The postwar period brought economic conflicts, powerful dictators who suppressed opposition, and nationalist sentiments. The Treaty of Versailles caused anger in Germany and Russia, as territories were lost. New democratic governments were unstable and dictators like Stalin and Mussolini rose to power, establishing totalitarian regimes. Stalin industrialized the Soviet Union rapidly but through policies that caused millions to die. Hitler also established a totalitarian Nazi regime in Germany, pursuing aggressive expansionism and enacting anti-Semitic racist policies that led to the systematic murder of 11 million people in the Holocaust.

3.  Postwar Brought:
 Economic Conflicts
 Powerful Dictators
 Nationalism
 Dreams of territorial
Expansion

4.  Treaty ofVersailles caused ANGER and
RESENTMENT
 Germans…
 saw nothing “fair” about being blamed for the war
 Lost territories
 Russians…
 Mad that they lost territories
 New democratic governments set up in Europe
did not last and it was easy for dictators to take
over

5.  Russia Soviet Union, 1922, communist
state
 Lenin dies in 1924 Stalin takes power

6.  Stalin means “man of steel”
 Goal: Create a model
communist state
 Goal: Move Russia from a rural
 industrial state
 All economic activity was
placed under the government’s
control
 By 1937, the Soviet Union
became the world’s second-
largest industrial power

7.  Stalin eliminated anyone
that stood in his way
 Stalin is estimated to be
responsible for 8 to 13
million deaths (total is not
known)
 AND millions more died
from a result of famine
when reconstructing the
Soviet Union

8.  Totalitarian
Government=
 government that
exerts complete
control over its
citizens.
 Individuals have no
rights
 Government
suppresses all
opposition

9.  Benito Mussolini and totalitarian
government in Italy
 Mussolini appealed to Italy’s
wounded national pride and
strikes by workers
“Italy wants peace, work, and
calm. I will give these things
with love I possible, with force if
necessary.” Benito Mussolini

10.  Fascism=
 stressed nationalism
and places the interests
of the state above those
of individuals
 Power must rest with
the strong single leader
and a small group of his
devoted followers

11.  Mussolini marches on
Rome with his followers
(“Black Shirts”) and
eventually the Italian
King appointed
Mussolini head of the
government
 IL Duce- “the leader”

13.  Born: April 20,
1889 in Austria-
Hungary
 Poor student who
never completed
high school
 He applied to the
Academy of Fine
Arts in Vienna,
but was rejected

14. He was convinced that it was a Jewish
professor that had rejected his art work; he
became convinced that a Jewish doctor had
been responsible for his mother’s death; he
cleared the snow-bound paths of beautiful
town houses in Vienna where rich people
lived and he became convinced that only
Jews lived in these homes. By 1910, his mind
had become warped and his hatred of the
Jews - known as anti-Semitism - had become
set.

15.  Hitler served in WWI
 In 1919 he joined the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party (Nazi)
 Didn’t believe in Democracy or failed Capitalism
of the West
 Want to distribute wealth more equally

16.  AfterWW1, Hitler was a
jobless soldier
 1919, he joined the
Nationalist Socialist
GermanWorker’s Party
aka Nazi Party (had no
ties to Socialism)
 He was a powerful
speaker and organizer
that he became the
party’s leader

17.  In 1923, Hitler led in
uprising in Munich
against the Weimar
Republic
 Imprisoned for 8
months (sentenced to 5
years)

18.  Hitler’s book, “My
Stuggle,” set forth
his basic beliefs of
Nazism that became
his plan of action

19.  1933, The legislature anointed Hitler dictator,
der Fuhrer
 Soon he declared all labor unions and political
parties illegal except his own
 Established the Gestapo= powerful police force

20.  Nazism=
 German brand of fascism
 Extreme nationalism
 United all German-speaking people in a great
German empire

21.  Anti-Semitism
 Nationalism
 Militarism
 Anti-communism

22.  Enforce racial
“purification”
 In his view, Germans
(especially blue-eyed,
blond-haired “Aryans”)-
formed a “master race”
 “Inferior Races”= Jews,
Slavs, and all nonwhites,
were only fit to serve
Aryans

