This document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It notes that WSNs require a high level of security due to operating in hostile environments, but their limited resources pose a challenge. It outlines various WSN security requirements and categorizes common attacks based on the attacker's capabilities and the protocol stack layer targeted. Finally, it acknowledges that while some challenges have been addressed, many open problems remain due to conflicts between security, survivability, and resource constraints in WSNs.
The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
1) The document discusses security attacks in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides an overview of the types of WSNs and their components.
2) It describes the main security challenges in WSNs like remote locations, lack of central control, and resource constraints.
3) The document outlines different security attacks in WSNs including denial of service attacks, traffic analysis, wormhole attacks, and jamming.
4) Defensive measures to secure WSNs like key establishment and intrusion detection are also discussed.
1) The document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks, specifically focusing on attacks against routing protocols and potential countermeasures. It outlines common attacks like spoofing, selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, Sybil attacks, wormholes, and HELLO flood attacks.
2) The document then provides an overview of potential countermeasures like link layer security, identity verification protocols, verification of link bidirectionality, and multipath routing.
3) Finally, the document emphasizes the importance of secure routing protocol design and highlights the need for protocols to incorporate security features to defend against insider and outsider attacks.
Security and privacy in Wireless Sensor NetworksImran Khan
This document discusses security and privacy issues in emerging wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. It identifies several factors that make wireless networks more vulnerable than wired networks, such as broadcast communication enabling eavesdropping, mobility revealing user location, and resource constraints opening doors to denial of service attacks. The document examines challenges for unattended wireless sensor networks that operate without a continuous sink presence, and discusses potential solutions like data protection through encryption and authentication. It concludes that new security challenges arise from features like intermittent connectivity, and that infrastructure-independent and new cryptographic techniques are needed to address issues in emerging wireless networks.
This document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and then explores the feasibility of basic security schemes like cryptography, steganography, and physical layer access. It outlines several common security threats to wireless sensor networks such as denial of service attacks, information interception, Sybil attacks, and wormhole attacks. Finally, it reviews some proposed security schemes and approaches to wireless sensor network security, including holistic security methods and energy-efficient designs.
Random key material distribution in wireless sensor networksVarsha Anandani
The document discusses random key material distribution for securing wireless sensor networks. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and their design challenges. It then discusses security issues like authentication and key agreement. It describes threats like node duplication and wormhole attacks. The document proposes distributing a random subset of keys from a large pool to each sensor node so they can find common keys to securely communicate and form a connected network, without a central trusted authority. However, compromising enough nodes could allow reconstructing the full key pool.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
1) The document discusses security attacks in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides an overview of the types of WSNs and their components.
2) It describes the main security challenges in WSNs like remote locations, lack of central control, and resource constraints.
3) The document outlines different security attacks in WSNs including denial of service attacks, traffic analysis, wormhole attacks, and jamming.
4) Defensive measures to secure WSNs like key establishment and intrusion detection are also discussed.
1) The document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks, specifically focusing on attacks against routing protocols and potential countermeasures. It outlines common attacks like spoofing, selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, Sybil attacks, wormholes, and HELLO flood attacks.
2) The document then provides an overview of potential countermeasures like link layer security, identity verification protocols, verification of link bidirectionality, and multipath routing.
3) Finally, the document emphasizes the importance of secure routing protocol design and highlights the need for protocols to incorporate security features to defend against insider and outsider attacks.
Security and privacy in Wireless Sensor NetworksImran Khan
This document discusses security and privacy issues in emerging wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. It identifies several factors that make wireless networks more vulnerable than wired networks, such as broadcast communication enabling eavesdropping, mobility revealing user location, and resource constraints opening doors to denial of service attacks. The document examines challenges for unattended wireless sensor networks that operate without a continuous sink presence, and discusses potential solutions like data protection through encryption and authentication. It concludes that new security challenges arise from features like intermittent connectivity, and that infrastructure-independent and new cryptographic techniques are needed to address issues in emerging wireless networks.
This document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and then explores the feasibility of basic security schemes like cryptography, steganography, and physical layer access. It outlines several common security threats to wireless sensor networks such as denial of service attacks, information interception, Sybil attacks, and wormhole attacks. Finally, it reviews some proposed security schemes and approaches to wireless sensor network security, including holistic security methods and energy-efficient designs.
Random key material distribution in wireless sensor networksVarsha Anandani
The document discusses random key material distribution for securing wireless sensor networks. It first provides background on wireless sensor networks and their design challenges. It then discusses security issues like authentication and key agreement. It describes threats like node duplication and wormhole attacks. The document proposes distributing a random subset of keys from a large pool to each sensor node so they can find common keys to securely communicate and form a connected network, without a central trusted authority. However, compromising enough nodes could allow reconstructing the full key pool.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
Intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networksBala Lavanya
This document discusses intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and why intrusion detection is needed given security threats due to the wireless nature of these networks. It then discusses different types of security attacks like passive and active attacks. The document describes different intrusion detection system approaches including signature-based, anomaly-based, and specification-based systems. It concludes that intrusion detection aims to detect attacks on sensor nodes and helps secure wireless sensor networks as their usage increases.
A Survey on Threats and Security schemes in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
It is difficult to achieve and become particularly acute in wireless sensor networks due to the limitation in network capability, computational power and memory which do not allow for implementation of complex security mechanism because security being vital to the acceptance and use of wireless sensor networks for many applications. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless sensor networks and analyzed them. This paper is an attempt to survey and analyze the threats to the wireless sensor networks and focus on the type of attacks and achieve secure communication in wireless sensor networks.
While wireless sensor networks face security challenges, addressing issues like confidentiality, integrity, and availability is critical for successful deployment. The document discusses these security requirements and explains how attacks can target different network layers. It provides examples of physical layer attacks like jamming and tampering. At higher layers, attacks include collisions and resource exhaustion in the data link layer, and spoofing, selective forwarding, sinkholes, Sybil attacks and wormholes in the network layer. Transport layer attacks involve flooding and desynchronization. Confidentiality, integrity, and cryptography are also discussed as important security concepts for wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses security issues and proposed solutions for wireless sensor networks. It begins by defining wireless sensor networks and describing common applications. It then outlines several security threats like denial of service attacks, wormhole attacks, sybil attacks, and traffic analysis attacks. It also discusses proposed cryptography and authentication schemes to provide data confidentiality, integrity, and freshness. Finally, it advocates for a holistic security approach that considers all network layers rather than focusing on single layers.
This document summarizes key aspects of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including common threats, operational paradigms, and key distribution techniques. It discusses the main operational paradigms of WSNs: simple collection and transmittal, forwarding, receive and process commands, self-organization, and data aggregation. For each, it outlines vulnerabilities and potential solutions. It also summarizes three common key distribution schemes: using a single network-wide key, asymmetric cryptography, and pairwise keys. For each it discusses properties and drawbacks regarding resilience, scalability, and memory requirements.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
A SERVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY ISSUES & CHALLENGESEditor IJCTER
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an evolving technology and getting significant attention due to its unlimited potential starts from domestic application to battlefield. Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSN) are a most challenging and emerging technology for the research due to
their vital scope in the field coupled with their low processing power and associated low energy.
