Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago.
In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
To know what is Microbiology.
How much important of microbiology knowledge in our life.
Why need to know about Microbiology .
What type of diseases can occur in our body.
What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
How can we prevent from the diseases.
viable but non-culturable microorganisms (VBNC).
WHAT IS A VBNC STATE?
CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA IN VBNC STATE.
CONDITIONS STIMULATING VBNC STATE.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF VBNC STATE.
Impact on public health.
Advantages of VBNC.
Disadvantages of VBNC state.
Conclusion.
Introduction
Classification of virus
Size of virus
Structure of Virus
Morphology of Virus
Effect of Physical and chemical agents on virus.
Life cycle of bacteriophages
Cultivation of viruses
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago.
In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
To know what is Microbiology.
How much important of microbiology knowledge in our life.
Why need to know about Microbiology .
What type of diseases can occur in our body.
What is the role of Pharmaceutical Microbiology.
How can we prevent from the diseases.
viable but non-culturable microorganisms (VBNC).
WHAT IS A VBNC STATE?
CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA IN VBNC STATE.
CONDITIONS STIMULATING VBNC STATE.
METHODS FOR DETECTION OF VBNC STATE.
Impact on public health.
Advantages of VBNC.
Disadvantages of VBNC state.
Conclusion.
Introduction
Classification of virus
Size of virus
Structure of Virus
Morphology of Virus
Effect of Physical and chemical agents on virus.
Life cycle of bacteriophages
Cultivation of viruses
Lecture 1 - Introduction To Virology.pptxJonesChipinga
This lecture outlines why we study viruses, the virosphere,bacteriophage plaque assay, the nature of viruses, properties of viruese, viral genomics and comparison of viruses to other cells.
Virus, infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.”
The earliest indications of the biological nature of viruses came from studies in 1892 by the Russian scientist Dmitry I. Ivanovsky and in 1898 by the Dutch scientist Martinus W. Beijerinck.
Beijerinck first surmised that the virus under study was a new kind of infectious agent, which he designated contagium vivum
fluidum, meaning that it was a live, reproducing organism that differed from other organisms.
Both of these investigators found that a disease of tobacco plants could be transmitted by an agent, later called tobacco mosaic virus, passing through a minute filter that would not allow the passage of bacteria.
This presentation gives a detail overview on Viruses - Morphology and Classification. The presentation is helpful for students of B. Pharm Second Year and those who wants to gain basic knowledge about Viruses.
Subject - Microbiology
Economic and practical food and beverage, Health applications of mycology
A. Food sources
B. Fermenters
C. Wine And Beer Making
D. Leavening Agent
E. Natural Food Flavor And Color
F. Drugs
G. Human Disease
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
2. Defining Microbiology
Walter WASWA 2
• Medical Microbiology is the study of
microorganisms:
– Bacteria
– Fungus
– Parasites
– Viruses
– Most can only be seen with the microscope!
3. What is Microbiology
• Study of different
Microorganisms
• Can be
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Fungus
Walter WASWA 3
4. Coverage of subject
• General
Microbiology
• Bacteriology
• Mycology
• Virology
• Parasitology and
entomology
Walter WASWA 4
5. Microbes in Our Lives
• Microorganisms
are organisms that
are too small to be
seen with the
unaided eye.
• “Germ” refers to a
rapidly growing
cell.
Walter WASWA 5
6. Naming and Classifying
Microorganisms
• Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
established the system of
scientific nomenclature.
• Each organism has two
names: the genus and
specific epithet.
• Are italicized or
underlined. The genus is
capitalized and the
specific epithet is lower
case.
Walter WASWA 6
10. Figure 3-1. Various forms of bacteria, including single cocci, diplococci, tetrads,
octads, streptococci, staphylococci, single bacilli, diplobacilli, streptobacilli,
branching bacilli, loosely coiled spirochetes, and tightly coiled spirochetes.
