You installed a new driver and tried to restart the computer, and now the computer won’t boot. Which startup mode should you try first? a. Safe Mode b. Last Known Good Configuration c. Directory Services Restore Mode d. Debugging Mode a. Safe Mode b. Last Known Good Configuration c. Directory Services Restore Mode d. Debugging Mode Solution safe mode is easy to help fix most if not all the problems within operating system. it makes easier to diagnoes problems.

1. You prepare bacterial cell extracts by lysing the cells and removing insoluble debris via
centrifugation. These extracts provide the proteins required for DNA replication. Your DNA
template is a small, double-stranded circular piece of DNA (a plasmid) with a single origin of
replication and a single replication termination site. The termination site is on the opposite side
of the plasmid from the origin.
Solution
Ans.) In the given question, the DNA is a plasmid with a small, double stranded circular and
with the ability to replicate independently. They are also called replicons, a unit of DNA capable
of replicating autonomously within a suitable host.
To replicate independently, it needs an origin of replication with a number of elements, such as
the gene for plasmid-specific replication initiation protein called as Rep, several repeating units
known as iterons, DnaA boxes, and an adjacent AT-rich region. The smaller plasmid uses
replicative enzymes of host to make copies of themselves, whereas the larger plasmids must
carry their own gene specific for the replication.
Plasmid always carries at least one gene which is beneficial for its host. Plasmids are generally
circular, but linear plasmids are also found. These linear plasmids require specialized
mechanisms to replicate their ends.
DNA replication in plasmid can be divided into three stages; initiation, elongartion and
termination. Initiation is catalyzed by one or a few plasmid-encoded initiation proteins that
recognize plasmid-specific DNA sequences and decide the point from which replication starts
(the origin of replication).
Elongation is carried out basically by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme and, in few cases, by
DNA polymerase I at initial stage, with the input of other host protein that form the replisome.
Termination of plasmid DNA replication ( theta-type replication) determined by molecular
interactions at particular sequences.There are several sequence found like ter sequence to arrest
the replication process.