Today wireless sensor networks are broadly used in environmental control, surveillance tasks,
monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Sensor nodes are tiny, cheap, disposable and self-contained
battery powered computers, known as "motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor,
process this input data and transmit the results wirelessly to the transit network. Due to the various
applications of WSN in homeland security and military, security is the major issue to be taken care
of. In this paper we discuss about The combination of these factors demands security for sensor
networks at design time to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people
in sensor environments. Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in sensor networks; it
allows a sender to broadcast messages to multiple nodes in an authenticated way. µ TESLA and multi-level µTESLA have been proposed to provide such service for sensor networks.
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous devices that can monitor various environmental conditions. Securing these networks is challenging due to constraints on sensors' processing, memory, and battery power. Attacks on wireless sensor networks can target security mechanisms or routing mechanisms. Common attacks include denial of service through jamming, spoofing and altering information in transit, replication attacks, and physical node destruction. Effective security schemes must provide data confidentiality, integrity, and freshness given sensors' limitations. Developing efficient detection of compromised nodes reporting false data while ensuring holistic security in wireless sensor networks remains an important research challenge.
1) Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of low-cost, low-power sensor nodes deployed to monitor environments. They require security to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and availability given their resource constraints and vulnerability to physical attacks.
2) Standard approaches to achieve security include encrypting data for confidentiality, using protocols like uTESLA for integrity and time synchronization for freshness. However, sensor nodes face obstacles like limited memory, energy constraints, and unreliable communication.
3) Wireless sensor networks are susceptible to various network layer attacks like spoofing, selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, Sybil attacks, and wormholes. Countermeasures include link layer security, geographic routing, multi-path routing, and authentication.
The document discusses security challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and proposes an advanced end-to-end data security method. It notes that existing hop-by-hop security designs are insufficient as they are vulnerable to attacks from compromised nodes. The proposed location aware end-end data security (LEDS) approach aims to provide end-to-end security to address this issue. It discusses how compromised nodes can currently intercept data or inject false reports, threatening the confidentiality, authenticity and availability of data in WSNs. The document reviews related work on data security in WSNs and argues that an end-to-end rather than hop-by-hop approach is needed to better protect against insider attacks.
This document summarizes security schemes for wireless sensor networks, including TinySec, IEEE 802.15.4, and others. It discusses the challenges of WSNs like power constraints and limited resources. It also outlines common security threats to WSNs such as denial of service attacks, attacks on information in transit, Sybil attacks, black hole/sinkhole attacks, and hello flood attacks. The document evaluates the feasibility of applying basic security schemes like cryptography and steganography to WSNs given their unique constraints and requirements.
The document discusses energy-efficient intrusion detection techniques for wireless sensor networks. It summarizes routing protocols used in WSNs and proposes using hybrid anomaly and misuse detection at cluster heads in hierarchical routing to increase detection rates while reducing energy consumption. For flat-based routing, it suggests using statistical anomaly detection at each node. For location-based routing, it proposes detecting intrusions based on location and trust information to limit communication between distant nodes and the base station. Simulation results on real sensor network data show the approaches can effectively detect intrusions while preserving energy.
Intrusion detection in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networksHarshal Ladhe
This document summarizes a research paper about intrusion detection in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. It discusses analyzing intrusion detection under two scenarios: single-sensor detection, where one sensor can detect an intruder, and multiple-sensor detection, where collaboration is needed. The paper analyzes detection probability with respect to intrusion distance and network parameters like node density and sensor ranges. Simulation results show heterogeneous networks with sensors of varying ranges increase detection probability over homogeneous networks.
A comparitive analysis of wireless security protocols (wep and wpa2)pijans
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are become popular as they are fast, cost effective, flexible and easy
to use. There are some challenges of security and for IT administrators the choice of security protocol is a
critical issue. The main motive of this paper is to make the non-specialist reader knowledgeable about
threats in the wireless security and make them aware about the disadvantages of wireless security
protocols. WEP (Wired Equivalent privacy), WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and RSN (Robust Security
Network) security protocols are defined and examined here. This security protocols are compared with the
common.
This paper is a comparative analysis of WEP, WPA and WPA2. We have tried to perform and check
authentication of all 3 protocols by implying the legendary attack vector scripts i.e. Air crack set of tools.
The test was conducted on Back Track operating system which is considered as dedicated pentesting
operating system. In the test result, we found out that WEP is the weakest, to which WPA was a temporary
solution and WPA2 is a very solid and long term solution.
This paper is a mixture of wireless security weaknesses and counter measures to the problems faced until
recently. After reading this paper the non specialist reader will have complete review and awareness about
the wireless security and vulnerabilities involved with it.
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksecway
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Robust Breast Cancer Diagnosis on Four Different Datasets Using Multi-Classif...ahmad abdelhafeez
Abstract- The goal of this paper is to compare between different classifiers or multi-classifiers fusion with respect to accuracy in discovering breast cancer for four different data sets. We present an implementation among various classification techniques which represent the most known algorithms in this field on four different datasets of breast cancer two for diagnosis and two for prognosis. We present a fusion between classifiers to get the best multi-classifier fusion approach to each data set individually. By using confusion matrix to get classification accuracy which built in 10-fold cross validation technique. Also, using fusion majority voting (the mode of the classifier output). The experimental results show that no classification technique is better than the other if used for all datasets, since the classification task is affected by the type of dataset. By using multi-classifiers fusion the results show that accuracy improved in three datasets out of four.
The document discusses localization techniques in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with an introduction to WSNs and why GPS is not suitable for localization in these networks. It then covers taxonomy of localization methods, including target/source localization, node self-localization techniques like range-based and range-free methods. Specific techniques discussed include DV-Hop, pattern matching localization, and classifications like centralized vs distributed localization. The summary restates key points about distance estimation methods, single/multiple localization, and classifications of localization approaches.
Robust Breast Cancer Diagnosis on Four Different Datasets Using Multi-Classif...ahmad abdelhafeez
The goal of this paper is to compare between different classifiers or multi-classifiers fusion with respect to accuracy in discovering breast cancer for four different data sets. We present an implementation among various classification techniques which represent the most known algorithms in this field on four different datasets of breast cancer two for diagnosis and two for prognosis. We present a fusion between classifiers to get the best multi-classifier fusion approach to each data set individually. By using confusion matrix to get classification accuracy which built in 10-fold cross validation technique. Also, using fusion majority voting (the mode of the classifier output). The experimental results show that no classification technique is better than the other if used for all datasets, since the classification task is affected by the type of dataset. By using multi-classifiers fusion the results show that accuracy improved in three datasets out of four.
