Explore two of the most relevant topics, given the exponentially growing demand of HVAC solutions in the region and the significant energy savings achieved with heat pump solutions, especially relevant to the thriving hotel industry of Southeast Asia.

1. BRONZE
SPONSOR
KAV Consulting Pty Ltd

2. “Improving the Energy Efficiency in the Existing and Future
Asean Built Environment with Natural Refrigerants.”
Bypassing the HFC Phasedown.
Klaas Visser
Principal - KAV CONSULTING Pty. Ltd.
Dip.Mar.Eng. (NL)
Hon.M.IIR, F. Inst R, M.IIAR, M. ARA, M.KNVvK, Meurammon.
PO. Box 1146, KANGAROO FLAT, VIC, 3555 AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 3 54 479 436 Email: ozzeeklaas@gmail.com

3. • Energy Consumption
• Cooling Water Consumption of Cooling Tower or Evaporative
Condenser, and at the Power Station
• Global Warming Resulting from HFC/HCFC
Fugitive Gases and from Energy Consumption
• Legionella Disease
• The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol
• How can Natural Refrigerants like CO2, Ammonia and
Hydrocarbons Assist in Improving the Current Bad Situation.
Issues

4. ASEAN Energy use for Air Conditioning Cooling: 2017 Projected to 2040
YEAR 2017 2040
1.
AC Electrical Energy Consumption (AC EEC) as percent of Energy
Generated (EG), %
25 40
2. Annual Quantity EG, GWh x 106  1,000  2,000
3. Annual AC EEC,Estimated, GWh x 106  250  800
4. Growth in ACEEC, 2017 to 2040, GWh x 106 -  550
5. Growth in AC EEC from 2017 to 2040, % -  220
6.
Average household expense for AC EEC in Singapore, %
of Electricity Account
40 ?

5. Global Scene – Current Technology
YEAR 2016 2050
1. No of AC units, International EnergyAgency, Billion 1.6 5.6
2. Increase in AC unit numbers by 2050, Billion / % - 4.0 / 250
3.
Greenhouse gas emissions due to AC Electrical Energy
Consumption (AC EEC), Billiontonnes
1.25 2.28
4.
Estimated annual increase in Greenhouse gas emissions from
current levels , Billiontonnes / %
- 1.03 / 82.4
5.
AC Unit ownership of AC units, %
.1 USA
.2 Africa, Asia, Latin America, Middle East
90
8
?
?

6. Prof. Risto Ciconkov.
Updated by Klaas Visser
Montreal Protocol
(MP)
HCs NH3
CO2 HFC
(HCFC)
Kyoto
Protocol
HFC (CFC)
HCFC NH3
HCFC CFC
NH3
1950
1990
1930
CFC NH3
CO2 HCs
2050
2005
2016
1987
1997
HCs NH3
CO2 HFC HFO
(HCFC)
KIGALI
AMENDMENT
To MP
Natural NH3
Methyl-Chloride
CO2 SO2 HCs
HCs NH3 CO2
HFO (HFC) Future HCs NH3
CO2 (HFO?)
1834
Ethyl-Ether
(R610)
Gustav
Lorentzen
Calls for CO2
Revival
1993
Prof. Dr. Gustav Lorentzen
The Refrigerant Circle.
A 183 Year History of Refrigerants.

7. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Non-Article 5 (main group)
Non-Article 5: Belarus, the
Russian Federation, Kazakhstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan)
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
%ofbaseline
HFC Phase Down
Schedule
for Developed Countries
as required by the
Kigali Amendment

8. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2024
Article 5 - Group 1
Article 5 - Group 2 (Bahrain, India,
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United
Arab Emirates)
%ofbaseline
2026
2028
2030
2032
2034
2036
2038
2040
2042
2044
2046
2048
HFC Phase Down
Schedule for
Groups 1 & 2 Article
5 Developing
Countries as required
by Kigali
Amendment. This
includes all ASEAN
Countries

9. South East Asian climate
zones with approximate
percentage incidence of
subcritical CO2
condensing per annum

10. Source: https://www.todayonline.com/commentary/high-time-singapore-does-something-about-its-inefficient-reliance-air-conditioning
High time Singapore does something about its inefficient reliance on air-conditioning
Typical Scene of Split
HFC Air Conditioning
Condensers in South
East Asia

11. Hot and Cold Potable Water
and Chilled Water
Measurement Station
Suggested Hot
and Chilled
Water supply
and return for
heating and
cooling from
CO2 refrigeration
system.
Inefficient energy
use with split
HCFC/HFC systems
for heating and
cooling in high-rise
buildings

12. 200 Measures to
Mitigate
Worldwide Global
Warming as
Defined by
DRAWDOWN.
Source: DRAWDOWN
Refrigeration