23.  Hitler believed that for
Germany to thrive
 Germans needed more “living
space” even if that meant
getting that land by force
 Because of Germany’s
economic depression after
WW1, Hitler had an easy time
getting men to join the army
(Why?- needed jobs)
 Hitler’s private army= Storm
Troopers or Brown Shirts

24.  By 1932, Nazis had
become the strongest
political party in
Germany
 In 1933, Hitler was
appointed chancellor
(prime minister)
 Hitler soon dismantled
Germany’s democratic
government and
established theThird
Reich (Third German
Empire) and this Reich
would last 1,000 years

25.  Japan wanted to
expand
 Attack Manchuria and
take control of a
providence of China
 League of Nations
condemned Japan for
doing this and Japan
dropped out of the
League

26.  Everyone noticed that the League of Nations
did nothing to Japan (especially in Europe)
 Germany dropped out of the League and attacked
a land (Rhineland) that was taken from them after
WW1 and the League did nothing to stop him
 Italy attacked Ethiopia and the League barely did
anything

27.  Francisco Franco and
Spanish army officers
revolted against Spanish
government and the Spanish
Civil War broke out
 Americans were worried
about fascism spreading
through Spain
 Hitler and Mussolini helped
Franco and later formed an
alliance Rome-Berlin Axis
 Franco became Spain’s
fascist dictator

28.  Americans were shocked
but believed the U.S.
would not get involved
 Antiwar feelings (so
strong that the Girl
Scouts of America
changed the color of its
uniforms from khaki to
green to appear less
militaristic)

29.  Congress passed a series of laws
 Outlawed arms sales or loads to nations at
war or engaged in civil war

30.  Roosevelt helped by sending
arms and supplies to China
after being attacked by
Japan again
 He said this wasn’t against
the Neutrality Acts because
Japan hadn’t officially
declared war against China
 Roosevelt spoke against
isolationism but many
accused Roosevelt of
bringing the US into another
war

31.  Hitler wants Austria and
Czechoslovakia as part of
hisThird Reich
 Many advise Hitler that
this will lead to war, and
he said, “’The German
Question’ can be solved
only by means of force,
and this is never without
risk!”

32.  In the Peace Conference
afterWW1 Austria was
created out of the Austria-
Hungary
 Majority of Austrians were
Germans who favored
unification with Germany
 Hitler came in unopposed
and the Austria was united
with Germany
 The US and the rest of the
world did nothing

33.  Sudetenland= area in Czechoslovakia
that had about 3 million German-
speaking people
 Hitler accused the Czechs of abusing
the Sudeten Germans
 France and Great Britain promised to
protect Czechoslovakia
 Hitler invited leaders of France and
GB to Germany and he explained
that the Sudetenland would be his
last conquest
 Munich Agreement was signed,
turning the Sudetenland over to
Germany

34.  Churchill (political rival of
Chamberlain, who signed
theTreaty) did not like this
and called it
appeasement.
 Appeasement= giving up
principles to pacify an
aggressor

35.  Hitler soon marched
on Czechoslovakia
and gloated,
“Czechoslovakia has
ceased to exist.”
 Next target: Poland
(Germany’s eastern
neighbor)

36.  Hitler said that Germans in Poland were being
mistreated
 Many thought that if Hitler attacked Poland, Russia
would enter the war (Poland and Russia and
neighbors)
 France and Britain had promised military aid to
Poland
 Many thought Hitler would not be foolish to fight a 2
front war like inWW1
 Nonaggression Pact= Hitler and Stalin commit
to never attack each other, and secretly plan to
split Poland

37.  Germany storms Poland
 Germany’s newest military
strategy, blitzkrieg, or
lightning war (fast tanks,
powerful aircraft, take
enemy by surprise and then
quickly crush the
opposition)
 2 days after the attack on
Poland, Britain and France
declared war on Germany

38.  =France built a system
of fortifications along
France’s eastern border
(Maginot Line) and
waited for Germany to
attack…they never did
 Meanwhile, Russia
attacked Poland,
Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania, and later
Finland
 Hitler attacked Finland
and Norway in hopes of
building bases to attack
GB later on

39.  Hitler went around the Maginot Line to
attack France

40.  Germany’s surprise attack on northern Italy
 Italy enters war on side of the Germans and
attacks France from the south
 Germans occupied northern Italy and Hitler set
up a Nazi-controlled government in the south

41.  Germans attacked Britain by
air (Germany knew they
couldn’t compete with their
navy)
 For 2 months, Germans
bombed Britain everyday
 RAF (Britain’s Royal Air Force)
fought back and with the help
of the radar, Germany
eventually called off their
invasion
Churchill said in praise of the RAF
pilots, “Never in the field of
human conflict was so much
owed by so many to so few.”