This document presents an experimental study that compares the performance of ensemble classifiers and single classifiers on four breast cancer datasets using three open source data mining tools: KNIME, ORANGE, and TANAGRA. The study finds that using ensemble classifiers techniques improved the accuracy on three of the four datasets. It also finds that some open source tools performed better than others when using ensemble techniques, with analysis showing that the type of dataset and how classifiers are applied within each tool can impact results. Previous related work comparing classification techniques on breast cancer datasets is also discussed.
WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
Intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networksBala Lavanya
This document discusses intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and why intrusion detection is needed given security threats due to the wireless nature of these networks. It then discusses different types of security attacks like passive and active attacks. The document describes different intrusion detection system approaches including signature-based, anomaly-based, and specification-based systems. It concludes that intrusion detection aims to detect attacks on sensor nodes and helps secure wireless sensor networks as their usage increases.
A Survey on Threats and Security schemes in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
It is difficult to achieve and become particularly acute in wireless sensor networks due to the limitation in network capability, computational power and memory which do not allow for implementation of complex security mechanism because security being vital to the acceptance and use of wireless sensor networks for many applications. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless sensor networks and analyzed them. This paper is an attempt to survey and analyze the threats to the wireless sensor networks and focus on the type of attacks and achieve secure communication in wireless sensor networks.
While wireless sensor networks face security challenges, addressing issues like confidentiality, integrity, and availability is critical for successful deployment. The document discusses these security requirements and explains how attacks can target different network layers. It provides examples of physical layer attacks like jamming and tampering. At higher layers, attacks include collisions and resource exhaustion in the data link layer, and spoofing, selective forwarding, sinkholes, Sybil attacks and wormholes in the network layer. Transport layer attacks involve flooding and desynchronization. Confidentiality, integrity, and cryptography are also discussed as important security concepts for wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses security issues and proposed solutions for wireless sensor networks. It begins by defining wireless sensor networks and describing common applications. It then outlines several security threats like denial of service attacks, wormhole attacks, sybil attacks, and traffic analysis attacks. It also discusses proposed cryptography and authentication schemes to provide data confidentiality, integrity, and freshness. Finally, it advocates for a holistic security approach that considers all network layers rather than focusing on single layers.
This document summarizes key aspects of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including common threats, operational paradigms, and key distribution techniques. It discusses the main operational paradigms of WSNs: simple collection and transmittal, forwarding, receive and process commands, self-organization, and data aggregation. For each, it outlines vulnerabilities and potential solutions. It also summarizes three common key distribution schemes: using a single network-wide key, asymmetric cryptography, and pairwise keys. For each it discusses properties and drawbacks regarding resilience, scalability, and memory requirements.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
A SERVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY ISSUES & CHALLENGESEditor IJCTER
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an evolving technology and getting significant attention due to its unlimited potential starts from domestic application to battlefield. Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSN) are a most challenging and emerging technology for the research due to
their vital scope in the field coupled with their low processing power and associated low energy.
Today wireless sensor networks are broadly used in environmental control, surveillance tasks,
monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Sensor nodes are tiny, cheap, disposable and self-contained
battery powered computers, known as "motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor,
process this input data and transmit the results wirelessly to the transit network. Due to the various
applications of WSN in homeland security and military, security is the major issue to be taken care
of. In this paper we discuss about The combination of these factors demands security for sensor
networks at design time to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people
in sensor environments. Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in sensor networks; it
allows a sender to broadcast messages to multiple nodes in an authenticated way. µ TESLA and multi-level µTESLA have been proposed to provide such service for sensor networks.
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed autonomous devices that can monitor various environmental conditions. Securing these networks is challenging due to constraints on sensors' processing, memory, and battery power. Attacks on wireless sensor networks can target security mechanisms or routing mechanisms. Common attacks include denial of service through jamming, spoofing and altering information in transit, replication attacks, and physical node destruction. Effective security schemes must provide data confidentiality, integrity, and freshness given sensors' limitations. Developing efficient detection of compromised nodes reporting false data while ensuring holistic security in wireless sensor networks remains an important research challenge.
1) Wireless sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands of low-cost, low-power sensor nodes deployed to monitor environments. They require security to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and availability given their resource constraints and vulnerability to physical attacks.
2) Standard approaches to achieve security include encrypting data for confidentiality, using protocols like uTESLA for integrity and time synchronization for freshness. However, sensor nodes face obstacles like limited memory, energy constraints, and unreliable communication.
3) Wireless sensor networks are susceptible to various network layer attacks like spoofing, selective forwarding, sinkhole attacks, Sybil attacks, and wormholes. Countermeasures include link layer security, geographic routing, multi-path routing, and authentication.
The document discusses security challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and proposes an advanced end-to-end data security method. It notes that existing hop-by-hop security designs are insufficient as they are vulnerable to attacks from compromised nodes. The proposed location aware end-end data security (LEDS) approach aims to provide end-to-end security to address this issue. It discusses how compromised nodes can currently intercept data or inject false reports, threatening the confidentiality, authenticity and availability of data in WSNs. The document reviews related work on data security in WSNs and argues that an end-to-end rather than hop-by-hop approach is needed to better protect against insider attacks.
This document summarizes security schemes for wireless sensor networks, including TinySec, IEEE 802.15.4, and others. It discusses the challenges of WSNs like power constraints and limited resources. It also outlines common security threats to WSNs such as denial of service attacks, attacks on information in transit, Sybil attacks, black hole/sinkhole attacks, and hello flood attacks. The document evaluates the feasibility of applying basic security schemes like cryptography and steganography to WSNs given their unique constraints and requirements.
The document discusses energy-efficient intrusion detection techniques for wireless sensor networks. It summarizes routing protocols used in WSNs and proposes using hybrid anomaly and misuse detection at cluster heads in hierarchical routing to increase detection rates while reducing energy consumption. For flat-based routing, it suggests using statistical anomaly detection at each node. For location-based routing, it proposes detecting intrusions based on location and trust information to limit communication between distant nodes and the base station. Simulation results on real sensor network data show the approaches can effectively detect intrusions while preserving energy.
Intrusion detection in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networksHarshal Ladhe
This document summarizes a research paper about intrusion detection in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. It discusses analyzing intrusion detection under two scenarios: single-sensor detection, where one sensor can detect an intruder, and multiple-sensor detection, where collaboration is needed. The paper analyzes detection probability with respect to intrusion distance and network parameters like node density and sensor ranges. Simulation results show heterogeneous networks with sensors of varying ranges increase detection probability over homogeneous networks.
A comparitive analysis of wireless security protocols (wep and wpa2)pijans
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are become popular as they are fast, cost effective, flexible and easy
to use. There are some challenges of security and for IT administrators the choice of security protocol is a
critical issue. The main motive of this paper is to make the non-specialist reader knowledgeable about
threats in the wireless security and make them aware about the disadvantages of wireless security
protocols. WEP (Wired Equivalent privacy), WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and RSN (Robust Security
Network) security protocols are defined and examined here. This security protocols are compared with the
common.
