WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
this ppt is useful for both b.e/b.tech students as well as for mca students. in this ppt u will find different types of security issues in manet and their countermeasures.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
this ppt is useful for both b.e/b.tech students as well as for mca students. in this ppt u will find different types of security issues in manet and their countermeasures.
LPWAN Technologies for Internet of Things (IoT) and M2M ScenariosPeter R. Egli
Rapid technological advances in the past made possible the miniaturization of network devices to meet the cost and power consumption requirements in IoT and M2M scenarios. What is missing in this picture is a radio technology with both long range capability and a very low cost footprint. Existing radio technologies such as 3G/4G or Short Range Radio do not aptly meet the requirements of IoT scenarios because they are either too expensive or are not able to provide the required range. Other wireless technologies are geared towards high bandwidth which is in most cases not a requirement for IoT.
Emerging LPWAN technologies such as ETSI LTN or LoRAWAN are poised for filling the gap by providing long range (up to 40km) and low power connectivity. These technologies allow low cost radio devices and operation thus enabling scaling up IoT applications.
Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet...Duncan Purves
Presentation on Low Power Wireless Sensor Network Technologies and Standards for the Internet of Things given at Institute of Physics, Sensors & their Applications XVIII Conference, 12 September 2016
sensors are what we experience the most in our life. they are even working in our body in different aspects. they may be as eyes, ears, skin, tongue etc. when we combine them they make a network. it may be a human sensor network. but i have shared something interesting about wireless sensor networks.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview on Security Issues and ChallengesIJAEMSJORNAL
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by deploying as large number of sensor nodes in an area for the surveillance of generally remote locations. A typical sensor node is made up of different components to perform the task of sensing, processing and transmitting data. WSNs are used for many applications in diverse forms from indoor deployment to outdoor deployment. The basic requirement of every application is to use the secured network. Providing security to the sensor network is a very challenging issue along with saving its energy. Many security threats may affect the functioning of these networks. WSNs must be secured to keep an attacker from hindering the delivery of sensor information and from forging sensor information as these networks are build for remote surveillance and unauthorized changes in the sensed data may lead to wrong information to the decision makers. This paper gives brief description about various security issues and security threats in WSNs.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networkpijans
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
Wireless Sensor Network Nodes: Security and Deployment in the Niger-Delta Oil...IJNSA Journal
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is tending towards becoming a complete solution in communication protocols, embedded systems and low-power implementations. However, the resource constraints which includes, limited communication range, limited energy, limited computing power, limited bandwidth and the fear of intruders have limited the WSN applications. Since lightweight computational nodes that are currently being used in WSN pose particular challenge for many security applications, the whole research therefore, is the investigation of new security techniques and appropriate implementation for WSN nodes, including various trade-offs such as implementation complexity, power dissipation, security flexibility and scalability. The goal of this research is to develop a network that has efficient and flexible key distribution scheme secured enough to prevent algorithmic complexity and denial of service attacks as well as the network able to conserve energy. A review of previous research to date in the area of security for WSNs was carried out and proposals are made based on security schemes that gather data in
an energy-efficient mechanism through secured pre-allocation of keys, faster clustering routing algorithm and dynamic based rekeying implementation.
As of late, remote sensor organize (WSN) is
utilized in numerous application zones, for
example, checking, following, and controlling. For
some utilizations of WSN, security is an essential
necessity. In any case, security arrangements in
WSN vary from conventional systems because of
asset confinement and computational
requirements. This paper investigates security
arrangements: Tiny Sec, IEEE 802.15.4, Twists,
Mini SEC, LSec, LLSP, LISA, and Drawl in
WSN. The paper additionally introduces qualities,
security prerequisites, assaults, encryption
calculations, and operation modes. This paper is
thought to be valuable for security planners in
WSNs.
