types of preposition, classification and preposition notes

1. Prepositions
Presented by
B. Tarun Reddy
18 PGA 401

2. • The name “preposition” (pre + position) means
“place before”. Prepositions usually come before
another word, usually a noun or noun phrase.
• A preposition is a word that shows the relation
between a noun or a pronoun and some other
word in a sentence.

3. • It may tell you position of a thing is in relation to
something else.
• The juicy, red apple was on the book.

4. • The gentle, brown dog slept beside the fluffy white
rabbit.

5. The cupcake with sprinkles is mine.
• In this example, the preposition with is showing the
relationship between the noun sprinkles and the
noun cupcake.

6. • It is very essential while making a sentence as it
provide additional and necessary details.
• These words express a different relationship
between the boy and the desk.
For example:
• The boy is under the desk.
• The boy is beside the desk.
• The boy is on the desk.
• The boy is against the desk.

7. • “The plane flew above the cloud, behind the
cloud, around the cloud, below the cloud, beneath
the cloud, beside the cloud, beyond the cloud,
into the cloud, near the cloud, outside the cloud,
over the cloud, past the cloud, through the cloud,
toward the cloud, under the cloud, and finally
dived underneath the cloud.”

8. Single word prepositions
• about beside inside to
• above besides like toward
• across between near under
• after beyond of underneath
• against by off until
• along despite on up
• among down out with
• around during outside within
• at except over without
• Before for past
• behind from since
• Below in through
• beneath into throughout

9. Some prepositions consist of
more than one word.
• along with in place of
• because of in spite of
• Due to instead of
• except for on account of
• in addition to out of
• in case of up to
• in front of

10. On
• On (refers a surface of something)- I kept the dishes
on the dining table.
• Radha was born on 15th August.
At
• At (to indicate a place)- There are a good number of
people at the park.
• At (to refer a time) — Meet me at 5 p.m. tomorrow.

11. In
• In (to indicate a location)- I am in my friend’s place now.
• In (to indicate opinion, belief, feeling, etc.)- I believe in
hardworking.
• In (specify day, month, season, year) — I prefer to do
Maths in the morning.
To
• To (to indicate the direction, place)- The friends went to
the restaurant.
• To (to indicate relationship) — Do not respond to the
annoying persons
• To (to indicate a limit) — The old newspapers were
piled up to the roof.

12. Of
• Of (to indicate relating to, belonging to) — I always
dreamed of being famous.
• Of (to indicate reference) — This is a picture of my
last birthday.
For
• For (to indicate the reason or because of) — I am
really happy for you.
• For (to indicate the duration or time) — I attended
the training for one year only.

13. Classification
There are various types of prepositions
1. Simple Preposition
2. Compound Preposition
3. Phrase Preposition
4. Participle Preposition
5. Double Preposition

14. Simple Preposition
• Some of the simple prepositions are in, on, at, to,
from, with, by, about, over, under, off, of, for, etc.
For example:
• I am not going with you.
• She is waiting in the park.
• Dad is going to the market.

15. Compound Preposition
• Compound prepositions are used to join two
nouns, pronouns or phrases.
• Some of the compound prepositions are about,
across, among, beside, before, above, along, inside,
between, around, behind, below, beneath, etc.
For example:
• My city is located between two mountains.
• I will finish the lunch before 2 p.m.
• I want to know about them.

16. Phrase preposition
• Prepositional phrases are groups of words having
prepositions indicating relationships among various
elements in the sentence.
• The boy near the window is a football player.
• According to me, there were three mango trees in
the garden.

17. Participle Preposition
• A participle preposition is a participle which acts as a
preposition such as assuming, considering, barring,
given, concerning, not with standing, pending, during,
regarding, respected, provided, etc.
For example:
• I get sick during summer season.
• I would like to speak regarding healthy food.
• My project work is still pending.
• I think I can pass the exam easily considering my hard
work.

18. Double Preposition:
Double prepositions are words having two
prepositions such as into, onto, outside of, out of,
within, from behind, because of, etc.
• For example:
• We need to solve three questions out of them.
• We won the game just because of his nice
performance.
• I need to complete my project within four days.

19. Three types of prepositions are:-
1. Prepositions of Place
2. Prepositions of Time
3. Prepositions of Movement

20. Prepositions of Place
• These prepositions include- in, into, at, on, for, over,
above, under, below, beyond.
The cat is ______ the jar.

22. The boy is leaning against the wall.

23. Preposition of Time
• Prepositions of time are used to indicate time of an
action or time relationship between nouns in the
sentence
• These prepositions include- at, on, in, by, from, to,
till, until, during, for, since, after.

24. • At -to designate specific/precise times.
• On -to designate days and dates.
• In -for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a
season, or a year .
• For -when we measure time.
• Since -with a specific date or time.

25. • He has coffee in the morning, tea in the afternoon
and wine in the evening.
• I work during the
morning/afternoon/evening/day/night.
• Let’s meet at 6pm.
• The clock strikes twelve at midday/noon/midnight.
• The condemned man was shot at sunrise/dawn.
• The street lights come on at sunset/dusk.
• We can see the stars at night.