This paper is a comparative analysis of WEP, WPA and WPA2. We have tried to perform and check
authentication of all 3 protocols by implying the legendary attack vector scripts i.e. Air crack set of tools.
The test was conducted on Back Track operating system which is considered as dedicated pentesting
operating system. In the test result, we found out that WEP is the weakest, to which WPA was a temporary
solution and WPA2 is a very solid and long term solution.
This paper is a mixture of wireless security weaknesses and counter measures to the problems faced until
recently. After reading this paper the non specialist reader will have complete review and awareness about
the wireless security and vulnerabilities involved with it.
Vampire attacks draining life from wireless ad hoc sensor networksecway
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Robust Breast Cancer Diagnosis on Four Different Datasets Using Multi-Classif...ahmad abdelhafeez
Abstract- The goal of this paper is to compare between different classifiers or multi-classifiers fusion with respect to accuracy in discovering breast cancer for four different data sets. We present an implementation among various classification techniques which represent the most known algorithms in this field on four different datasets of breast cancer two for diagnosis and two for prognosis. We present a fusion between classifiers to get the best multi-classifier fusion approach to each data set individually. By using confusion matrix to get classification accuracy which built in 10-fold cross validation technique. Also, using fusion majority voting (the mode of the classifier output). The experimental results show that no classification technique is better than the other if used for all datasets, since the classification task is affected by the type of dataset. By using multi-classifiers fusion the results show that accuracy improved in three datasets out of four.
The document discusses localization techniques in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It begins with an introduction to WSNs and why GPS is not suitable for localization in these networks. It then covers taxonomy of localization methods, including target/source localization, node self-localization techniques like range-based and range-free methods. Specific techniques discussed include DV-Hop, pattern matching localization, and classifications like centralized vs distributed localization. The summary restates key points about distance estimation methods, single/multiple localization, and classifications of localization approaches.
Robust Breast Cancer Diagnosis on Four Different Datasets Using Multi-Classif...ahmad abdelhafeez
The goal of this paper is to compare between different classifiers or multi-classifiers fusion with respect to accuracy in discovering breast cancer for four different data sets. We present an implementation among various classification techniques which represent the most known algorithms in this field on four different datasets of breast cancer two for diagnosis and two for prognosis. We present a fusion between classifiers to get the best multi-classifier fusion approach to each data set individually. By using confusion matrix to get classification accuracy which built in 10-fold cross validation technique. Also, using fusion majority voting (the mode of the classifier output). The experimental results show that no classification technique is better than the other if used for all datasets, since the classification task is affected by the type of dataset. By using multi-classifiers fusion the results show that accuracy improved in three datasets out of four.
This document presents an experimental study that compares the performance of ensemble classifiers and single classifiers on four breast cancer datasets using three open source data mining tools: KNIME, ORANGE, and TANAGRA. The study finds that using ensemble classifiers techniques improved the accuracy on three of the four datasets. It also finds that some open source tools performed better than others when using ensemble techniques, with analysis showing that the type of dataset and how classifiers are applied within each tool can impact results. Previous related work comparing classification techniques on breast cancer datasets is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of using the OPNET network simulation software. It discusses that OPNET is required reading for the TCM-250 course and can only be accessed in the school's lab. The document then covers basic probability concepts and terminology needed to understand network simulations, such as probability distribution functions and how they are used to model things like message sizes and interarrival times. It also summarizes some of OPNET's capabilities for modeling different network types and technologies.
This document discusses trusted systems and the concept of a Trojan horse. It defines trusted systems as systems used to enhance security defenses against intruders and malware. It describes multilevel security as allowing multiple data classification levels, with mandatory access control enforcing that information does not flow to unauthorized users. The document also discusses how Trojan horses can provide unauthorized remote access if installed on a user's computer.
The document provides an overview of OPNET Modeler, a network simulation tool. It describes OPNET Modeler's architecture, which includes tools for model specification, data collection and simulation, and analysis. It also discusses how to locate models and components using the model library and its organization. The goal is to help users understand what problems can be solved with OPNET Modeler and how to get started using it.
Mobile Ad Hoc Network of Simulation Framework Based on OPNETateeq ateeq
This document discusses mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and their simulation in OPNET. It defines MANETs as wireless networks without centralized administration composed of nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize. The key characteristics of MANETs are that nodes are equal, there is no central control, and topology is dynamic. Common routing protocols for MANETs include DSDV, AODV, DSR. The document outlines modeling MANETs in OPNET including the network model with nodes, node model with routing/wireless modules, and analyzing performance metrics like delay from simulation results.
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview on Security Issues and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by deploying as large number of sensor nodes in an area for the surveillance of generally remote locations. A typical sensor node is made up of different components to perform the task of sensing, processing and transmitting data. WSNs are used for many applications in diverse forms from indoor deployment to outdoor deployment. The basic requirement of every application is to use the secured network. Providing security to the sensor network is a very challenging issue along with saving its energy. Many security threats may affect the functioning of these networks. WSNs must be secured to keep an attacker from hindering the delivery of sensor information and from forging sensor information as these networks are build for remote surveillance and unauthorized changes in the sensed data may lead to wrong information to the decision makers. This paper gives brief description about various security issues and security threats in WSNs.
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview on Security Issues and ChallengesBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes security issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are vulnerable to various security threats due to their wireless nature and constrained resources. The document outlines key requirements for WSN security like confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and availability. It discusses obstacles to security in WSNs like limited resources, unreliable communication, and unattended operation. Common attacks on WSNs are categorized as insider vs outsider, passive vs active, and mote-class vs laptop-class. The document provides a brief overview of security issues and threats at different layers of a WSN.
A review of privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networkAlexander Decker
This document reviews privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the need for privacy in wireless sensor network applications due to various privacy attacks. It summarizes location privacy, data privacy, and network privacy techniques that have been developed to address challenges in preserving privacy for wireless sensor networks. The document also outlines unique challenges for privacy preservation in wireless sensor networks, such as an uncontrollable environment and resource constraints of sensor nodes.
A review of privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networkAlexander Decker
This document reviews privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the need for privacy in wireless sensor network applications due to various privacy attacks. It summarizes location privacy, data privacy, and network privacy techniques that have been developed to address challenges in preserving privacy for wireless sensor networks. The document also outlines unique challenges for privacy preservation in wireless sensor networks, such as an uncontrollable environment and resource constraints of sensor nodes.
A review of privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networkAlexander Decker
This document reviews various techniques for preserving privacy in wireless sensor networks. It discusses the challenges of privacy preservation in WSNs due to their unique characteristics like resource constraints and topological constraints. It then summarizes several key techniques explored in research for preserving data privacy, source location privacy, sink location privacy and network privacy. These techniques include clustering-based approaches, random walk-based approaches and mixing-based approaches. The document concludes that while progress has been made, more research is still needed in areas like peer-to-peer network privacy preservation.
A review of privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networkAlexander Decker
1. This document reviews privacy preserving techniques in wireless sensor networks. It discusses challenges to privacy in WSNs including data privacy, location privacy, and network privacy.
