The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
A SERVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY ISSUES & CHALLENGESEditor IJCTER
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an evolving technology and getting significant attention due to its unlimited potential starts from domestic application to battlefield. Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSN) are a most challenging and emerging technology for the research due to
their vital scope in the field coupled with their low processing power and associated low energy.
Today wireless sensor networks are broadly used in environmental control, surveillance tasks,
monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Sensor nodes are tiny, cheap, disposable and self-contained
battery powered computers, known as "motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor,
process this input data and transmit the results wirelessly to the transit network. Due to the various
applications of WSN in homeland security and military, security is the major issue to be taken care
of. In this paper we discuss about The combination of these factors demands security for sensor
networks at design time to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people
in sensor environments. Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in sensor networks; it
allows a sender to broadcast messages to multiple nodes in an authenticated way. µ TESLA and multi-level µTESLA have been proposed to provide such service for sensor networks.
Securing WSN communication using Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement ProtocolIJMTST Journal
Wireless Sensor Networking is one of the most important technologies that have different applications. The
security of wireless sensor networks is a big concern. Hence for secure communication it is important to
detect and prevent the attacks in network. Major focus is given on security and on detection and prevention of
attacks. Adversary can create gray-hole attack and black-hole attack simultaneously. There are many
methods which do not provide proper method to defend against these kinds of attacks. The Ad-hoc On
Demand Distance Vector (AODV) scheme is used for detecting Gray-Hole attack and Enhanced Adaptive
Acknowledgment (EAACK) mechanism is used for detecting black-hole attack in network. But only by
detecting and preventing the attacks, it does not provide the better security to wireless network. Therefore, to
secure network a hybrid mechanism is deployed in wireless sensor network. Security algorithm for wireless
sensor networks such as CAWS and Modern Encryption Standard (MES-1) is used for secure communication.
The CAWS and Modern Encryption Standard (MES-1) is an advanced cryptography method which is used for
encryption and decryption process to provide special security.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
Security Attacks and its Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have come to the forefront of the scientific community recently. Present WSNs typically communicate directly with a centralized controller or satellite. Going on the other hand, a smart WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication ability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. This paper surveyed the different types of attacks, security related issues, and it’s Countermeasures with the complete comparison between Layer based Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
A Survey on Threats and Security schemes in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
It is difficult to achieve and become particularly acute in wireless sensor networks due to the limitation in network capability, computational power and memory which do not allow for implementation of complex security mechanism because security being vital to the acceptance and use of wireless sensor networks for many applications. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless sensor networks and analyzed them. This paper is an attempt to survey and analyze the threats to the wireless sensor networks and focus on the type of attacks and achieve secure communication in wireless sensor networks.
A SERVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK SECURITY ISSUES & CHALLENGESEditor IJCTER
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an evolving technology and getting significant attention due to its unlimited potential starts from domestic application to battlefield. Wireless
Sensor Networks(WSN) are a most challenging and emerging technology for the research due to
their vital scope in the field coupled with their low processing power and associated low energy.
Today wireless sensor networks are broadly used in environmental control, surveillance tasks,
monitoring, tracking and controlling etc. Sensor nodes are tiny, cheap, disposable and self-contained
battery powered computers, known as "motes”, which can accept input from an attached sensor,
process this input data and transmit the results wirelessly to the transit network. Due to the various
applications of WSN in homeland security and military, security is the major issue to be taken care
of. In this paper we discuss about The combination of these factors demands security for sensor
networks at design time to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people
in sensor environments. Broadcast authentication is a critical security service in sensor networks; it
allows a sender to broadcast messages to multiple nodes in an authenticated way. µ TESLA and multi-level µTESLA have been proposed to provide such service for sensor networks.