27. Prepositions of Movement
• These prepositions
include- from, to, by,
on, into, onto, at, out,
out of, off.

28. • to, onto, into -to express movement towards a place
• E.g. They always walk to school together.
The cat jumped onto the table.
She fell into the water.
• toward, towards - variant spellings of the same
preposition of movement
• E.g. They rushed toward me.
Darkness travels towards light, but blindness
towards death.
• out of, off - to express movement from a place
• E.g. He came out of the office.
Take your feet off the seat.

32. There is a candle on the table.
• on -‘preposition of place’.
• The candle -Subject of the preposition.
• The table - Landmark.
• Thus, the preposition tells us about the structure of
a physical scene.

33. Rule 1.
• Preposition generally, but not always, goes before
its noun or pronoun.
• One of the undying myths of English grammar is
that you may not end a sentence with a
preposition.
• Correct: Where did you get this?
• Incorrect: Where did you get this at?
• Correct: Where did he go?
• Incorrect: Where did he go to?

34. Rule 2(a).
• The preposition like means "similar to" or "similarly
to."
• It should be followed by an object of the
preposition (noun, pronoun, noun phrase), not by a
subject and verb.
• Correct:
• You look like your mother.
• Incorrect:
• You look like your mother does.

35. Rule 2(b).
• Instead of like, use as, as if, as though, or the way
when following a comparison with a subject and
verb.
• Do like I ask.
• Do as I ask.

36. Rule 3.
• The preposition of should never be used in place of
the helping verb have.
• Correct:
• I should have done it.
• Incorrect:
• I should of done it.

37. Rule 4.
• Gerund (V. + ing.) is used after the preposition such
as:
• He is accustomed to playing cricket.
• She is looking forward to meeting you.
• I am fond of taking food.

38. Rule 5.
• Use into rather than in to express motion toward
something. Use in to tell the location.
Example:-
• I walked into the house.
• I looked into the matter.
• He threw it into the well.

39. Rule 6.
• No preposition is used after the following verbs:
precede, succeed, invade, resist, enter,
eschew, direct, join, sign, affect, ensure, stress,
emphasise, investigate, comprise, accompany,
consider, violate, pervade, board, discuss, describe,
reach, order, tell, demand, attack, control, resemble,
ridicule.
Arun has ordered for a cup of tea.

40. Rule 7.
• If two words are joined by any conjunction and
such words take different prepositions with them
then both prepositions should be used separately.
If any preposition is missed, it will be considered an
error.
• Incorrect: Your bike is different and cheaper than
mine.
• Correct: Your bike is different from and cheaper
than mine.

41. Rule 8.
• Preposition ‘to’ is not used with the following verbs
when they are used in communication and before
the object of the sentence.
order, thank, welcome, tell, advise, ask,
request, command, forbid, encourage, inform, warm,
congratulate, remind.
• The principal ordered to the peon to finish his
work.
• They requested to me to play well for winning the
match.

42. Rule 9.
• Preposition ‘to’ is used after the following verb
when a person comes as an object after these
verbs.
Suggest, say, propose, speak, talk, reply,
complain, explain, complain, listen, report, write.
• He suggested to me that we should go to Shimla in
summer vacation.
• He always listens to their teachers attentively.

43. Omission of Preposition
• In some situation, the preposition is not used, there
either is not required, or it is omitted.
• No preposition is used before the transitive verb. For
Example
• (i) I shall meet you again. ( 'Meet with you' is wrong )
• (ii) They caught the thief. ('caught to the thief' is wrong)
• (iii) I read a book. ( 'read of a book' is wrong )
• (iv) We have done our work. ( 'have done of our work'
is wrong)

44. Prepositional Phrases Acting As
Adjectives
• If the prepositional phrase is describing a noun, the
phrase is functioning as an adjective. (Adjectives
modify nouns and pronouns.)
The table with the broken leg is in downstairs.
• Since the prepositional phrase with the broken leg
is modifying table (a noun), this prepositional
phrase is functioning as an adjective.

45. Prepositional Phrases Acting As
Adverbs
• If the prepositional phrase is describing a verb,
adverb, or an adjective, then it's functioning as an
adverb. (Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and
other adverbs.)
The rabbit hopped through the pretty garden.
• Through the pretty garden is a prepositional
phrase modifying the verb hopped, so it's
functioning as an adverb.

46. Which word is a preposition?
The pizza in the oven is mine.

47. Find the preposition in each sentence
1. The flowers along the fence were pretty.
2. Just wait until tomorrow.
3. Sam left the house without his jacket.
4. Have you read the letter from your cousin?
5. During the past month, I have read ten books.
6. Sally ran across the street.
7. The chemist knows the answer to the question.
8. Drive down the road.

48. Answers
1. The flowers along the fence were pretty.
2. Just wait until tomorrow.
3. Sam left the house without his jacket.
4. Have you read the letter from your cousin?
5. During the past month, I have read ten books.
6. Sally ran across the street.
7. The chemist knows the answer to the question.
8. Drive down the road.

49. Preposition phrase
1. The flowers along the fence were pretty.
2. Just wait until tomorrow.
3. Sam left the house without his jacket.
4. Have you read the letter from your cousin?
5. During the past month, I have read ten books.
6. Sally ran across the street.
7. The chemist knows the answer to the question.
8. Drive down the road.

50. Reference
• www.GrammerBook.com
• A book on English Prepositions Explained by Seth
Lindstromberg, Hilderstone College, UK .
• www.adelaide.edu.au/english-for-uni
• www.EnglishClub.com