45.  Persecution Begins
 Hitler’s first move: ordered
all “non-Aryans” to be
removed from government
jobs
 Holocaust= the systematic
murder of 11 million people
across Europe, more than
½ of whom were Jews

46.  Anti-Semitism= hatred of Jews, had a long history in
many European countries
 For many decades, Germans blamed Jews for
everything
 Nuremberg Laws= stripped Jews of their German
citizenship, jobs and property

47.  To make them easier to identify, Jews had to
wear a bright yellow Star of David attached to
their clothing

48.  =“Night of Broken
Glass”
 Nazi storm troopers
attacked Jewish
homes, businesses,
and synagogues across
Germany
 Many were killed or
arrested
 Later, the Nazis
blamed the Jews for
the destruction

49.  Many Jews fled and became
refugees but they had no place to
go
 France would only accept 40,000,
Britain, 80,000 refugees
 Many countries feared what
would happened if they let Jewish
refugees in.
 The US let in 100,000 refugees,
but many Americans were fearful
that the immigrants would hurt
the economy more during the
Great Depression (ie: Albert
Einstein led it)

50.  Coast guard refused to let
this German ocean liner
(filled with Jewish
refugees) stop in America
and forced them to return
to Europe.
 Later, ½ of these
passengers were killed in
the Holocaust
 Significance: Indifference
(not caring) about the
plight of the Jews

51.  “Final Solution”= a
policy of genocide,
the deliberate and
systematic killing of
an entire population

52.  “Master Race”= Aryans
 “Inferior Race”=
 Communists
 Socialists
 Liberals
 Homosexuals
 Gypsies
 Jews
 Anyone who spoke out against the Nazi government
 Mentally deficient and ill, physically disabled, incurably ill
 Freemasons (supporters of the “Jewish conspiracy” to rule the
world)
 Jehovah’s Witnesses (who refused to join the army or salute
Hitler)

53.  Nazi death squads
“secret squadrons”
 Rounded up Jewish
men, woman and
children and shot
them on the spot

54.  Forced in crowded ghettos
(segregated Jewish areas in
certain Polish cities)
 Nazis sealed off ghettos
with barbed wire and stone
walls
 Conditions were hard inside
 Bodies of victims pilled in the
streets
 Forced to work in factories

55.  =labor camps
 Originally used for
political opponents and
protesters, but later
turned over to the SS
 Crowded in barracks,
meager meals, rats and
flees, worked from dawn
to dusk
 If you were too weak, you
were killed
“The brute Schmidt was our guard; he beat and kicked us
if he thought we were not working fast enough. He
ordered his victims to lie down and gave them 25 lashes
with a whip, ordering them to count outloud. If the victim
made a mistake he was given 50 lashes…30 or 40 of us
were shot every day. A doctor usually prepared a daily list
o the weakest men. During the lunch break they were
taken to a nearby grave and shot.They were replaced the
following morning by new arrivals from the transport of
the day…It was a miracle if anyone survived for 5 or 6
months in Belzec.” –Rudolf Reder

56.  Mass murder:
slaughter, starvation
and now murder by
poison gas
 Gas Chambers: could
kill 12,000 a day
 Overwork,
starvation, beating
and bullets did not
kill fast enough

57.  When prisoners
arrived, doctors
determined whether
they were strong
enough to work or not
 Personal belongings
were collected,
promised that they
would be returned
later

58.  Weak were told to
undress and go to the
“showers” (gas chambers)
 Prisoners were even given
a bar of soap as part of
the deception
 Poisoned with cyanide
gas that came from the
vents in the walls
 Orchestras of fellow
camp inmates were
usually played during
exterminations