Data Transfer Security solution for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
WSN is a wide growth area for specific resource limited application. Factor associated with technology like, the encryption
security, operating speed and power consumption for network. Here, we introduce a mechanism for secure transferring of data is WSN
and various security related issues. This energy-efficient encryption is a secure communication framework in which an algorithm is
used to encode the sensed data using like, RC5, AES and CAST Algorithm. The proposed scheme is most suitable for wireless sensor
networks that incorporate data centric routing protocols. An algorithm in sensor network is help to designers predict security
performance under a set of constraints for WSNs. This symmetric key function is used to guarantee secure communications between
in-network nodes and reliable operation cost. RC5 is good on the code point of view, but the key schedule consumes more resource
time for efficient security aspects.
Security Attacks and its Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have come to the forefront of the scientific community recently. Present WSNs typically communicate directly with a centralized controller or satellite. Going on the other hand, a smart WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication ability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. This paper surveyed the different types of attacks, security related issues, and it’s Countermeasures with the complete comparison between Layer based Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its SecurityIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks and its security which are characterized by severely constrained computational and energy resources, and an ad hoc operational environment. The paper first introduces sensor networks, and discusses security issues and goals along with security problems, threats, and risks in sensor networks. It describes crippling attacks against all of them and suggests countermeasures and design considerations. It gives a brief introduction of proposed security protocol SPINS whose building blocks are SNEP and μTESLA which overcome all the important security threats and problems and achieves security goals like data confidentiality, freshness, authentication in order to provide a secure Wireless Sensor Network
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
2. Introduction
High level of security is needed in WSN.
This leads to need of extra resources.
BUT
WSN resources are very limited.
Current researches haven’t treat this conflict yet.
SO
Special security requirements are needed.
WSN security faces a lot of challenges.
A lot of research points in this area is open.
2
Sensor network
3. Agenda
Why high security level is needed?
Security AND survivability requirements.
Taxonomy of attacks.
WSN security challenges.
Conclusion.
3
Sensor network
4. Why high security level is needed?
Have many applications in military and homeland.
Could be deployed in hostile environments.
Could be deployed in uncontrolled environment.
Wireless communication facilitates eavesdropping.
Often monitor their surroundings, so it is easy to deduce
extra unwanted information results in privacy violation.
4
Sensor network
5. WSN security AND survivability
requirements.
run
Security in a WSN is extremely important. Moreover, it should be
reliably without interruption.
Security requirements:
Confidentiality.
Authentication.
Non-repudiation .
Integrity.
Freshness
Forward and Backward secrecy
Survivability requirements:
5
Reliability
Availability.
Energy efficiency.
Sensor network
6. Taxonomy of attacks.
BASED ON
Capability of the
attacker
6
Attacks on
information in
transit
Sensor network
Protocol stack
7. 1. Based on capability of the attacker
Outsider versus insider attacks.
Passive versus active attacks.
Mote-class versus laptop-class attacks.
7
Sensor network
8. 2. Based on attacks on information in
transit.
Interruption.
Interception.
Modification.
Fabrication.
8
Sensor network
9. 3. Based on protocol stack.
This protocol stack combines power and routing awareness.
WSN protocol stack
9
Sensor network
13. 3.3. Transport layer attacks.
Attacks:
Flooding.
De-synchronization Attacks.
Solutions:
13
Limit number of connections from a particular node.
Header or full packet authentication.
Sensor network
14. 3.3. Application layer attacks.
Attacks:
Selective Message Forwarding.
Data Aggregation Distortion
Solutions:
14
Data Integrity Protection.
Data Confidentiality Protection.
Sensor network
15. WSN security challenges (1/3).
Conflicting between minimization of resource
consumption and maximization of security level.
Advanced anti-jamming techniques are impossible due
to its complex design and high energy consumption. .
Ad-hoc topology facilitates attackers of different types
and from different directions.
Most current standard security protocols do not scale to
a large number of participants.
15
Sensor network
16. WSN security challenges (2/3).
Encryption requires extra processing, memory and
battery power.
Secure asymmetric key needs more computations.
