2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Nacionalidades
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. IOP
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
12. Sequencing Events
3.
4. STEM CHANGING VERBS
• Stem Changing verbs include e-ie, o-ue, e-ue,
and e-i.
• e-ie includes pensar.
• o-ue includes almorzar and poder.
• Almorzar-almuerzo
• Poder-puedo.
• Servir-sirvo (e-i)
5. PARA (FOR, IN ORDER TO)
• Para is mainly used to indicate the recipients of items, purpose, and implied purpose.
• Examples- El regalo para mi Mama.
• La comida para el gato
6. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
• IOPs include me, te, le, nos, os, and les.
• They belong in 3 places: before a conjugated verb,
attached to an infinitive, or attached to a gerund.
•
7. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb
8. GUSTAR
• If there are 2 or more infinitives, gusta stays singular.
• IOPs are used with gusta. (me, te, le, nos, os, les)
• A mi-me gusta……a ti-te gusta…a usted-le gusta…a
nosotros-nos gusta…a vosotros-os gusta…a ustedes-
les gusta
• There is no gustamos!
10. LOS SUPERLATIVOS
• The suffixes: ísimo, ísima, ísimas, and ísimos are added to adjectives and adverbs.
• They are equivalent to extremely and very.
• Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c.
• Adjectives that end in n or r are formed by adding císimo/císima.
11. REFLEXIVES
• Used with reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of the
sentence receives the action of the verb.
• Reflexive pronouns include, me, te, se, nos, os and se.
• When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the action
does not really receive the action.
12. AFFIRMATIVE TU COMMANDS + IRREGULARS +
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Affirmative tu commands include di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, and ven.
• Pronouns are needed when using an affirmative tu command. The pronoun
attaches to the command.
• To form an affirmative tu command, drop the “s”.
• You can also attach a direct object pronoun to the ending of the command.
13. NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS + IRREGULARS +
PRONOUN PLACEMENT
• Negative tu commands are formed by taking the “yo” form of the present
tense, dropping the “o”, and adding the appropriate ending.
• The irregular negative tu commands are no digas/des, no vayas, no seas, no
hagas, no estes, no sepas, no tengas, and no vengas.
• When forming a negative tu command, after putting in the “yo” form, change
it to the opposite vowel and add an “s”.
• For ar verbs, the opposite vowel would be e.
• For er/ir verbs, the opposite vowel would be a.
14. SEQUENCING EVENTS
• Primero-first
• Entonces-then
• Luego/despues-after/later
• Por fin-finally
• Antes de/Despues de-before/after
• Por la manana/tarde/noche-in the morning/afternoon/evening (no specific
time)
• Los lunes, martes, miercoles…etc-on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday..etc