59.  Graves were being filled too fast
 Smell of murder
 Huge crematoriums, or ovens, to hide the evidence

60.  Shot
 Hung
 Injected with Poison
 Starved
 Gassed
 Became medical experiments. Experiments
carried by camp doctors in order to study
diseases
 Medical experiments of sterilization (to study
how to improve the “master race”)

61.  6 Million died
 Some able to live through the concentration camps
 Survivors were forever changed by what they witnessed
 “Survival is both an exalted privilege an a painful burden.”
Gerda Klein

79.  Moving Away from
Neutrality (Roosevelt)
 “cash and carry”
provision= allowed
nations in war to pay
cash for war items and
transport them in their
own ships
 Many isolationist
criticized Roosevelt

81.  Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan
 Signed a mutual defense treaty
 This treaty was aimed to keep the US out of the
war, because the US would not want to fight a 2-
ocean war (Atlantic & Pacific)

82.  Roosevelt asked Congress to
increase spending for national
defense
 SelectiveTraining and Service
Act= nation’s first peacetime
military draft
 Under this law 16 million men b/t
the ages of 21 and 35 were
registered

83.  FDR decided to break
tradition of a 2-term
presidency (started with
Washington) and run for
reelection
 Little difference between
him and his running mate
(WendelWillkie) that
people voted for the
candidate they knew

85.  FDR at Fireside Chat: “No
man can tame a tiger into
a kitten by stroking it.”
 It Britain was defeated,
FDR warned that all of
the world would be under
the power of the Axis
Powers
 We need to help and
become “the great
arsenal of democracy”

86.  President would lend or
lease arms and other
supplies to “any country
who defense was vital to
the United States.”
 FDR compared it to lending
a garden hose to a neighbor
whose house is on fire.The
only thing you can do to
save your house, is to help
your neighbor so the fire
doesn’t spread

87.  Hitler broke promises
he made with Stalin to
not invade Russia
 US decides to help
Russia under the idea
that “the enemy of my
enemy is my friend”
 Churchill said that “if
Hitler invaded Hell,” the
British would be
prepared to work with
the devil himself

88.  With supplies going to his
enemies, Hitler, again
unleashed German
submarines (U-boats)
 U-boats were successful
 FDR gave permission to
sink German ships in self-
defense
 Radar helped
 Airborne antisubmarine
patrols

90.  Churchill and FDR meet on a battleship USS Augusta
 Atlantic Charter= promises to each other (collective
security, disarmament, economic cooperation and freedom of seas)
 FDR said he couldn’t ask Congress for a declaration of war
against Germany, but that he would do everything to “force
an incident”

91.  U-boats attacked,Americans were killed
 Undeclared naval war with Hitler
 This did not bring us into the war….yet!

92.  HidekiTojo- chief of
Japan’s army, launched
invasion of China
 British were too busy with
Hitler to block Japanese
expansion
 Only the US and its Pacific
islands remained in the
way
 Japan took over bases in
Vietnam, Cambodia and
Laos
 US protested by cutting
off trade with Japan
 Japan couldn’t survive
without the oil from the
US….this meant war

93.  Tojo met with emperor Hirohito
and promised that their
government would attempt to
preserve peace withAmericans
 But,Tojo ordered the navy to
prepare for an attack on the US

94.  US military broke Japan’s
secret communication codes
and learned Japan was
preparing for an attack.
 US didn’t know where
attack would be
 FDR sent “war warnings” to
Hawaii, Guam and
Philippines
 US didn’t want to attack and
thus waited for an overt act
 Japan denied any talks of
peace treaties

97.  6 Japanese aircraft carriers, 180 air
bombers
 Radio operator flashed this
message, “Air raid on Pearl Harbor.
This is not a drill.”
 For an hour and a half, the Japanese
planes attacked without disturbance
of US
 Americans killed: 2,403
 Wounded: 1,178
 Ships Sunk/Damaged: 21, 8
Battleships
 Pearl Harbor had more losses than in
all ofWW1

106.  “Yesterday, December 7,
1941, a date with will live in
infamy, theJapanese
launched an unprovoked
and dastardly attack.”-
FDR
 US declared war on Japan
 Germany and Italy
declared war on US

