This document provides information on the zoonotic disease Murine typhus. It is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi and is transmitted to humans through contact with infected fleas. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and rash. Murine typhus is endemic in many parts of the world where infected rats and their fleas live in close proximity to humans. Proper sanitation and pest control can help prevent the spread of this disease.

1. WELCOME

2. COMMUNICABLE /
ZOONOSES DISEASE
INDRESH GUPTA
MSC NURSING 2ND YEAR
KINS

3. ZOONOSES
INTRODUCTION
• A zoonoses is any disease or infection that is naturally Transmitted
from vertebrate animals to humans. Zoonoses may be bacterial,
viral, or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents. As well
as being a public health problem, many of the major zoonotic
diseases prevent the efficient production of food of animal origin
and create obstacles to international trade in animal products .

4. Zoonoses And Human Health Are Matters Of Particular Concern In
India –Because Nearly 68.86%of India’s Population Is Rural And Live
In Close Contact With Domestic Animal ,And Often Not Far From
Wild Ones.
DEFINITION
Those Diseases And Infection (The Agent Of )Which Are Naturally
Transmitted Between (Other ) Vertebrate Animals And Man
G.S.
NELSON

5. CONT…
BACTERIAL
i. BRUCELLOSIS
ii. PLAGUE
iii. HUMAN SALMONELLOSIS
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
i. MURINE TYPHUS
ii. Q FEVER
PARASITIC ZOONOSES
I. TAENIASIS

6. TERMINOLOGY
BACTERIA :
A bacterium is a single-celled (unicellular) microorganism that does not have a nucleus
or any other membrane-bound organelles
VIRUS :
Virus, an infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in
living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy
liquid” or “poison.

7. RICKETTSIAL
Any of several acute infectious diseases caused by ticks, mites, or
body lice infected with rickettsiae.
PARASITIC
A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused
or transmitted by a parasite. Many parasites do not cause diseases as it may
eventually lead to death of both organism and host

8. BRUCELLOSIS

9. INTRODUCTION
Brucellosis, also called Bang's disease, Malta fever, rock
fever, is a highly contagious Zoonoses caused by
ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected
animals or close contact with their secretions.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted to humans
contact with fluids from infected animals (sheep, cattle,
goats, pigs, or other animals) derived food products such
as unpasteurized milk and cheese . The disease is rarely,
if ever, transmitted between humans.

10. • Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonoses with a worldwide
distribution. It is still an uncontrolled serious public health problem
in many developing countries including India. Brucellosis in India is
yet a very common but often neglected disease In India, about 80%
of people live within close contact to domestic livestock animals or
wild life, a critical risk factor for zoonotic disease transmission such
as brucellosis
DEFINITION
Disease of domestic and wild animals (zoonosis): Transmittable to
humans. It has different non-specific symptoms and signs

11. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
 AGENT :Brucella melitensis, B abortus, B suis and B canis These bacteria are gram negative.
 RESERVOIR OF INFECTION :Main reservoir human infection are cattle ,sheep, goats, swine
buffaloes horse and dog .
 HOST FACTOR :Adult male .farmer ,shepherds ,butchers .
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR :Disinfect areas exposed to infected animals, their urine, blood, milk,
or discharges. meat production high rainfall lack of expose to sunlight.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Transmission Is Usually From Infected Animal To Man Is No Evidence Of Transmission From Man
To Man
THERE ARE ROUTE SPREAD ARE
 CONTACT INFECTION : Contact with infected tissues, blood, urine, vaginal discharges.
 AIR –BONE INFICTION : Inhalation of infectious aerosols
 FOOD –BORNE INFECTION :Ingestion of contaminated food such as raw milk, cheese made from
unpasteurized (raw) milk, or raw meat Venereal transmission has been suggested, but the data
are not conclusive.

12. INCUBATION PERIOD
Acute or sub acute disease follows an incubation period which can vary from 1 week
to 6 week or more months.
 In most patients for whom the time of exposure can be identified, the incubation
period is between 2 and 6 weeks
CLINICAL FEATURES
Pain areas: in the abdomen, back, joints, or muscles
Whole body: fever, chills, fatigue, loss of appetite, or night sweats
Also common: coughing, headache, swollen lymph nodes, or weight loss.