Securing WSN communication using Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgement ProtocolIJMTST Journal
Wireless Sensor Networking is one of the most important technologies that have different applications. The
security of wireless sensor networks is a big concern. Hence for secure communication it is important to
detect and prevent the attacks in network. Major focus is given on security and on detection and prevention of
attacks. Adversary can create gray-hole attack and black-hole attack simultaneously. There are many
methods which do not provide proper method to defend against these kinds of attacks. The Ad-hoc On
Demand Distance Vector (AODV) scheme is used for detecting Gray-Hole attack and Enhanced Adaptive
Acknowledgment (EAACK) mechanism is used for detecting black-hole attack in network. But only by
detecting and preventing the attacks, it does not provide the better security to wireless network. Therefore, to
secure network a hybrid mechanism is deployed in wireless sensor network. Security algorithm for wireless
sensor networks such as CAWS and Modern Encryption Standard (MES-1) is used for secure communication.
The CAWS and Modern Encryption Standard (MES-1) is an advanced cryptography method which is used for
encryption and decryption process to provide special security.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
Security Attacks and its Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have come to the forefront of the scientific community recently. Present WSNs typically communicate directly with a centralized controller or satellite. Going on the other hand, a smart WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication ability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. This paper surveyed the different types of attacks, security related issues, and it’s Countermeasures with the complete comparison between Layer based Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
A Survey on Threats and Security schemes in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
It is difficult to achieve and become particularly acute in wireless sensor networks due to the limitation in network capability, computational power and memory which do not allow for implementation of complex security mechanism because security being vital to the acceptance and use of wireless sensor networks for many applications. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless sensor networks and analyzed them. This paper is an attempt to survey and analyze the threats to the wireless sensor networks and focus on the type of attacks and achieve secure communication in wireless sensor networks.
A Journey to Power Intelligent IT - Big Data EmployedMohamed Sohail
Sustainability has become a hot topic as a result of significant concerns about the unintended social, environmental, and economic consequences of rapid population growth, economic growth, and consumption of our natural resources. For the IT industry in particular, a highly important consideration that affects the decisions of IT managers is data center power consumption and carbon emission.
Андраш Густи «Интерфейсы, которые вызывают привыкание, или Как перепрошить по...DataArt
Андраш Густи. «Интерфейсы, которые вызывают привыкание, или Как перепрошить пользователя». IT talk #24 (СПб)
Андраш Густи — директор по развитию мастерской мобильных приложений «Бегемот-Бегемот». Учился в США, Германии и Польше, владеет шестью языками. Частый спикер на профильных российских и международных конференциях, сооснователь и модератор Клуба Питерских Приложений, соавтор видео-курса «Бизнес на мобильных приложениях» и ведущий подкаста «Мобильные приложения как бизнес».
О чем пойдет речь?
◦Проектирование как основа продуктостроения, а не дизайна.
◦Привыкание в повседневной жизни.
◦Как привыкание работает в цифровых продуктах.
◦Способы управления привыканием и система крючка.
◦Как измерять потенциальную привыкаемость цифрового продукта.
Dive into this topic by reading our eBook all about lump sum: http://resources.urbanbound.com/ebook-new-lump-sum-new-generation
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The problem is—it can get pretty complicated.
Learn about why moving this process online is so critical, as it will not only make your jobs easier, it will make the process quick and seamless for your transferees as well.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview on Security Issues and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by deploying as large number of sensor nodes in an area for the surveillance of generally remote locations. A typical sensor node is made up of different components to perform the task of sensing, processing and transmitting data. WSNs are used for many applications in diverse forms from indoor deployment to outdoor deployment. The basic requirement of every application is to use the secured network. Providing security to the sensor network is a very challenging issue along with saving its energy. Many security threats may affect the functioning of these networks. WSNs must be secured to keep an attacker from hindering the delivery of sensor information and from forging sensor information as these networks are build for remote surveillance and unauthorized changes in the sensed data may lead to wrong information to the decision makers. This paper gives brief description about various security issues and security threats in WSNs.