108.  War efforts did more to help the US economy
than all the New Deal programs
 Companies had army materials to make
 Factories needed workers

110.  Selective Service
System= added 10
million soldiers (5
million had already
volunteered)
 GI= American soldiers
 Trained for 8 weeks

111.  WAAC=Women’s
Auxiliary Army
Corps, women
volunteers who
could serve in
noncombat
positions
 Nurses, ambulance
drivers, radio
operators,
electricians and
pilots
 Later they received
the same benefits
as male soldiers

114.  Some believed this wasn’t
their war to fight, especially
when they “didn’t have
democracy themselves”
 Mexican-Americans= 300,000
 African-Americans= 1,000,000
 Chinese-Americans= 13,000
 Japanese-Americans= 33,000
 Some worked as spies and
interpreters
 Native-Americans= 25,000

115.  Factories were converted to
war production
 Car Makers tanks, planes,
boats, and command car
 Mechanical Pencils bomb
parts
 Bedspread manufacturer
mosquito netting
 Soft drink company filled
shells with explosives

116.  18 million workers in factories
 6/18 million were women
 Many would not hire minorities

117.  Nation’s most respected
African-American labor
leader
 Organized a march on
Washington
 Roosevelt back down and
issued an executive order
calling all employers to hire
“without discrimination
because of race, creed,
color or national origin.”

118.  OSRD= Office of Scientific
Research and Development
 Radar
 Sonar
 Pesticides to fight off insects
 Penicilin
 ATOMIC BOMB

119.  Germans had already succeeded in splitting
uranium atoms
 Albert Einstein (German refugee) warned
Roosevelt of Germany’s growing abilities
 Manhattan Project= research work of the atomic
bomb (performed at Columbia University in
Manhattan, hence name)

123.  OPA= Office of Price Administration, prices were
rising, Roosevelt fixed/froze prices
 WPB=War Production Board, decided which
companies were work on wartime production
 Nationwide drives to collect scraps
 Kids searched attics, cellars, garages for useful junk

124.  OPA set up a
system of
rationing
 = fixed allotments
of goods
 Gas rationing
 Carpools

125.  2 days after Pearl Harbor Churchill wired
Roosevelt, “…would it be wise for us to have
another conference…and the sooner the
better.”

126.  Churchill arrived at
theWhite House and
worked out war plans
with Roosevelt
 Churchill convinced
FDR that Hitler was a
greater threat than
Japan

127.  Germany and U boats
 Allies responded by
organizing cargo ships
into convoys
 With radar and sonar,
the US could spot the
German boats and
destroy them
 Battle of the Atlantic
was going to the Allies

128.  Germans were attacking Soviet Union
 Stalingrad= major industrial center, and a
city that Hitler wanted to wipe out
 Citizens wanted to abandon the city, but
Stalin ordered that they defend his
namesake city no matter what
 By the next winter, Germans controlled
9/10 of the city
 During winter Soviets brought in fresh
tanks and trapped the Germans
 Starving Germans surrendered
 Soviets lost 1,100,000 soldiers (more than
the Americans in the entire war)
defending Stalingrad
 From then on, Soviets took control and
moved west

129.  Dwight D. Eisenhower led an invasion againstAxis
controlled North Africa (OperationTorch)

130.  Churchhill and
Roosevelt decided that
they would only accept
the unconditional
surrender of theAxis
Powers
 America wanted to
attack Germany
 Britain thought it was
safer to attack Italy

131.  99th Pursuit Squadron-all black pilot
squadron
 Impressive strikes against Germans, award
winning
 92nd Infantry Division- all African
American unit, nicknamed- “Buffalos”
 Mexicans served in segregated units,
but were still awarded Medals of Honor
 100th Battalion- 1,300 Hawaiian Nisei
(Americans whose parents had
emigrated from Japan)
 Later this Battalion became the most
decorated unit in US History

132.  3 million British,American and Canadian
troops
 Attack at Normandy in northern France
 Code Name: Operation Overlord
 June 6, 1944
 Shortly after midnight, thousands landed
 Largest land-sea-air operation in army
history