Although sensors location information are important
most of current proposal are suitable for static WSNs.
16
Sensor network
17. WSN security challenges (3/3).
Most existing time synchronization schemes are
vulnerable to several attacks.
Their low costs impedes use of expensive tamperresistant hardware.
Little research has been done in code attestation.
17
Sensor network
18. Conclusion.
WSN needs high level of security due to its harsh environment.
This leads to intense security and survival requirements.
WSN face attacks of different types.
Limited resources of sensors make WSN faces a huge security
challenges.
Some challenges are resolved and many haven’t resolved yet or
under studying.
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19. References.
T.Kavitha and D.Sridharan, “Security Vulnerabilities In
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey”, Journal of Information
Assurance and SecurityVol. 5, No. 1 pp. 31– 44, 2010.
Yi Qian and Kejie Lu and David Tipper, “A Design For Secure
And Survivable Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Wireless
Communications , pp. 30 - 37, October 2007.
K. Xing, S. Srinivasan, M. Rivera, J. Li, and X. Cheng, Attacks
and Countermeasures in Sensor Networks: A Survey, The
George Washington University Technical Report GWU-CSTR-010-05, 2005.
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uncontrolled and hostile environments (e.g., environmental monitoring, military command and control, battlefield monitoring, etc.).
security in a WSN is extremely important for both controlled environments (e.g., health-care, automation in transportation, etc.) and uncontrolled and hostile environments (e.g., environmental monitoring, military command and control, battlefield monitoring, etc.). Moreover, the majority of the WSN applications should be run continuously and reliably without interruption. Hence, survivability also should be taken into account in developing a WSN.Confidentiality: Sensitive information is well protected and not revealed to unauthorized third parties. between the sensor nodes of the network or between the sensors and the base station,Authentication : verify the identity of the participants in a communication, it is essential for each sensor node and base station to have the capability to verify that the data received was really sent by a trusted sender and not by an adversary that tricked legitimate nodes into accepting false data.Integrity: This refers to the danger that information could be altered when exchanged over insecure networks.Access-controlprevents unauthorized access to a resource. Non-repudiationproves the source of a packet. In authentication the source proves its identity. Non-repudiation prevents the source from denying that it sent a packet.Freshness ensures that a malicious node does not resend previously captured packetsForward secrecya sensor should not be able to read any future messages after it leaves the network. Backward secrecya joining sensor should not be able to read any previously transmitted messageReliability: Is the capability to keep the functionality of the WSN even if some sensor nodes fail, many applications require the WSN to operate in uncontrolled environments.Availability. ensures that services and information can be accessed at the time that they are required. Lack of availability as denial of service attacksLack of availability may affect the operation of many critical realtime applications. Sol disablement of a specific node by assigning its duties to other nodes in the network.Energy efficiency:Energy conservation is a critical issue in a WSN, because batteries are the only limited life energy source available to power the sensor nodes. Apparently, the battery life affects the reliability and availability of the WSN.
Outsider: Attacks from nodes which do not belong to a WSN.Insider: Nodes of a WSN behave in unintended ways. Passive: Attacks eavesdrop or monitor exchanged packets.Active: Attacks involve some modifications of the data steam.Mote-class: Nodes with similar capabilities to the network nodes.laptop-class: Powerful devices have greater capabilities. greater transmission range, processing power, and energy reserves than the network nodes.