REPLICATION ATTACK MITIGATIONS FOR STATIC AND MOBILE WSNIJNSA Journal
Security is important for many sensor network applications. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are often deployed in hostile environments as static or mobile, where an adversary can physically capture some of the nodes. once a node is captured, adversary collects all the credentials like keys and identity etc. the attacker can re-program it and replicate the node in order to eavesdrop the transmitted messages or compromise the functionality of the network. Identity theft leads to two types attack: clone and sybil. In particularly a harmful attack against sensor networks where one or more node(s) illegitimately claims an identity as replicas is known as the node replication attack. The replication attack can be exceedingly injurious to many important functions of the sensor network such as routing, resource llocation, misbehavior detection, etc. This paper analyzes the threat posed by the replication attack and several novel techniques to detect and defend against the replication attack, and analyzes their effectiveness in both static and mobile WSN.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Data Transfer Security solution for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
WSN is a wide growth area for specific resource limited application. Factor associated with technology like, the encryption
security, operating speed and power consumption for network. Here, we introduce a mechanism for secure transferring of data is WSN
and various security related issues. This energy-efficient encryption is a secure communication framework in which an algorithm is
used to encode the sensed data using like, RC5, AES and CAST Algorithm. The proposed scheme is most suitable for wireless sensor
networks that incorporate data centric routing protocols. An algorithm in sensor network is help to designers predict security
performance under a set of constraints for WSNs. This symmetric key function is used to guarantee secure communications between
in-network nodes and reliable operation cost. RC5 is good on the code point of view, but the key schedule consumes more resource
time for efficient security aspects.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK UNDER HELLO FLOOD ATTACKIJCNCJournal
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is highly used in many fields. The network consists of tiny lightweight
sensor nodes and is largely used to scan or detect or monitor environments. Since these sensor nodes are
tiny and lightweight, they put some limitations on resources such as usage of power, processing given task,
radio frequency range. These limitations allow network vulnerable to many different types of attacks such
as hello flood attack, black hole, Sybil attack, sinkhole, and many more. Among these attacks, hello flood is
one of the most important attacks. In this paper,we have analyzed the performance of hello flood attack and
compared the network performance as number of attackers increases. Network performance is evaluated
by modifying the ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol by using NS2 simulator. It
has been tested under different scenarios like no attacker, single attacker, and multiple attackers to know
how the network performance changes. The simulation results show that as the number of attackers
increases the performance in terms of throughput and delay changes.
1- Mobile ad hoc networks are formed dynamically by an
autonomous system of mobile nodes that are connected
via wireless links.
2- Multihop communication- node communicate with the
help of two or more node from source to destination.
3- No existing fixed infrastructure or centralized administration –No base station.
4- Mobile nodes are free to move randomly-Network topology changes frequently
5- May Operate as standalone fashion or also can be connected to the larger internet.
6- Each node work as router
Primary Goals of Security in MANET
To assure a reliable data transfer over the communication networks and to protect the system resources a number of security services are classified in five categories:-
1-Authentication:- The process of identifying an individual , usually based on a username and password.
2- Confidentially:- Confidentiality aims at protecting the data from disclosure to unauthorized person.
Network attacks against confidentiality
* Packet capturing
Password attack
Port scanning
Dumpster Diving
Wiretapping
Phishing and Pharming
2-Non repudiation:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
3- Integrity:- Integrity guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted.
network attack against integrity
Salami attack
trust relationship attacks
Man in the middle attack
Session hijacking attacks
4- Availability:- Its ensure that data ,network resources or network services are available to legitimate user when required.
network attack against availability
Denial of services attacks
Distributed denial of services attack
SYN flood attacks and ICMP flood attacks
Electrical power attacks
Server Room environment attacks
Key management
The security in networking is in many cases dependent on proper key management.
Key management consists of various services, of which each is vital for the security
of the networking systems
* Trust model:-Its must determine how much different element in the network can trust each other.
* Cryptosystem:- Public and symmetric key mechanism can be applied .
* Key creation:- It must determine which parties are allowed to generate key to themselves.
* Key storage :- In adhoc network any network element may have to store its own key and possibly key of other element as well.
* Key distribution:- The key management service must ensure that the generated keys are securely distributed to their owners.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
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- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
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- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
3. 3
WSN Specification Review
High
number of nodes
High-density deployment of nodes
Vast and various applications
Energy, memory and processing limit
No communication Infrastructure
Remote area deployment
Being Unattended after deployment
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
4. 4
WSN Security Concerns
How
to secure against physical attacks in
unattended deployments?
How to secure in accordance with WSN
constraints?