2. Wireless sensor networks face unique challenges to privacy preservation due to their constrained environment, limited sensor resources, and multi-hop network topology. This makes existing privacy techniques difficult to apply directly to WSNs.
3. The document surveys several techniques that have been proposed for preserving different types of privacy in WSNs, including location privacy, data privacy during aggregation, and preventing traffic analysis attacks on network privacy. More research is still needed to address open problems in privacy for WSNs.
This document summarizes a research paper about denial of service (DoS) attacks on wireless sensor networks. It begins by outlining some key security goals for wireless sensor networks, including data confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authentication. It then discusses DoS attacks specifically, noting they aim to degrade efficient use of network resources. The document proposes that DoS attacks can occur at different layers of the OSI model. It provides examples of physical layer attacks like jamming and describes how frequency hopping can help counter jamming. In closing, it notes DoS attacks threaten the availability security goal for wireless sensor networks.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
Study on Vulnerabilities, Attack and Security Controls on Wireless Sensor Net...ijtsrd
In this fast evolving world of technology where security plays a major role, the threats to security is also increasing rapidly. The world aims to go wireless in all the fields, and the wireless sensor networks is also one such major field. The sensors which can sense its environment based on the functions allocated. It retrieves the data of its surrounding and sends it to the authorized location for further analysis. But as technology grows, the attacks on the system also increases due to the vulnerabilities in the system. Hence security plays a major role in the evolution of technology. This paper mainly concentrates on the vulnerabilities, the attacks possible due to vulnerabilities in the system and the counter measures to be taken to overcome the vulnerabilities. Dr. C. Umarani | R P Shruti "Study on Vulnerabilities, Attack and Security Controls on Wireless Sensor Networks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35738.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/35738/study-on-vulnerabilities-attack-and-security-controls-on-wireless-sensor-networks/dr-c-umarani
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networkpijans
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its SecurityIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks and its security which are characterized by severely constrained computational and energy resources, and an ad hoc operational environment. The paper first introduces sensor networks, and discusses security issues and goals along with security problems, threats, and risks in sensor networks. It describes crippling attacks against all of them and suggests countermeasures and design considerations. It gives a brief introduction of proposed security protocol SPINS whose building blocks are SNEP and μTESLA which overcome all the important security threats and problems and achieves security goals like data confidentiality, freshness, authentication in order to provide a secure Wireless Sensor Network
This document discusses security issues related to wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and an overview of security challenges due to limited sensor node capabilities. It then summarizes common attacks on different layers of wireless sensor networks and discusses security objectives. The document outlines key areas of research on sensor network security including key management, secure time synchronization, and secure routing. It provides details on different key management schemes, time synchronization protocols, and discusses vulnerabilities of existing synchronization schemes to various attacks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Analysis of wireless sensor networks security, attacks and challengeseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the analysis of wireless sensor networks, including security issues, attacks, and challenges. It discusses the characteristics of wireless sensor networks and their architecture. It outlines various security goals for wireless sensor networks, including confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and availability. It then describes different types of attacks against wireless sensor networks at the physical, link, network, and transport layers. These include jamming, tampering, exhaustion, collision, and flooding attacks. Finally, it discusses key challenges for wireless sensor networks, such as limited resources, heterogeneous platforms, dynamic network topologies, and handling mixed traffic from different applications.
This document summarizes the analysis of wireless sensor networks, including security issues, attacks, and challenges. It discusses the characteristics of wireless sensor networks and their architecture. It outlines various security goals for wireless sensor networks, including confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and availability. It then describes different types of attacks against wireless sensor networks at the physical, link, network, and transport layers. These include jamming, tampering, exhaustion, collision, and flooding attacks. Finally, it discusses key challenges for wireless sensor networks, such as limited resources, heterogeneous platforms, dynamic network topologies, and handling mixed traffic from different applications.
Recently, WSNs have drawn a lot of attention due to their broad applications in both military and civilian domains. Data security is essential for success of WSN applications, exclusively for those mission-critical applications working in unattended and even hostile environments which may be exposed to several attacks. This inspired the research on Data security for WSNs. Attacks due to node compromise include Denial of service (DoS) attacks such as selective forwarding attacks and report disruption attacks. Nearby many techniques have been proposed in the literature for data security. Hop-hop security works well when assuming a uniform wireless communication pattern and this security designs provides only hop-hop security. Node to sink communication is the dominant communication pattern in WSNs and hop-hop security design is not sufficient as it is exposed to several attacks due to node compromise. Location aware end-end data security (LEDS) provides end-end security
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Securing WSN communication using Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement ProtocolIJMTST Journal
This document summarizes an enhanced adaptive acknowledgement protocol for securing wireless sensor network communication. It begins by describing security challenges in WSNs like the wireless medium, hostile environments, and resource constraints. It then discusses common security attacks like black hole and grey hole attacks. Existing acknowledgement schemes like Watchdog, TWOACK, and AACK are explained along with their limitations in detecting such attacks. The document proposes an Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement (EAACK) scheme that uses ACK, Secure ACK, and Misbehavior Report Authentication to better detect attacks while reducing overhead. EAACK aims to securely detect black hole, grey hole, and false misbehavior reporting in wireless sensor networks.
A Study On Security In Wireless Sensor NetworksScott Faria
1) The document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks. It notes that sensor networks have limited resources like power, memory, and processing capability.
2) It identifies several challenges for developing security protocols for sensor networks, including very limited resources, unreliable communication due to packet loss, conflicts, and latency, and the fact that sensor nodes often operate unattended in unpredictable environments.
3) The document outlines some key security requirements for sensor networks like data confidentiality, authentication of data sources, and ensuring data integrity.
CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2826-Apr-18
- The Cross-layer Energy-Delay Aware (CEDA) protocol aims to optimize energy consumption and end-to-end delay in WSNs.
- It allows interaction between the network layer, MAC layer, and physical layer to share information that can help optimize the protocol's objectives.
- For example, the physical layer shares link quality and energy level information with the MAC layer to help in channel allocation. The network layer considers this along with routing to minimize delay.
- Simulation
The document discusses service level agreements (SLAs) between network service providers and customers. It covers the motivation for SLAs, defining service level parameters and objectives, developing the SLA, and ongoing management to meet the SLA. Key points include identifying meaningful, measurable parameters; setting realistic objectives; monitoring performance; and outlining consequences for not meeting objectives like restoring service or financial penalties. The goal is an agreed understanding between parties on expected network service levels.
The document discusses energy harvesting for sensor nodes. It describes various energy harvesting architectures and technologies that can power sensor nodes, such as solar, piezoelectric, wind, and radio frequency. It provides examples of sensor node implementations that use different energy storage solutions like batteries, supercapacitors, and tiered storage. The document also discusses implications for sensor network design, including performance adaptation techniques at the node and network levels to enable energy neutral operation of harvesting-powered sensor networks.