In a sensor network, sensors monitor the changes of specific parameters or values and report to the sink While sending the report, the information in transit may be attacked to provide wrong information to the base stations or sinks. Interruption : Communication link in sensor networks becomes lost.(For all layers)Interception : Attacker gains unauthorized access to sensor node or data on.Affects confidentiality, The main purpose is to eavesdrop on the information carried in the messages (confidentiality) (application layer. )Modification : Attacker not only accesses the data but also tampers with it.mislead the parties involved in the communication protocol (integrity) (network layer and application layer)FabricationIf an unauthorized party gains access to the system and inserts false objects into it, this is Fabrication and it degrades the authenticity of the system. Diagram (e) reflects this information.Replaying existing messages This operation threatens message freshness.The main purpose of this operation is to confuse or mislead the parties involved in http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/u0305518/classification_of%20security_attacks.htm
The power management plane manages how a sensor node uses its power. The mobility management plane detects and registers the movement of sensor nodes, so a route back to the user is always maintained, and the sensor nodes can keep track of who their neighbor sensor nodes are. By knowing who the neighbor sensor nodes are, the sensor nodes can balance their power and task usage. The task management plane balances and schedules the sensing tasks given to a specific region. These management planes are needed so that sensor nodes can work together in a power efficient way, route data in a mobile sensor network, and share resources between sensor nodes.
Responsible for frequency selection, signal detection and processing, encryption and energy minimization.Many attacks target this layer as all upper layer functionalities rely on it.Device Tampering-damage or modify sensors physically and thus stop or alter their services. The negative impact will be greater if base stations or aggregation points instead of normal sensors are attacked,-Unless large amount of sensors are compromised, the operations of WSNs will not be affected much.Another way to attack is to capture sensors and extract sensitive data from them. such attacks are probably more threatening.Eavesdropping-attackers monitor the traffic in transmission on communication channels and collect data that can later be analyzed to extract sensitive information.-wireless signals are broadcast in the air and thus accessible to the public. With modest equipment, attackers within the sender’s transmission range can easily plug themselves into the wireless channel-Since eavesdropping is a passive behavior, such attacks are rarely detectable.Jamming is type of Dos attacks in physical layer.Jamming attacks in WSNs, classifying [5] them as constant (corrupts packets as they are transmitted), deceptive (sends a constant stream of bytes into the network to make it look like legitimate traffic), random (randomly alternates between sleep and jamming to save energy), and reactive (transmits a jam signal when it senses traffic). Could be solved by speed spectrum technique or Network layer deals with it, by mapping the jammed area in the network and routing around the area. Broad cast of high energy signalSolAccess Restriction (communication restriction as sleeping/hibernating and spread spectrum communication by frequency hopping By this way, attackers cannot easily locate the communication channel but both are expensivebut physically is infeasible ) 2. EncryptionCryptography can be applied to the data stored on sensors. Once data are encrypted, even if the sensors are captured, it is difficult for the adversaries to obtain useful information.
Responsible for data streams multiplexing , data frame detection and sharing the wireless media, Regulate who will send whenAdversaries can disobey the coordination rules and produce malicious traffic to interrupt network operations in the MAC layer.They can also forge MAC layer identifications and masquerade as other entities for various purposes.Traffic ManipulationAttackers monitor the channel then transmit packets right at the moment when legitimate users do so to cause excessive packet collisions. Type of DosThis decrease signal quality and network availabilityIdentity SpoofingDue to the broadcast nature of wireless communications, the MAC identity (such as a MAC address or a certificate) of a sensor is open to all the neighborsattacker can fake an identity and pretend to be a different one.It can even spoof as a base station or aggregation point to obtain unauthorized privileges or resources of the WSN.Ex. Sybil attacks :provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks SolutionMisbehavior Detection Because attacks deviate from normal behaviors, it is possible to identify attackers by observing what has happened.Another solution uses “watchdogs” on every node to monitor whether or not the neighbors of a node forward the packets sent out by this particular node. A neighbor not forwarding packets will be identified by the watchdog as a misbehavingnode.Identity Protection-cryptography-based authentication can be used to prevent identity spoofing.Position verification can be used to detect immobile attackers. If different identities appear at the same position, the node at that place can be identified as an attacker.