How to adapt security mechanisms in
other networks to WSN?
How to design secure routing, clustering,
MAC, data aggregation and locationing
protocols?
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
5. 5
WSN Constraints Review
Energy
constraint
Memory constraint
Unreliable communication
High latency
Remote intermittent support
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
6. 6
Energy Constraint
Energy
Transducer unit
Communication unit
Processing unit
To
need :
communicate 1 bit
800 to 1000 instructions
Communication
consumes the most.
Security mechanisms impose
communication overhead and more cost.
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
7. 7
Memory Constraint
Memory
Type :
Flash : Program code
RAM: Running application, Processing and
aggregated data
Not
enough space to support security
mechanisms
SMART DUST: 4KB for Tiny OS, Just 4.5KB to…
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
8. 8
Unreliable Communication
Channel
destroying nature
Noise, Interference, fading
Congestion
in nodes
Collision
More
overhead to assure communication
Less space remained to security
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
9. 9
High Latency
Multi
hop connection-less routing
Congestion and need to retransmission
But in Security synchronization is important
Security log Review
Security log correlation and analysis
Key management
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
10. 10
Remote Intermittent Support
Remote
deployment
Not management and maintenance for
long periods
They are exposed to physical attacks
They need to be secured against that
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
11. 11
WSN Security Entities
What
Data
Resources
From
what to protect ?
Attacks
Anomalies
How
to Protect ?
to protect ?
Mechanisms and protocols
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
13. 13
Security Requirements(Cont..)
Confidentiality: Data understood just at
authorized node.
Integrity : No change or modification at
intermediate nodes.
Availability : WSN service Availability in spite
of security breaches like DoS attack.
Freshness : Data is not replayed or replicated.
Self organization and healing: Protocols
dynamicity not only in … but also in security
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
14. 14
Security Requirements(Cont..)
Secure
Localization : where that is critical
the protocols must be robust enough like
Verifiable Multilateration.
Authentication : Ensures integrity
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
15. 15
WSN Security Threats
Against
Availability: They are generally
DoS Attacks.
Against Secrecy and Authentication:
Attacks like eavesdropping, IP spoofing
and Packet Replay.
Against Service Integrity : Make the
network accept false data values.
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
16. 16
Threats Against Availability
DoS
An event to reduce a network’s capacity
to perform an expected function.
Common defense mechanisms need large
overhead and not suitable for WSN.
DoS
attacks in general:
attack in WSN:
They are considered in different layers
Defense mechanisms are developed
specially
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
17. 17
DoS Attack in WSN
Physical
Jamming : continuous, intermittent, distributed
Tampering : the node or its function change
Data
Layer:
Link Layer:
Intentional Collision: Back-off time increase
Resource Exhaustion: impose retransmission
Unfairness: degradation of real-time
applications/ weak form of DoS attack
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
19. 19
Network Layer DoS
Spoofing Routing Information:
An attacker may spoof, alter, or replay
routing information to disrupt traffic in the
network.
These disruptions include :
creation of routing loops
attracting or repelling network traffic from
selected nodes
extending or shortening source routes
generating fake error messages
causing network partitioning
increasing end-to-end latency
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
20. 20
Network Layer DoS
Selective Packet Forwarding:
Multihop Nets like WSN require accurate forwarding
An attacker may compromise a node in such a way
that it selectively forwards some messages and drops
others.
Sinkhole:
an attacker makes a compromised node look more
attractive to its neighbors by forging the routing
information
Facilitates the selective forwarding
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
21. 21
Network Layer DoS
Sybil:
One node presents more that one identity in a network
To defeat objective of redundancy mechanisms in
distributed data storage systems in peer to peer Nets.
effective against routing algorithms, data aggregation,
voting, fair resource allocation, and foiling misbehavior
detection.
Wormhole:
Creating low latency link between two portions of a network
over which an attacker replays network messages via :
Single node connecting two adjacent non-neighboring nodes.
Pairs of nodes in two portion of the network (Facilitates Sinkhole).
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
22. 22
Network Layer DoS
Hello
Flooding:
the attacker node falsely broadcasts a shorter route to the
base station through high power hello packet transmission.
