the progress of mental operations
10. VYGOTSKY
Theory of language and cultural transmission
Human development and cultural development influence
learning
Beliefs and behaviors of previous generations shape the
present environment
11. Bruner-Structure of a Subject
learning how things relate
inquiry and discovery based learning
Gardner- Eight Multiple Intelligences
cross-cultural concept of intelligence
linguistics, music, logical-mathematical, spatial,
body-kinesthetic, inter/intrapersonal, and naturalistic
12. Guilford
120 potential cognitive processes the structure of
intellect is three-dimensional
Ennis-Lipman-Sternberg - Critical Thinking
Teaching students how to think
Make generalizations, draw conclusions, make
inferences, cause-effect, analogies, assumptions
13. Considers the whole child, his/her social,
psychological, and cognitive development
Learning focuses on students’ needs, attitudes,
feelings and self-awareness
14. The way we look at and understand ourselves is essential
for learning
Entails more alternatives in learning
subjective curriculum
Individuals’ experiences are accessible to others through
inferences
Learning focuses on students’ needs, attitudes, feelings
and self- awareness;
15. Maslow-Human needs
Survival and psychological well-being depend on six
hierarchical needs
these needs influence behavior
Rogers - freedom to learn
students are encouraged to be open, self-trusting,
and self-accepting