13. DIAGNOSIOS :
DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS DEPEND ON ISOLATION OF ORGANISM
Blood Or Bone Marrow Culture Are Positive During Acute Phase Of Illness In 80%of
Patients Causesd By B.Melitensis
SEROLOGICAL TEST –
 BRUCELLA AGGLUTINATION TEST
PCR :Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shows promise for rapid diagnosis of
Brucella spp in human blood specimens
 OTHER TESTS: Coombs, ELISA, CFT, FTA
Patients with spine symptoms MRI examination to rule out spinal cord
compromise. Plain radiographs, CT scanning, and joint sonography.

14. CONTROL OF BRUCELLOSIS
IN THE ANIMALS
TEST AND SLAUGHTER : Case finding in mass surveys skin test are available the
complement fixation test is also recommended those are animal infected with
brucellosis are slaughtered with the full compression to farmer .
VACCINATION : Vaccine of B abortus strain 19 is commonly used foe young
animals.this vaccine reduce the rate of infection systematic vaccination for a
period of 7 to 10 year may result elimination of the disease
HYGIENIC MEASURE : Clean sanitary environment for animal sanitary disposal
of urine and faeces.
I

15. IN THE HUMAN :
EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT : for adult in the acute stage the
dose is 500 mg every 6 hr for about 3 week . Doxycycline for six weeks in
combination with streptomycin for 2-3 weeks or rifampicin for 6 weeks
PASTEURIZATION MILK
PROTECTIVE MEASURE : The aim of prevent direct contact with infected
animal person at risk such as farmer ,shepherds ,milkman .wear protective
clothing when handling carcasses .
VACCINE: human live vaccine of B abortus strain 19-BA is available

16. EDUCATION
Cover all cuts or abrasions with waterproof dressings.
Wear gloves, overalls and face masks when slaughtering animals
or handling carcasses, and wear gloves when handling birth
products, such as placentas, vaginal discharges .
Wash hands and arms in soapy water after handling animals or
carcasses. Wash off all urine, faeces, blood and other body fluids
and thoroughly clean all working areas with soapy water
Avoid feeding domestic animals raw feral pig meat or offal as they
may become infected with Brucella suis and potentially
transmitted to their owners.
Ensure that feral pig meat (like other germ) is thoroughly cooked if
it is to be consumed by humans

17. •PLAGUE

18. INTRODUCTION
• Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by highly virulent bacteria Yersinia
pestis. Distribution of plague is worldwide maintained by wild rodents and
their fleas in the natural foci and localized infection. Disease takes three
main forms: Bubonic, Septicemic and Pneumonic. Untreated bubonic
plague can lead to secondary pneumonic stage with 100% mortality. Plague
has lead to three pandemics. Yersinia pestis bacteria can also be used as
biological weapon.
DEFINITION
• Plague Is A Primarily And Basically A Zoonoses , Caused By Yersinia Pestis
Involving Rodents And Fleas .It Exit Natural Foci , And Is Transmitted By
Infected Flea Bites To Human Living Or Intruding Into The Some Ecological
Environment .

19. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
AGENT FACTOR
AGENT : The Causative Agent Yersinia Pestis is gram negative
RESERVOIR OF INFECTION : wild rodent mice rat,chinchilla,hamster and other small
animal .in India , the wild rodent , tatera indica has been incriminated as the main
reservoir .

20. HOST
• AGE AND SEX :All age and both sex are susceptible
• Human activity : Hunting ,grazing ,cultivation
• Moment of people : Plague is associated with movement of people and cargo by
sea, land.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
SEASON : The North an India The Plague Season Starts From September To May .
 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY : The temperature of 20 to 25 degree ◦C and
relative humidity of 60%and above are favorable .
RAINFALL : Heavy rainfall tends to flood the rat burrows .responsible for keeping
certain states free from plague .
Human dwellings
Urban and rural

21. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
There are 5 basic types of transmission cycles in plague .
1 commensal rat rat fleas man
2.Wild rodent wild rodent fleas or direct contact man
3.Wild rodents, predomestic rodent commensal rodent wild rodent
fleas,predomestic rodent fleas, commensal rodent fleas, man
4.Man human man
5,Man man

22. INCUBATION PERIOD
• A Bubonic Plague 2 To 7 Days
• Septicemic Plague 2 To 7 Days
• Pneumonic Plague 1to 3 Days
CILICAL FEAURE
BUBONIC PLAGUE (ZOONOTIC PLAGUE ):This Is Most Common
Types Of Constitutes 75%these Case The Illness Started Fever ,Chill ,
headache restlessness , delirium , Vomiting
BUBONIC PLAGUE IS NOT INFECTIOUS TO OTHERS.