133.  German retaliation brutal,
especially on Omaha Beach
 “People were yelling,
screaming, dying, running
on the beach, equipment
was flying everywhere,
men were bleeding to
death, crawling, lying
everywhere, firing coming
from all directions…We
dropped down behind
anything that was the size
of a golf ball.” –soldier Felix
Branham

134.  Allies gained
influenced
 By 1944, the Allies
had freed France,
Belgium and
Luxembourg
 This helped FDR
become elected to
an unprecedented
4th term

135.  =Hitler’s last ditch effort on
the offensive
 SS Germans soldiers pushed
forward
 Captured 120 GI’s and shot
them down in a huge field
 Germans lost 120,000
troops, 600 tanks and 1,600
planes-soldiers and weapons
they could not replace
 From this point on, the Nazis
could do little but retreat

136.  As Soviets and Allied troops
pushed into Germany, SS
soldiers tried to destroy the
Nazi death camps but they ran
out of time
 When Soviets arrived in Poland,
they found 1,000 starving
prisoners barely live, the
world’s largest crematorium
and a storehouse containing
800,000 shoes

137.  “We started smelling a terrible odor
and suddenly we were at the
concentration camp at Landsberg.
Forced the gate and faced hundreds of
starving prisoners…We saw
emancipated men whose thighs were
smaller than wrists, many had bones
sticking out thru their skins…Also we
saw hundreds of burned and naked
bodies…That evening I wrote my wife
that ‘For the first time I truly realized
the evil of Hitler and why this war had
to be waged.’”
▪ RobertT. Johnson

138.  Soviets stormed on Berlin,
shooting on the spot or
hanging from the nearest
tree
 Hitler was in his
underground head-
quarters
 He married Eva Braun, his
longtime companion
 Wrote his last letter
blaming Jews for starting
and losing the war

139.  Hitler shot himself, while Eva
drank poison
 In accordance with Hitler’s
orders, the bodies were
carried outside, soaked with
gasoline, and burned
 V-E Day-Victory in Europe Day
 May 8, 1945

140.  Roosevelt did not live to
seeV-E Day
 While posing for a portrait
in Georgia, the president
had a stroke and died
 That night,VP, Harry S.
Truman became the
nation’s 33rd President

142.  6 months after Pearl Harbor, the
Japanese had conquered an
empire that dwarfed Hitler’s
Third Reich
 Hong Kong, French Indochina,
Malaya, Burma,Thailand, and much
of China, Dutch East Indies, Guam,
Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and
more
 Douglas MacArthur= in
command of Allied forces on the
islands

143.  Allied turned tide against Japanese
 Pearl Harbor style air raid over
Japan
 Doolittle led 16 bombers in the
attack
 Headlines in America, “Tokyo
Bombed! Doolittle Do’od It!”

144.  Main allied forces in
Pacific= Americans and
Australians
 Battle of Coral Sea= 5
day battle, Allied forces
stopped Japanese from
taking Australia
 Fighting done by
airplanes
 First time since Pearl
Harbor that a Japanese
invasion was stopped

145.  Midway= island that lies
northwest of Hawaii
 Americans broke the Japanese
code and knew they were
attacking Midway
 Allied forces attacked Japanese
before they could even get planes
off their carriers
 Seen as revenge of Pearl Harbor
 This battle was a turning point
 Allies then began “island hopping”
and gaining back island after
island of lost territory back from
the Japanese and moving toward
Japan

146.  Kamikaze= suicide planes (word
means “divine winds” and refers
to a legendary typhoon that
saved Japan in 1281 from a
Mongol invasion)

147.  Iwo Jima= means “sulfur island” in Japanese
 Heaviest defended spot (20,700 Japanese
soldiers)
 6,000 Marines died taking this island; only 200
Japanese remained
 Only one island left…

148.  Japanese unleashed 1,900 kamikaze attacks
 American Deaths: 7,600
 Japanese Deaths: 110,000
 Okinawa was a foretaste of what the Allies imagined it
would be like to invade Japan’s homeland

149.  =Led by scientist, J.
Robert Oppenheimner
 =development of the
atomic bomb
 More than 600,000 people
were working on it, but
many did not know what
it was for (“best kept
secret of the war”)
 Tested in New Mexico in
July of 1945
 ITWORKED!