All nodes in spite that of being out of the radio range of the
attacker, attempt to send packets to it.
It facilitates Sinkhole attack.
Acknowledge
Spoofing:
attacking node may overhear packet transmissions from its
neighboring nodes and spoof the acknowledgments
The attacker is able to disseminate wrong information about
the status of the nodes
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
23. 23
Transport Layer DoS
Flooding:
Any protocol with status keeping at connection end is
vulnerable to this.
An attacker may repeatedly make new connection
request.
The resources required by each connection are
exhausted or reach a maximum limit.
Further legitimate requests will be ignored
De-synchronization:
Disruption of an existing connection .
Accurately timed, repeatedly spoof messages to an end
host causing the host to request the retransmission of
missed frames.
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
25. 25
Threats Against Secrecy
Node
Replication :
An attacker attempts to add a node to an
existing WSN by replication (i. e. copying) the
node identifier of an already existing node in
the network.
Leads to network partitioning, communication
of false sensor readings.
Accessing Crypto keys, attacker can easily
manipulate a specific segment of the network
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
26. 26
Threats Against Secrecy
Unauthorized Data aggregation:
Eavesdropping and Passive Monitoring:
Traffic Analysis:
Possible if communication is not protected by
cryptographic mechanisms
Example: Location information gathering
identify some sensor nodes with special roles and
activities in a WSN.
It usually precedes the eavesdropping.
2 Mechanism : Rate Monitoring and Time Correlation
Camouflage:
An adversary may compromise a sensor node in a WSN
and later on use it to masquerade a normal node
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
27. 27
Defense Against Attacks on
Sensor Privacy
Defense against Node Replication:
Randomized multicast:
Location Info is multicast to random witnesses.
Birthday Paradox is used to detect replicated
In a network of n nodes, if each location produces √n
witnesses, then, the birthday paradox predicts at least
one collision with high probability.
Line-selected multicast:
It uses network topology to detect replicated
It is based on the rumor routing protocol
If a conflicting location claim ever crosses the line
segment of location claim route to random witness,
replication is detected.
Communication overhead reduces from O(n2) to O(n√n)
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
28. 28
Defense Against Attacks on
Unauthorized Data Aggregation
Defense against Traffic Analysis:
It prevents both rate monitoring and time
correlation.
It includes four mechanisms:
Forwarding to multiple parents
Controlled Random Walk in multi hop path
selection to distribute packet traffic
Random fake paths are introduced
Random areas of high communication
activities are created to deceive the attacker
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
29. 29
Defense Against Attacks on Sensor
Privacy
Anonymity mechanisms:
An anonymity mechanism depersonalizes the data
before it is released from the source.
privacy and disclosure trade-off in location-based
services.
Four proposed approaches:
decentralization of storage of sensitive data
establishment of secure channel for communication
changing the pattern of data traffic
exploiting mobility of the nodes
Policy-Based approaches
Information Flooding:
Four mechanisms are proposed as follows.
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
30. 30
Information Flooding mechanisms
to protect privacy
Baseline flooding:
Probabilistic flooding:
only a subset of nodes in the entire network participates in data
forwarding
There is packet loss possibility.
Flooding with fake messages:
every node in the network forwards a message only once
(Broadcast to all neighbors)
More sources can be introduced that inject fake messages into
the network to prevent back tracing.
Phantom flooding:
Probabilistic flooding same concept but changing the shortest
path in each packet transmission.
First phase takes hops through random walk (unicast)
Second phase floods the message through baseline flooding
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
31. 31
Other security Mechanisms…
Intrusion
Detection
Secure Data Aggregation and Clustering
Secure Routing
Cryptography and key management
Trust Management
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir
32. 32
Important WSN Security
Protocols
SPIN
:
SNEP(secure network encryption protocol)
Provides
data confidentiality, two-party data
authentication, and data freshness for peer
to peer communication.
uTELSA (timed efficient streaming loss-tolerant
authentication protocol)
provides authenticated broadcast
WSN Security - Ar.Ghaznavi
ar.ghaznavi@stu.yazd.ac.ir