The document discusses energy conservation techniques in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and identifies power consumption as a major challenge. It then outlines the typical architecture of a wireless sensor node and examines the power breakdown across different components. The document proceeds to discuss basic approaches to energy conservation, including duty cycling, data-driven, and mobility-based techniques. It also mentions future work in integrating different approaches into a single solution and addresses questions.
This document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to routing challenges in WSNs such as limited energy, processing, and storage in sensor nodes. It then covers different routing techniques including flat routing protocols like SPIN, directed diffusion, and rumor routing. Hierarchical routing protocols discussed include LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. Finally, it briefly mentions location-based routing and the GEAR protocol.
This document discusses security issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It notes that WSNs require a high level of security due to operating in hostile environments, but their limited resources pose a challenge. It outlines various WSN security requirements and categorizes common attacks based on the attacker's capabilities and the protocol stack layer targeted. Finally, it acknowledges that while some challenges have been addressed, many open problems remain due to conflicts between security, survivability, and resource constraints in WSNs.
This document discusses SDN security. It outlines how SDN allows for centralized control of network flows and security policies. However, the centralized nature of SDN also introduces new threats, such as attacks on controllers or switches. Potential threats are discussed, such as DoS attacks, traffic manipulation, or vulnerabilities in controllers/applications. Mitigation techniques are proposed, such as monitoring for abnormal behavior, access control, and replication of controllers. Future work may focus on improving the security and dependability of SDN through techniques like dynamic switch association and diversity.
The document discusses intrusion prevention and intrusion detection systems. It defines intrusion as unauthorized access aimed at compromising network security assets. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) monitor network traffic to detect intrusions, while intrusion prevention systems (IPS) can also block attacks in real-time. An IPS provides increased visibility beyond a firewall by using techniques like signature detection, anomaly detection, and protocol analysis to identify intrusions and threats. The document outlines challenges faced by IPS like evasion techniques, and discusses next-generation IPS features like intelligent correlation, anomaly detection, and using global threat intelligence.
Digital forensics is the application of science to solve legal problems involving digital evidence. It has emerged since the 1980s as computer crimes have grown. There are challenges to reliability such as standards, controls, and new technologies like cloud and solid state drives. Case studies demonstrate how digital evidence can solve old cases, as with the BTK killer through metadata on a word document. The field faces ongoing challenges but continued research supports its validity in courts of law.
Digital forensics is the science of recovering and investigating digital evidence from devices related to computer crimes such as fraud, hacking, and intellectual property theft. It involves acquiring data from devices without alteration, preserving the original state, identifying relevant information through tools, evaluating what can be used as evidence, and presenting findings in an understandable way. Challenges include ensuring authenticity, preventing data damage, and meeting legal standards for evidence admissibility in court. Forensic experts use various software and hardware tools at each step of the process.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing. It begins with an introduction and defines cloud computing, discussing its history and key attributes. It then covers the different cloud models including Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). The document also discusses cloud security and privacy concerns, outlining various security threats and solutions. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of cloud computing and its future.
The document discusses incident handling and provides details about each step of the incident handling life cycle. It begins with an introduction on the importance of incident handling plans. It then defines what constitutes an incident and provides examples of different incident types and categories. The document outlines the key steps in the incident handling life cycle as preparation, identification, detection, analysis, containment, eradication, recovery, and follow up. For each step, it provides details on goals, definitions, and best practices.
The document discusses malware analysis and provides an overview of key topics including:
- Types of malware analysis including static (code) analysis and behavioral analysis
- The goals of malware analysis are to understand how malware functions and infects systems to help build defenses
- Tools used in malware analysis include disassemblers, debuggers, and sandboxes to observe malware behavior
Penetration testing presentation given to Dr. Ashraf Tamam by Mohamed Abd El-Azeem, Ahmed Yousef Eissa, and Ahmed Alaa El-Din. The presentation covered penetration testing and was delivered to the named professor and students.
This document summarizes an automatic left ventricle segmentation technique using iterative thresholding and an active contour model adapted for short-axis cardiac MRI images. It begins with background on image segmentation and its applications. Then, it reviews related work on cardiac segmentation techniques and their limitations. The proposed method segments the endocardium using iterative thresholding and the epicardium using an active contour model. It estimates blood and myocardial intensities, applies region growing to segment the endocardium in each slice, and propagates the segmentation to remaining slices. Finally, it measures left ventricle volume and compares the results to manual segmentation.
Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns finalahmad abdelhafeez
This document summarizes research on facial expression recognition using Local Binary Patterns (LBP) features. The key points discussed are:
1) LBP features are effective and efficient for facial expression recognition compared to other methods like Gabor wavelets.
2) LBP features perform robustly even at low image resolutions, important for real-world applications.
3) Boosting LBP features improves recognition performance over using LBP alone. However, boosted features may not generalize well across datasets.
The paper presents a comprehensive study of LBP features for facial expression recognition and addresses challenges like low-resolution images.
The document discusses solving Sudoku puzzles using constraint satisfaction techniques. It defines constraint satisfaction problems and describes how Sudoku fits this framework. The key aspects of Sudoku as a constraint problem are that the variables are the cell values from 1-9, with constraints that each row, column and sub-grid must contain unique values. Backtracking search is proposed as the solution technique, making assignments to variables and propagating constraints to prune inconsistent values early.
This document discusses IPv4 versus IPv6. It provides an introduction to IP addressing and the distinction between IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 due to the limited address space of IPv4. The document outlines IP services, address representation, and transition strategies from IPv4 to IPv6. It concludes by stating the importance of IPv6 and awareness of its security implications.
The document provides an overview of the 8086 microprocessor, including:
- It was launched by Intel in 1978 and has a 16-bit data bus, 20-bit address bus, and 4-bit control bus.
- The 8086 uses parallel processing with a bus interface unit that fetches instructions and data and an execution unit that decodes and executes instructions.
- It has 14 16-bit registers including general purpose registers, segment registers, flags register, instruction pointer register, and pointer/index registers.
- The 8086 can address up to 1MB of memory using segmentation and can prefetch multiple instructions via pipelining to improve performance.
This document discusses malware analysis. It covers types of malware like viruses, worms, and trojans. It describes how malware can infect hosts by overwriting, prepending, appending, or using packers. Methods of malware detection like signatures, heuristics, checksums, and sandboxes are presented. The goals, types, and tools of malware analysis are outlined along with simulation steps and conclusions.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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2. Introduction
High level of security is needed in WSN.
This leads to need of extra resources.
BUT
WSN resources are very limited.
Current researches haven’t treat this conflict yet.
SO
Special security requirements are needed.
WSN security faces a lot of challenges.
A lot of research points in this area is open.
2 Sensor network
3. Agenda
3
Why high security level is needed?
Security AND survivability
requirements.
Taxonomy of attacks.
WSN security challenges.
Conclusion.
Sensor network
4. Why high security level is
needed?
Have many applications in military and homeland.
Could be deployed in hostile environments.
Could be deployed in uncontrolled environment.