10Walter WASWA
11. 2. Viruses
Viruses lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to
replicate. Only when it infects a cell does a virus acquire the key
attribute of a living system: reproduction
A viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA,
enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid
Viruses are known to infect all cells, including microbial cells. Host-virus
interactions tend to be highly specific
Walter WASWA 11
12. Viruses
• A virus is not a cell!
• Viruses are replicated
only when they are in a
living host cell
• Consist of DNA or RNA
core
• Core is surrounded by a
protein coat
• Coat may be enclosed in
a lipid envelope
Walter WASWA 12
13. What are Viruses
• Viruses Dependent on
Host cells for necessary
functions and
Multiplication
• Intracellular
parasites
• Contain either
DNA or RNA
never both.
Walter WASWA 13
14. 3. Prion
A kind of infectious protein that can resist the digestion of proteinase
The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is encoded by the host’s
chromosomal DNA
An abnormal isoform of this protein (PrPres) is the only known
component of the prion and is associated with transmissibility.
Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-
Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia
, and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Walter WASWA 14
15. 4. Parasitology
• Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their
interactions with their hosts.
• The science of parasitology has a long history and
has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the
identification and classification of parasites and
of life cycles,
Walter WASWA 15
16. Taxonomic classification of parasitic
organisms
• Parasites are classified into 2
protozoa (unicellular)
metazoa (multicellular
• Protozoan (unicellular) parasites are classified according to
morphology and means of locomotion.
• Metazoa (multicellular) include the worms (helminths) and
arthropoda (posses an external skeleton) e.g. ticks, lice
• Note that the genus starts with a capital letter and the species is
always written in italics, e.g. Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia
lamblia
Walter WASWA 16
17. 5. Fungi
• Considerable variation
in size.
• Internal Molecular
system
• Well defined cell wall
composed of
polysaccharides
• Gaining importance in
Immunosupressed
patients and increased
use of Antibiotics
Walter WASWA 17
18. Cont..
• In medicine we classify fungi based on degree
on tissue involvement and mode of entry
1. superficial
2. Cutaneous mycoses-dermatophytes
3. Subcutaneous mycoses
4. Systemic
5. Opportunistic
6. Fungal toxins and allergies
Walter WASWA 18
19. Equipments and reagents used in
study of microbiology
Microscope
• Magnifies
• Diferent types
Centrifuge
• Sediments particles eg
cells bacteria casts and
parasites suspended in
fluids by exerting a
force greater that of
gravity.
Walter WASWA 19
20. Equipments and reagents used in
study of microbiology
Autoclave
• Sterilization
• Temperature of saturated
steam at atmospheric
pressure is approximately
100 c
Colorimeter
• Measures hb and other
substances in the body
which can alter in
concentration in disease
and during treatment
Incubator
• Controlled temperature
for bacteriological
culture, blood
transfusion,haematology
and other tests
Walter WASWA 20
22. Lab safety
• All laboratories post
signs regarding
safety
Walter WASWA 22
23. • Safety hoods are used to avoid splashing
and inhaling possible pathogens.
Laboratory safety
24. Protect Yourself from
Infections
• Certain infections
can infect you
• Eg HIV, Hepatitis B
infections,Tubercul
osis,Many
respiratory
infections
Walter WASWA 24
25. Protect others from Infections
• Sterilization
• disinfection
• Inceneration
Walter WASWA 25
The structure of bacterial cell walls is quite different from the relatively simple structure of eukaryotic cell walls, although they serve the same functions, providing rigidity, strength, and protection. The main constituent of most bacterial cell walls is a complex macromolecular polymer known as peptidoglycan (murein), consisting of many polysaccharide chains linked together by small peptide (protein) chains. Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria. The thickness of the cell wall and its exact composition vary with the species of bacteria. The cell walls of “Gram-positive bacteria” have a thick layer of peptidoglycan combined with teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid molecules. The cell walls of “Gram-negative bacteria” have a much thinner layer of peptidoglycan, but this layer is covered with a complex layer of lipid macromolecules, usually referred to as bacteria capsule