The document discusses safety issues related to cold storage facilities in China that use ammonia refrigeration. It notes major safety hazards include fires, ammonia leaks and explosions. While accident rates have declined in recent years, some accidents still occur. Regulations and standards have been implemented to improve safety, including special oversight of facilities using ammonia and safety codes addressing design, construction, operation and maintenance of cold storage facilities. The phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons and a shift to alternatives like ammonia is also discussed due to environmental regulations.

2. The Safety Situation of Cold Storage in China And
Ammonia Refrigeration Technology Safety Codes
Chinese Association of Refrigeration

3. The Safety Situation of Cold Storage in China
Main safety hidden danger of cold storage
✓ Fire
✓ Refrigerant (ammonia)leakage/"explosion“
✓ explosion
✓ Comprehensive accidents

4. The Safety Situation of Cold Storage in China
《 LABOUR PROTECTION 》2018.6 spotlight

5. The Safety Situation of Cold Storage in China
Spotlight
◆ The most effective special
governance in industry and trade
◆ For Ammonia safety

6. The Safety Situation of Cold Storage in China
The accident rate has dropped dramatically in recent years, but there are still
some accidents .
2009-2013，110（ammonia leakage ，60）； 2014-2018，ammonia leakage，22

7. Why use Ammonia ?

8. Ammonia
◆ Has good thermodynamic properties and no adverse effects on the
atmosphere-it plays an important role in the development process of
refrigeration technology.
◆ " The Kigali Amendment Act " elimination catalogue——further
phase-out of HFC refrigerants

9. “The Kigali Amendment Act” elimination catalogue
Entered into force January 1, 2019
《The Kigali Amendment Act》, 《the Montreal Protocol》 28th meeting of
the Conference of the Parties, October 15, 2016
Serial
number Category Name GWP
Serial
number Category Name GWP
1 CHF2CHF2 HFC-134 1,100 10 CH2FCF2CHF2 HFC-245ca 693
2 CH2FCF3 HFC-134a 1,430 11 CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 HFC-43-10mee 1,640
3 CH2FCHF2 HFC-143 353 12 CH2F2 HFC-32 675
4 CHF2CH2CF3 HFC-245fa 1,030 13 CHF2CF3 HFC-125 3,500
5 CF3CH2CF2CH3 HFC-365mfc 794 14 CH3CF3 HFC-143a 4,470

10. “The Kigali Amendment Act” elimination catalogue
Entered into force January 1, 2019
《The Kigali Amendment Act》, 《the Montreal Protocol》 28th meeting of
the Conference of the Parties, October 15, 2016
Serial
number Category Name GWP
Serial
number Category Name GWP
6 CF3CHFCF3 HFC-227ea 3,220 15 CH3F HFC-41 92
7 CH2FCF2CF3 HFC-236cb 1,340 16 CH2FCH2F HFC-152 53
8 CHF2CHFCF3 HFC-236ea 1,370 17 CH3CHF2 HFC-152a 124
9 CF3CH2CF3 HFC-236fa 9,810 18 CHF3 HFC-23 14,800

11. Development Trend of Refrigeration Agents for Industrial and
Commercial Use in China
Refrigeration agents commonly used in China's industrial and refrigeration industries
✓ HCFC-22——<List of controlled ozone-depleting substances in China >
✓ HFC-134a——<The Kigali Amendment Act >
✓ HFC-404A——Non-azeotropic mixed working refrigerant， Composed of R125,
R134a and R143a，< The Kigali Amendment Act > elimination catalogue
✓ HFC-507A——Azeotropic Mixed Working refrigerant, Composed of R125、R143a ,
< The Kigali Amendment Act > elimination catalogue
✓ Ammonia
✓ CO2
✓ Air……

12. How use ammonia?

13. Thinking about Danger
◆ With the possibility of an "explosion"

14. Thinking about Danger
◆ toxic
Concentration
in the air/ppm
General reactions and effects on the human
body
Allowed exposure time
5 Sensory odor threshold, some people have
feelings
Harmless
20 Most people have a clear sense of irritation,
harmless
Harmless
25 Time-weighted security thresholds 8h per day，Long-term harmless
100 Most people have a sense of discomfort.，
harmless
Unsuitable for prolonged stay
250 Stimulates the nose and throat 30～60min，No serious impact
400 The limits that the human body can tolerate，
harmless
Unsuitable for prolonged stay
700 Stimulating the eyes 30～60min，No serious impact
1700 Severe cough that severely stimulates the nose,
throat, eyes
More than 30min could lead to
death
2000～5000 Severe cough that severely stimulates the nose,
throat, eyes
More than 15min could lead to
death
>5000 Causes spasmodic breathing difficulties,
asphyxiation
Do not allow to stay, or die
quickly
160000~250000 An explosion can be caused by an open fire at a
higher temperature.
Danger to life

15. Statistics of personnel deaths caused by ammonia refrigeration
accidents in some countries
Countries Number of statistical years as at 2008 Number of deaths
Sweden 68 0
Norway 63 1
Denmark 63 0
Finland 63 0
Iceland 30 0
Germany 22 2
United States 15 8
Australia 30 0
New Zealand 30 0
Netherlands 29 1
Chile 30 1
Italy 30 0

16. Means of protection

17. Ammonia Refrigeration Technology Safety Regulations
《The safety specification of ammonia refrigeration
use》
AQ7015-2018
◆ Construction standardization 建设规范化
◆ Operational procedures 运行规程化
◆ Maintain normalization 维护常态化
◆ Institutionalization of management 管理制度化
◆ Specialization of personnel 人员专业化

18. Group Standard of China
Refrigeration Society
（CAR）
CAR2018-01
<Safety assessment
methods for ammonia
refrigerating systems>

19. Safety code for cold store，GB28009-2011
Code for design of cold store, GB50072-2010

20. Standardize the provisions on the prevention and Control of
accidents
◆ Effective prevention and control of fire and ammonia leakage
✓ Design
✓ Construction process/repair and disassembly process (reservoir body,
equipment pipeline insulation,
✓ Running process——Fire(Electrical equipment Electric line short
circuit, electrical welding, cutting, etc.)+Thermal insulation Material