Wireless communication facilitates eavesdropping.
Often monitor their surroundings, so it is easy to deduce
extra unwanted information results in privacy violation.
4 Sensor network
5. WSN security AND survivability
requirements.
Security in a WSN is extremely important. Moreover, it should be
run reliably without interruption.
Security requirements:
Confidentiality.
Authentication.
Non-repudiation .
Integrity.
Freshness
Forward and Backward secrecy
Survivability requirements:
Reliability
Availability.
Energy efficiency.
5 Sensor network
6. Taxonomy of attacks.
6
BASED ON
Capability of the
attacker
Attacks on
information in
transit
Protocol stack
Sensor network
7. 1. Based on capability of the
attacker
Outsider versus insider attacks.
Passive versus active attacks.
Mote-class versus laptop-class attacks.
7 Sensor network
8. 2. Based on attacks on information
in transit.
Interruption.
Interception.
Modification.
Fabrication.
8 Sensor network
9. 3. Based on protocol stack.
9 Sensor network
WSN protocol stack
This protocol stack combines power and routing awareness.
13. 3.3. Transport layer attacks.
13 Sensor network
Attacks:
Flooding.
De-synchronization Attacks.
Solutions:
Limit number of connections from a particular node.
Header or full packet authentication.
14. 3.3. Application layer attacks.
14 Sensor network
Attacks:
Selective Message Forwarding.
Data Aggregation Distortion
Solutions:
Data Integrity Protection.
Data Confidentiality Protection.
15. WSN security challenges (1/3).
Conflicting between minimization of resource
consumption and maximization of security level.
Advanced anti-jamming techniques are impossible due
to its complex design and high energy consumption. .
Ad-hoc topology facilitates attackers of different types
and from different directions.
Most current standard security protocols do not scale to
a large number of participants.
15 Sensor network
16. WSN security challenges (2/3).
Encryption requires extra processing, memory and
battery power.
Secure asymmetric key needs more computations.
Although sensors location information are important
most of current proposal are suitable for static WSNs.
16 Sensor network
17. WSN security challenges (3/3).
Most existing time synchronization schemes are
vulnerable to several attacks.
Their low costs impedes use of expensive tamper-
resistant hardware.
Little research has been done in code attestation.
17 Sensor network
18. Conclusion.
WSN needs high level of security due to its harsh environment.
This leads to intense security and survival requirements.
WSN face attacks of different types.
Limited resources of sensors make WSN faces a huge security
challenges.
Some challenges are resolved and many haven’t resolved yet or
under studying.
18 Sensor network
19. References.
T.Kavitha and D.Sridharan, “Security Vulnerabilities In
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”, Journal of Information
Assurance and SecurityVol. 5, No. 1 pp. 31– 44, 2010.
Yi Qian and Kejie Lu and David Tipper, “A Design For Secure
And Survivable Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Wireless
Communications , pp. 30 - 37, October 2007.
K. Xing, S. Srinivasan, M. Rivera, J. Li, and X. Cheng, Attacks
and Countermeasures in Sensor Networks: A Survey, The
George Washington University Technical Report GWU-CS-
TR-010-05, 2005.
19 Sensor network
uncontrolled and hostile environments (e.g., environmental monitoring, military command and control, battlefield monitoring, etc.).
security in a WSN is extremely important for both controlled environments (e.g., health-care, automation in transportation, etc.) and uncontrolled and hostile environments (e.g., environmental monitoring, military command and control, battlefield monitoring, etc.). Moreover, the majority of the WSN applications should be run continuously and reliably without interruption. Hence, survivability also should be taken into account in developing a WSN.
Confidentiality: Sensitive information is well protected and not revealed to unauthorized third parties. between the sensor nodes of the network or between the sensors and the base station,
Authentication : verify the identity of the participants in a communication, it is essential for each sensor node and base station to have the capability to verify that the data received was really sent by a trusted sender and not by an adversary that tricked legitimate nodes into accepting false data.
Integrity: This refers to the danger that information could be altered when exchanged over insecure networks.
Access-control prevents unauthorized access to a resource.
Non-repudiation proves the source of a packet. In authentication the source proves its identity. Non-repudiation prevents the source from denying that it sent a packet.
Freshness ensures that a malicious node does not resend previously captured packets
Forward secrecy a sensor should not be able to read any future messages after it leaves the network.
Backward secrecy a joining sensor should not be able to read any previously transmitted message
Reliability: Is the capability to keep the functionality of the WSN even if some sensor nodes fail, many applications require the WSN to operate in uncontrolled environments.
Availability. ensures that services and information can be accessed at the time that they are required. Lack of availability as denial of service attacks
Lack of availability may affect the operation of many critical realtime applications. Sol disablement of a specific node by assigning its duties to other nodes in the network.
Energy efficiency:
Energy conservation is a critical issue in a WSN, because batteries are the only limited life energy source available to power the sensor nodes. Apparently, the battery life affects the reliability and availability of the WSN.
Outsider: Attacks from nodes which do not belong to a WSN.
Insider: Nodes of a WSN behave in unintended ways.
Passive: Attacks eavesdrop or monitor exchanged packets.
Active: Attacks involve some modifications of the data steam.
Mote-class: Nodes with similar capabilities to the network nodes.
laptop-class: Powerful devices have greater capabilities.
greater transmission range, processing power, and energy reserves than the network nodes.
In a sensor network, sensors monitor the changes of specific parameters or values and report to the sink While sending the report, the information in transit may be attacked to provide wrong information to the base stations or sinks.
Interruption : Communication link in sensor networks becomes lost.(For all layers)
Interception : Attacker gains unauthorized access to sensor node or data on.
Affects confidentiality, The main purpose is to eavesdrop on the information carried in the messages (confidentiality) (application layer. )
Modification : Attacker not only accesses the data but also tampers with it.
mislead the parties involved in the communication protocol (integrity) (network layer and application layer)
Fabrication
If an unauthorized party gains access to the system and inserts false objects into it, this is Fabrication and it degrades the authenticity of the system. Diagram (e) reflects this information.
Replaying existing messages This operation threatens message freshness.
The main purpose of this operation is to confuse or mislead the parties involved in
http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0305518/classification_of%20security_attacks.htm
The power management plane manages how a sensor node uses its power.
The mobility management plane detects and registers the movement of sensor nodes, so a route back to the user is always maintained, and the sensor nodes can keep track of who their neighbor sensor nodes are. By knowing who the neighbor sensor nodes are, the sensor nodes can balance their power and task usage.
The task management plane balances and schedules the sensing tasks given to a specific region. These management planes are needed so that sensor nodes can work together in a power efficient way, route data in a mobile sensor network, and share resources between sensor nodes.
Responsible for frequency selection, signal detection and processing, encryption and energy minimization.
Many attacks target this layer as all upper layer functionalities rely on it.
Device Tampering
-damage or modify sensors physically and thus stop or alter their services. The negative impact will be greater if base stations or aggregation points instead of normal sensors are attacked,
-Unless large amount of sensors are compromised, the operations of WSNs will not be affected much.