150.  Truman now faced the decision…to use the atomic
bomb or not
 US warned Japanese that it faced “prompt and utter
destruction” unless it surrendered…it did not.
 PresidentTruman choose the location of the bomb
droppings

151.  Bomber, Enola Gay, released an
atomic bomb, coded Little Boy,
over Hiroshima (Japanese
military center)
 45 seconds later, nearly every
building in Hiroshima ceased to
exist
 Japan did not surrender
 3 days later, a second bomb,
code-named, Fat Man, was
dropped on Nagasaki
 By the end of the year, 200,000
Japanese had died as a result of
injuries and radiation

152.  “They say temperature of 7,000
degrees centigrade hit me…Nobody
there looked like human
beings…Humans had lost the
ability to speak. People couldn’t
scream, ‘it hurts!’ even when they
were on fire…People with their legs
wrenched off. Without heads. Or
with faces burned or swollen out of
shape. The scene I saw was a living
hell.”

163.  September 2, 1945
 Surrender
ceremonies took
place on the US
battleship Missouri in
Tokyo Bay

164.  Roosevelt met with Churchill and
Stalin at the Black Sea resort of
Yalta in the Soviet Union (5 months
before dropping of bombs)
 Nicknamed “the big 3”
 Stalin wanted…Germany to be
divided up in zones
 Churchill…did not want German
zones
 Roosevelt…wanted Stalin to help
with war in the Pacific, and support
for a United Nations he was
planning
 Result: Compromise…Germany
divided into 4 zones, agreement on
meeting later for a conference
about the UN

165.  With the discovery of the death
camps, many Nazi leaders were put
on trial (called NurembergTrials)
 Following Crimes
▪ Crimes against the peace- planning and
waging an aggressive war
▪ War Crimes- acts against the customs of
warfare, such as killing of hostages and
prisoners, plundering private property and
the destruction of towns and cities
▪ Crimes Against Humanity- the murder,
extermination, deportation, or enslavement
of civilians
RESULT: the excuse “I was just following orders”
did not matter, and that people are
responsible for their actions, even during war

166.  US forces occupied Japan under
General Douglas MacArthur (for 7
years)
 Many Japanese military leaders
were tried, some, includingTojo,
were sentenced to death
 MacArthur instituted a free-
market economy and transformed
the Japanese government,
including the Japanese
Constitution (which is still known
as the MacArthur Constitution)

168.  Unemployed fell to lower
than 1.2%
 Workers and farmers
prospered during the war
 6 million women had
entered the work force
during the war (although
many lost their jobs when
the war ended)

169.  The war triggered one
of the greatest mass
migrations in American
history
 One million moved to
California
 Many moved to cities
where factories were
found

170.  With father gone, mother had
all responsibilities to herself,
and often she had to work
 Children got used to being left
in childcare or with neighbors
 Period of adjustment when
fathers returned
 Many married quickly before
soldiers went off to war
 GI Bill of Rights= provided
education and training for vets,
paid for by the Federal
Government

171.  Many African Americans
moved away from the South
 More jobs were being offered
to African Americans
 But, as African Americans
moved to the cities, much
prejudice and racism was seen
 Interracial organizations, like
CORE (Congress of Racial
Equality) began organizing sit-
ins

172.  Prejudice against
Mexican-Americans in
LA
 1943, anti-Mexican
“zoot-suit” riots
 Named this because it
was reported that some
riots in LA were begun
by MexicanAmericans
wearing “zoot-suits”

173.  After Pearl Harbor,
prejudice increased against
Japanese Americans
 War Department called for
a mass evacuation of
Japanese from Hawaii
 Internment= confinement
 Any of Japanese ancestry
from California,
Washington, Oregon and
Arizona were sent to
relocation camps

183.  Many had to sell their homes for less
than they were worth
 Jobs lost
 Japanese American Citizens League
(JACL) pushed the government to
compensate those sent to the camps
(only 1/1o of $ lost was given)
 JACL kept pushing and in 1978, Reagan
signed a bill giving $20,000 to every
Japanese American sent to relocation
camp
 With the check came a letter from
President Bush (1990) that said, “We
can never fully right the wrongs of the past.
But we can take a clear stand for justice and
recognize that serious injustices were done to
Japanese Americans during WW2.”