locates destinations and calculates the optimal path to a destination.takes care of routing the data supplied by the transport layer. It is responsible for specifying the assignment of addresses and how packets are forwarded – Routing. False Routing enforcing false routing information• Overflowing routing tables : If the routing table of a normal network node overflows, the node will have to ignore later incoming routing information. Therefore, attackers can inject a large volume of void routing information into the network.• Poisoning routing tables compromised nodes inside the network modify route update packets before sending them Such modifications result in wrong routing tables of all nodes inside the network.Black Hole the attacker swallows (i.e. receives but does not forward) all the messages he receivesSinkhole attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it. For example, the attacker can announce a false – - optimal path by advertising attractive power, bandwidth, or high quality routes to a particular region.the sinkhole attack can make other attacks efficient by positioning the attacker in busy information trafficSolutionRouting Access RestrictionMulti-path routing –packets are routed through multiple paths. Even if the attacker on one of the paths other paths still existAuthentication -- With authentication, it can be easily determined whether a sensor can participate in routing or not.False Routing Information DetectionWatchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information.
-Comes into play when the system is planned to be accessed through the Internet or external networks.helps to maintain the flow of data if the sensor networks application requires it. This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through the Internet or other external networks. -Flooding: An attacker may repeatedly make new connection requests until the resources required by each connection are exhausted or reach a maximum limit Dos of Transport layerSola limit can be put on the number of connections from a particular node -De-synchronization Attacks: -the adversary forges packets to one or both ends of a connection using different sequence number on the packets. This will cause the end points of the connection to request retransmission of the missed packets.-This will cause a considerable drainage of energy of legitimate nodes in the network SolHeader or full packet authentication
- Implements the services seen by users as data aggregation and time synchronization.-Application layer Depending on the sensing tasks, different types of application software can be built and used. Since WSNs are energy constrained and bandwidth limited, reducing communications between sensors and base stations has a significant effect on power conservation and bandwidth utilization. Aggregated sensor networks serve this purpose. -data aggregation sends the data collected by sensors to base stations, and time synchronization synchronizes sensor clocks for cooperative operations.Clock SkewingThe targets of this attack are those sensors in need of synchronized operationsSelective Message Forwarding-The attack can be launched by forwarding some or partial messages selectively but not others- attackers need to understand the semantics of the payload of the application layer packet- selective forwarding attack in the network layer only requires attackers to know the network layer information, such as the source and destination addresses.Data Aggregation Distortion Once data is collected, sensors usually send it back to base stations for processing. Attackers may maliciously modify the data to be aggregated, and make the final aggregation results computed by the base stations distorted.Solapplication data semantics . Therefore, the countermeasures focus on protecting the integrity and confidentiality of data,Data Integrity ProtectionOutlier detection algorithm [63] can locate such sensors by comparing their readings with those of their neighborsBase stations launch marked packets to probe certain sensors and try to route packets through them. If a sensor fails to respond, the base stations may conclude that this node is dead.Data Confidentiality Protection- Encryption is an effective approach to prevent attackers from understanding captured data.
* The security issues in MANETs are more challenging than wired networks and security in sensor networks is even more difficult than in MANETs due to the resource limitations.- energy as well as computationalresource like CPU cycles, memory, communicationbandwidth.Advanced anti-jamming techniques such as frequency- hopping spread spectrum and physical tamper proofing of nodes Unlike fixedhardwired networks with physical defense at firewallsand gatewayscurrent standard were designed for two-party settings
Knowledge of the position of the sensing nodes in a WSN is an essential part of many sensor network operations and applications. Sensors reporting monitored data need to also report the location where the information is sensed, and hence, sensors need to be aware of their position. Designing secure routing algorithms for mobile WSNs is complex and current secure routing algorithms will meet issues when they are applied in mobile environments.
1. time synchronization is very important for many sensor network operations, such as coordinated sensing tasks, sensor scheduling (sleep and wake), mobile object tracking 3.Sensors that operate in an unattended, harsh or hostile environment often suffer from break-in compromises .code attestation to validate the code running on each sensor node. Because the code running on a malicious node must be different from that on a legitimate node, we can detect compromised nodes by verifying their memory content.4. During the lifetime of a sensor network, the network topology changes frequently, and routing error messages are normally produced.