Another way to attack is to capture sensors and extract sensitive data from them. such attacks are probably more threatening.
Eavesdropping
-attackers monitor the traffic in transmission on communication channels and collect data that can later be analyzed to extract sensitive information.
-wireless signals are broadcast in the air and thus accessible to the public. With modest equipment, attackers within the sender’s transmission range can easily plug themselves into the wireless channel
-Since eavesdropping is a passive behavior, such attacks are rarely detectable.
Jamming is type of Dos attacks in physical layer.
Jamming attacks in WSNs, classifying [5] them as constant (corrupts packets as they are transmitted), deceptive (sends a constant stream of bytes into the network to make it look like legitimate traffic), random (randomly alternates between sleep and jamming to save energy), and reactive (transmits a jam signal when it senses traffic).
Could be solved by speed spectrum technique or Network layer deals with it, by mapping the jammed area in the network and routing around the area.
Broad cast of high energy signal
Sol
Access Restriction (communication restriction as sleeping/hibernating and spread spectrum communication by frequency hopping By this way, attackers cannot easily locate the communication channel but both are expensive
but physically is infeasible )
2. Encryption
Cryptography can be applied to the data stored on sensors. Once data are encrypted, even if the sensors are captured, it is difficult for the adversaries to obtain useful information.
Responsible for data streams multiplexing , data frame detection and sharing the wireless media, Regulate who will send when
Adversaries can disobey the coordination rules and produce malicious traffic to interrupt network operations in the MAC layer.
They can also forge MAC layer identifications and masquerade as other entities for various purposes.
Traffic Manipulation
Attackers monitor the channel then transmit packets right at the moment when legitimate users do so to cause excessive packet collisions. Type of Dos
This decrease signal quality and network availability
Identity Spoofing
Due to the broadcast nature of wireless communications, the MAC identity (such as a MAC address or a certificate) of a sensor is open to all the neighbors
attacker can fake an identity and pretend to be a different one.
It can even spoof as a base station or aggregation point to obtain unauthorized privileges or resources of the WSN.
Ex. Sybil attacks :provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solution
Misbehavior Detection Because attacks deviate from normal behaviors, it is possible to identify attackers by observing what has happened.
Another solution uses “watchdogs” on every node to monitor whether or not the neighbors of a node forward the packets sent out by this particular node. A neighbor not forwarding packets will be identified by the watchdog as a misbehaving
node.
Identity Protection
-cryptography-based authentication can be used to prevent identity spoofing.
Position verification can be used to detect immobile attackers. If different identities appear at the same position, the node at that place can be identified as an attacker.
locates destinations and calculates the optimal path to a destination.
takes care of routing the data supplied by the transport layer. It is responsible for specifying the assignment of addresses and how packets are forwarded – Routing.
False Routing enforcing false routing information
• Overflowing routing tables : If the routing table of a normal network node overflows, the node will have to ignore later incoming routing information. Therefore, attackers can inject a large volume of void routing information into the network.
• Poisoning routing tables compromised nodes inside the network modify route update packets before sending them Such modifications result in wrong routing tables of all nodes inside the network.
Black Hole the attacker swallows (i.e. receives but does not forward) all the messages he receives
Sinkhole attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it. For example, the attacker can announce a false –
- optimal path by advertising attractive power, bandwidth, or high quality routes to a particular region.
the sinkhole attack can make other attacks efficient by positioning the attacker in busy information traffic
Solution
Routing Access Restriction
Multi-path routing –packets are routed through multiple paths. Even if the attacker on one of the paths other paths still exist
Authentication -- With authentication, it can be easily determined whether a sensor can participate in routing or not.
False Routing Information Detection
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information.
-Comes into play when the system is planned to be accessed through the Internet or external networks.
helps to maintain the flow of data if the sensor networks application requires it. This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through the Internet or other external networks.
-Flooding: An attacker may repeatedly make new connection requests until the resources required by each connection are exhausted or reach a maximum limit Dos of Transport layer
Sol
a limit can be put on the number of connections from a particular node
-De-synchronization Attacks:
-the adversary forges packets to one or both ends of a connection using different sequence number on the packets. This will cause the end points of the connection to request retransmission of the missed packets.
-This will cause a considerable drainage of energy of legitimate nodes in the network
Sol
Header or full packet authentication
- Implements the services seen by users as data aggregation and time synchronization.
-Application layer Depending on the sensing tasks, different types of application software can be built and used.
Since WSNs are energy constrained and bandwidth limited, reducing communications between sensors and base stations has a significant effect on power conservation and bandwidth utilization. Aggregated sensor networks serve this purpose.
-data aggregation sends the data collected by sensors to base stations, and time synchronization synchronizes sensor clocks for cooperative operations.
Clock Skewing
The targets of this attack are those sensors in need of synchronized operations
Selective Message Forwarding
-The attack can be launched by forwarding some or partial messages selectively but not others
- attackers need to understand the semantics of the payload of the application layer packet
- selective forwarding attack in the network layer only requires attackers to know the network layer information, such as the source and destination addresses.
Data Aggregation Distortion
Once data is collected, sensors usually send it back to base stations for processing. Attackers may maliciously modify the data to be aggregated, and make the final aggregation results computed by the base stations distorted.
Sol
application data semantics . Therefore, the countermeasures focus on protecting the integrity and confidentiality of data,
Data Integrity Protection
Outlier detection algorithm [63] can locate such sensors by comparing their readings with those of their neighbors
Base stations launch marked packets to probe certain sensors and try to route packets through them. If a sensor fails to respond, the base stations may conclude that this node is dead.
Data Confidentiality Protection
- Encryption is an effective approach to prevent attackers from understanding captured data.
* The security issues in MANETs are more challenging than wired networks and security in sensor networks is even more difficult than in MANETs due to the resource limitations.
- energy as well as computational resource like CPU cycles, memory, communication bandwidth.
Advanced anti-jamming techniques such as frequency- hopping spread spectrum and physical tamper proofing of nodes
Unlike fixed hardwired networks with physical defense at firewalls and gateways
current standard were designed for two-party settings
Knowledge of the position of the sensing nodes in a WSN is an essential part of many sensor network operations and applications. Sensors reporting monitored data need to also report the location where the information is sensed, and hence, sensors need to be aware of their position.
Designing secure routing algorithms for mobile WSNs is complex and current secure routing algorithms will meet issues when they are applied in mobile environments.
1. time synchronization is very important for many sensor network operations, such as coordinated sensing tasks, sensor scheduling (sleep and wake), mobile object tracking
3.Sensors that operate in an unattended, harsh or hostile environment often suffer from break-in compromises .
code attestation to validate the code running on each sensor node. Because the code running on a malicious node must be different from that on a legitimate node, we can detect compromised nodes by verifying their memory content.
4. During the lifetime of a sensor network, the network topology changes frequently, and routing error messages are normally produced.