13. Source – “A” Existing Situation.
Legend:
A = Existing Situation in Office Buildings in Melbourne
B = Retrofit CO2 Compressor
C = Retrofit CO2 Heat Recovery
D = Slow Down Fans
E = New Building with Pumped CO2 and Slow Fans
Energy
Consumer
Parasitics
Compressor
Heating
Total
Reduction
KWh/m2.a
Reduction %
A
44
46
27
117
-
-
B
44
25
27
96
21
17.9
C
44
28
9
81
36
30.8
D
33
25
9
67
50
42.7
E
19
21
9
49
68
58.1
Remarks
Gas
Melbourne Office
Buildings Reduction in
Energy Consumption
When Retrofitting CO2
Cooling and Heating to
Existing
Buildings & Equipping
New Buildings with
Transcritical CO2
Cooling & Heating
Systems.

14. Source – “A” Existing Situation.
Legend:
A = Existing Situation in Office Buildings in Melbourne
B = Retrofit CO2 Compressor
C = Retrofit CO2 Heat Recovery
D = Slow Down Fans
E = New Building with Pumped CO2 and Slow Fans
Energy
Consumer
Parasitics
Compressor
Heating
Total
Reduction
KWh/m2.a
Reduction %
A
48
51
197
296
-
-
B
48
20
197
265
31
10.5
C
48
22
104
174
122
41.2
D
36
20
104
160
136
45.9
E
21
17
104
142
154
52.0
Remarks
Gas
Melbourne Hospitals
Reduction in Energy
Consumption
When Retrofitting CO2
Cooling and Heating to
Existing
Hospitals & Equipping
New Hospitals with
Transcritical
CO2 Cooling & Heating
Systems.

15. World’s First Hybrid CO2
Gas Cooler/Evaporative
Condensers Installed at a
Job Site in Sydney

16. 30
40
50
60
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Ambient air dry bulb temperature,°C
Specific water consumption CO2 evaporative condenser
Specific water consumption hybrid CO2 evaporative condenser
% Reduction in cooling water consumption with hybrid evap. condenser
Singapore design condition,
33°C dry bulb, 27°C wet bulbSpecificcoolingwaterconsumptionincluding1/3
bleedanddrift,litres/hperkWheatrejected
%reductioninwaterconsumption
withCO2hybridcondenser
Singapore 39.0%
Specific Cooling
Water Consumption
per kW Heat
Rejection of Pure
and Hybrid CO2
Evaporative
Condensers in
Singapore

17. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
30 32 34 36 38 40
l/kWh Water consumption in full evaporative condenser
l/kWh Water consumption in hybrid evaporative condenser
l/kWh Reduction in water consumption with reducing dry bulb temp.
Percent Reduction in water consumption with reducing dry bulb temp.
Specificwaterconsumption,l/kWheatrejection
%watersavinginhybridcondensercomparedto
fullevaporativecondenser
Ambient dry bulb, °C
Comparison of water
consumption by full and
hybrid evaporative
condensers @ 28°C wet
bulb in Bangkok
Bangkok 47%

18. That’s what we want
Hydronic pipes in
the floor and wall
Regenerating
Local
Communities
“Low Temperature Systems”
⭗⭗ ‘Off the shelf’ ⭗⭗
Hydronic Heating &
Cooling
Standard in Sweden
since 1974!

19. Most issues are addressed.
1. Retrofitting and new systems future proof systems with respect to the HFC
Phase Down in accordance with the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal
Protocol.
2. Significant reduction in energy consumption, both electrical and fuel
energy.
3. Significant reduction in cooling water consumption if used with Hybrid
Evaporative Condensers.
4. Significant reduction in carbon emissions due to both reduced energy
consumption and no chemical refrigerants.
5. Significant reduction in costs for energy, water, water treatment and
disposal to sewer.
6. Low cost refrigerant.
Conclusions

20. Most issues are addressed.
7. Energy consumption reduction has been estimated for retro-fitting to
existing buildings. This would be achieved by equipping individual high-rise
apartment buildings or a number of them with central facilities to provide
chilled water for cooling and domestic hot water. Tenants would receive a
utilities bill for the metered supply of electrical energy, chilled water and
hot water. This would provide a good source of employment.
8. If the Swedish system of hydronic cooling and heating is adopted as shown
in slide 18, it is estimated that energy reductions of 70-75% below current
levels are achievable. However this requires building regulations to be
changed to mandate a maximum permissible specific energy consumption
per square meter of air conditioned space, including specifications for
building structure heat gains and double glazing. This would take a great
deal of pressure off future requirements for electrical power supply
infrastructure.
Conclusions

21. ozzeeklaas@gmail.com