23. CONT…
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE (PESTIS SIDERANS ) :This Occur About 20
%Of Case This Is Sever And Dangerous Types. There Will Be
Feature Such As High Fever , Prostration ,Apathy ,Coma And
Death .
PNEUMONIC PLAGUE (DEMIC PLAGUE ):This occurs about 5 to
10 %patient will have feature such as high fever cough
,dyspnea,consciouness
This is highly infection type
MENINGITIS PLAGUE : Meningitis are involved as a
complication in 1or 2 %of case patient will have feature of
meningitis .

24. DIAGNOSIS
STAINING :Smear Of Bubo Fluid Or Sputum
CULTURE :Of Sputum ,Blood Or Bubo Fluid To Look For Colonies Of
Beaten –Copper Appearance
SEROLOGY :This Test Is Done For Antibody Titer
ANIMAL INOCULATION: This is Done Is Guinea –Pig Or Mice They Die
Of Plague

25. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• This consist of following three major procedure :
1. Elimination of reservoirs
2. Breaking the channel of transmission
3. Protecting of susceptible .
1.ELIMINATION OF RESERVOIRS : Elimination of control of human reservoirs
case by the following measure .
 EARLY DIAGNOSIS :(Rat-fall ) provide warning single of imminent outbreak
 NOTIFICATION :The information occurrence of case is notified to the concerned to
health authorities. as early as possible ,so that control measure will be implemented
 CONCURRENT DISINFECTION :of sputum and patient belonging must be disinfected 5 %
Erosal used
 CHEMOTHERAPY :Tab tetracycline for 10 days (500mg 6th hourly )
 Injection streptomycine dose 30 mg /kg body wt /for 10 days

26. CONT…
CONTROL OF ANIMAL RESERVOIRS (RODENTS)
 TAPPING OF RATS
CYANOGAS FUMIGATION :This is done by cyanogas pump calcium –cyanide
Disadvantage : Rat living in the roof escape
Person doing this work are at risk
Sulfure dioxide fumigation also effective.
2 .BREAKING THE CHANNEL OF TRANCMISSION
Vectors (Rat –Fleas )Can Be Control By Cyanogas Fumigation And Insufflations Of
Burrows Of The Rat With DDT Or BHC

27. 3 .PROTECTION OF SUSCEPTIBLES
• This Consist Of Administration Of Drugs For Those Who Are At Rick Of Plague
Such As Family Contacts Medical And Nursing Staff Attending The Patient .
• Immunization Is Also Recommended For Travelers To Hyperendemic Area It
Is 50 % Protectable
OTHER MEASURE OF CONTROL
• Surveillance of susceptible are
• Health education people about the sanitation in and around the house not to
keep food grains in open containers not to sleep on the floor not to go to
jungle area.

28. • HUMAN SALMONELLOSIS

29. INTRODUCTION
• Salmonellosis is the a globle problem human Salmonellosis represent
60 to 80 %all reported cases of food borne disease . Salmonellosis
infection has increase in the developed countries .the problem is
aggravated by the widespread use of animal food animal feed
containing antimicrobial drug salmonellae and their potential
transmission to human .
• An infectious disease infection caused by a bacteria called Salmonella
Commonly caused by contaminated food and water .
• More than 1 million cases per year (India)

30. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
AGENT FACTOR : According to epidemiological point of view
,salmonellae can be classified in to three group
i. Those which infect only man – E.g. salmonella tyhpi , salmonella
paratyhpi
ii. Those that are host –Adapted for particular species of animals
E,g. s cholera-swis in swain s. gallinarum in poultry etc .
iii. Those with particular host preference and can infect both man
and animal E.g S.typhimurium, salmonella tyhpi

31. CONT..
RESERVOIR :The main reservoir of salmonella is the intestinal tract of man and
animal
SOURCE OF INFECTION :
The source of the infecting agent could be contaminated food ,animal ,man
or the environment .
a) FOOD :Food of animal origin ,particularly commercially prepared food such
as meat ,poultry ,and raw egg product.
b) ANIMAL :-Animals are the host and the principle vectors of zoonotic
salmonellosis.many animal including cattle ,swain ,rodents .
c) ENVIRONMENT :In dust ,water sewage, vegetables, ,fish and other poor
kitchen hygiene they can survive in soil for month They May Be Multiply in
the warm environment .

32. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• By indigestion of contaminated food or drink .and direct contact with
domestic animal especially dogs ,pigeons ,rats ,mice etc may spread to other
by the faecal –oral route
INCUBATION PERIOD 6 to 72 hours
CLINICAL FEATURES
• Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting , Stomach pain, Headache, low grade
Fever Onset 12-72 hours after , infection

33. TREATMENT
 Usually lasts 4 to 7 days
- most recover without treatment
- fluid intake to avoid dehydration
 Severe infections may require hospitalization/antibiotics
- May spread from the intestines to the blood stream,
and then on to other body sites, which can cause death
unless treated with antibiotic

34. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
 Don’t eat raw or undercooked food
 Cross-contamination of foods should be avoided
 Do not prepare food or pour water if you are infected with the
bacteria
 Wash hands, kitchen surfaces, and utensils with soap and water
after they have come in contact with raw meat or poultry
 Wash hands after contact with animal feces

35. MARINE TYPHUS
SILENT DOMESTIC DISEASE

36. INTRODUCTION
Murine typhus, also called endemic typhus or flea-
borne typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria
called Rickettsia typhi. Murine typhus is spread to
people through contact with infected fleas. People get
sick with murine typhus when infected flea feces are
rubbed into cuts or scrapes in the skin. In most areas of
the world, rats are the main animal host for fleas
infected with murine typhus. Murine typhus occurs in
tropical and subtropical climates around the world
where rats and their fleas live

37. EPIDEMIOLOGY DETERMINANTS
AGENT : Rickettsia Typhi ( R .Mooseri )
RESERVOIR OF INFECTION :Rates are the reservoir
HOST : Human (Accidental host )
MODE OF TRANSMISSION :The infection spreads from rat to rat the actual mode of
transmission is not by the bite of the rat flea but by (i) inoculation into skin of
faeces of infected fleas and (ii) possible by inhalation of dried infective faeces
.there is no direct man to man transmission.
RAT RAT FLEA RAT RAT FLEA
•
MAN

39. • INCUBATION PERIOD : 1To 2 week commonly 12 days
CLINICAL FEATURE
BY FLASH CARD

40. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
There is no vaccine to prevent murine typhus.
Reduce your risk of getting murine typhus by avoiding contact with
infected fleas.
Keep rodents and animals away from your home, workplace, and
recreational areas. and food supplies, especially pet food.
Always wear gloves if you are handling sick or dead animals.
Products containing DEET can be applied to the skin as well as clothing.
Always follow product instructions.
Reapply insect repellent as directed.
Do not spray repellent on the skin under clothing.

41. IF YOU HAVE A BABY OR CHILD:
 Do not use insect repellent on babies younger than 2 months of age.
 Dress your child in clothing that covers arms and legs, or cover crib,
stroller, and baby carrier with mosquito netting.
 Do not apply insect repellent onto a child’s hands, eyes, or mouth or on
cuts or irritated skin.
 Adults: Spray insect repellent onto your hands and then apply to child’s
face.

42. Q FEVER
• Q FEVER

43. INTRODUCTION
Q Fewer Is A Highly Infectious zoonotic disease with world wide distribution .it
occur mainly in persons associated with sheep ,goats ,cattle ,or other domestic
animal It's caused by inhaling dust particles contaminated by infected animals.
High-risk occupations include farming, veterinary medicine and animal
research. The highest amounts of bacteria are found in the "birth products"
(placenta, amniotic fluid) of infected animals
Q fever, also called query fever, is a bacterial infection caused by the
bacteria Coxiella burnetii. The bacteria are most commonly found in cattle,
sheep, and goats around the world.
Fewer than 5 thousand cases per year (India)

44. EPIDEMIOLOGY DETERMINANTS
AGENT :The causative agent is coxiella burnetii
HOST
Animal host :cattle ,sheep ,goat ,tick and some wild animal are
natural reservoirs.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION :
 Most common route is inhalation of aerosols
 Contaminated dust, manure, birthing products
 Tick bites (rare)
 Person-to-person (rare)

46. CONT…
INCUBATION PERIOD :Usually 2 to 3 days
Clinical Features :
 Acute onset with fever
 Chill,
 General malaise
 Headache
 Pneumonia .
 Death: 1-2%

47. DIAGNOSIS
Looks like other disease (Flu or cold)
 Serology continues to be best method
 PCR, ELISA and other methods
Bio safety level 3 (BSL-3) facility

48. TREATMENT
Doxycycline
Adult : 50 – 100 mg/kg/day
Child : 25 – 50mg/kg/day)
Erythromycin Adult : 1-2 g/day up to 4gm/day
Child : 30 -50 mg/day up to 1g/day)
Timethoprim (160/800 mg)

49. PREVENTION
Avoid birthing fluid of ruminants
 wear gloves and mask when assisting birthing .
 dispose of placenta abortes fetus .
 Protect personal equipment
Do not consume raw milk or raw milk product .
Avoiding contact with animals ,especially while animal are
given birth .

50. TAENIASIS

51. INTRODUCTION
Taeniasis is a parasitic disease due to infection with tapeworms
belonging to the genus Taenia. The two most important
human pathogens in the genus are Taenia solium (the
pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (the beef tapeworm).
A tapeworm infection that affects the digestive system .
More than 10 million cases per year (India)

52. PROBLEM STATEMENT
A) T. saginata : This parasite global distribute
B) T. solium : T solium is endemic in many countries of Latin America
,Africa and Asia as well as in some part of Europe .it is endemic in
India ,and has been widely reported . T solium is a far more
important public health problem .
Is found worldwide. About 50 to 70 million people are affected
Rural, developing countries with poor hygiene

53. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
AGENT :Taenia saginata and T. Solium
HOSTS OF INFECTION : Taenia saginata and T. Solium pass
their life cycle in two hosts . In man ,the adult parasite
live in small intestine the adult T.saginata measures 5 to
13 meters length and may be up to 24 meters. T .solium
measure 2 to 6 meters .
• the larval stage of T.saginata mainly occurs in cattle the
pig is main host for the larval stage T .solium but man
may also be infected .

54. MODE OF TRANSMISSION :
 Undercooked Beef (T Saginata) Or Pork (T Solium )
 Through The Ingestion Of Food ,Water Or Vegetable Contaminated With
Egg
INCUBATION PERIOD : For The Adult Tapworm ,From 6 To 14 Week

55. CONT…
CLINICAL FEATURE
Abdominal Pain
 Loss Of Appetite
Weight Loss
Diarrhoea And Stomach Upset.
Discomfort
 Chronic Indigestion
Most visible symptom - passing of proglottids

56. CONT…
DIAGNOSIS
 Direct faecal smear
Brine floatation technique
 Cellophane-tape technique
Coproantigen detection ELISA-95% sensitivity and 99% specificity
Biopsy of subcutaneous nodules, X-ray, CT scan or MRI are used
for the diagnosis of brain type and ophthalmoscope examination is
used for ocular form

57. TREATMENT
Taeniasis is easily treated with praziquantel (5-10 mg/kg
single dose)
Niclosamide (adults and children over 6 year, 2g single
dose)
Albendazole is also highly effective for treatment of cattle
and the pig infection
Surgical removal is required for ocular and superficial
cysticercosis

58. PARASITE CONTROL MEASURES
Through proper cooking of meat at a temp not less than 60 ◦C ,
Heat treatment-sterilize by heat or boiling at 95-100 ◦C for 30
minutes or heat 72 ◦C for 2hrs
 Freeze at -150 ◦C for at least 30 mins
 Avoid feeding swill or garbage to pigs
Improve sanitation
Vaccination of pigs
Health education

61. CONCLUSION
zoonoses diseases is public health problem in India it is mandatory
to highlight the importance of their economical and sanitary
burden to convince health authorities to prompt their diagnostic
control and prophylaxix in the concept of one health

62. BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOK
 1. Park K. , Parks essential of community health & nursing , 24 edition , M/S Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers , 2017,
family health nursing process ,Page: 326,327,228,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37
 2. Park K. ,Parks textbook of Preventive & social medicine, 22nd edition , M/S Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers , 2013 ,
family health nursing process ,Page :371– 31
 4. AH Suryakanta ,community Medicine with recent advantages, 3rd edition, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, P
(Ltd) ,family health nursing process , Page :491,492
INTERNET:
• Eappen J. Major stakeholders in the Indian Health Care
• System. Available from URL:
• http://www.slideshare.net/jincy_eappen/major-stakeholders-inthe-healthcare-system.
• Prabhakar M. Healthcare System Stakeholders. Available from
• URL: http://www. isites.harvard.edu/.