CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2826-Apr-18
- The Cross-layer Energy-Delay Aware (CEDA) protocol aims to optimize energy consumption and end-to-end delay in WSNs.
- It allows interaction between the network layer, MAC layer, and physical layer to share information that can help optimize the protocol's objectives.
- For example, the physical layer shares link quality and energy level information with the MAC layer to help in channel allocation. The network layer considers this along with routing to minimize delay.
- Simulation
IRJET- A Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several hierarchical-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses how routing is an important mechanism for maximizing network lifespan by reducing energy consumption during communication. It then categorizes different routing techniques in wireless sensor networks, focusing on hierarchical-based routing protocols. Several popular hierarchical routing protocols are described in detail, including LEACH, PEGASIS, and HEED. For each protocol, the document outlines the basic routing mechanism, advantages, and limitations. The overall purpose is to provide an overview and comparison of hierarchical routing techniques for improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
Delivered Guest Talk in Faculty Development Programme held on 27th July 2017 ...Umang Singh
This document discusses ad hoc networks and related research directions. It begins with an introduction to computer networks and wireless networks. It then covers classifications of wireless networks including cellular networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The document discusses MANETs in detail including paradigms, applications, and research issues related to routing, mobility, and resource constraints. It also discusses vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and related challenges. Finally, it introduces flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) for communication between unmanned aerial vehicles and associated research issues like routing and coordination challenges.
This document discusses an efficient CSFQ (Eff-CSFQ) algorithm proposed for congestion management that improves upon regular CSFQ. It summarizes existing queuing techniques like RED, FRED, and CSFQ that are used to control packet transmission and dropping. The proposed Eff-CSFQ combines priority queuing and max-min fairness with CSFQ, treating real-time traffic like VoIP as higher priority and using multiple queues for such flows at core routers. This improves fairness and avoids congestion compared to the single FIFO queue used in regular CSFQ. The document aims to simulate and analyze the performance of Eff-CSFQ versus regular CSFQ, RED and FRED using metrics like packet delivery fraction, end-to
Routing protocols are essential for wireless sensor networks to efficiently transmit collected sensor data to data sinks. The document discusses several challenges in designing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks and surveys different routing techniques including flat, hierarchical, and geographic routing. It provides LEACH and PEGASIS as examples of hierarchical routing protocols that use clustering and data aggregation to reduce energy consumption.
Transport control protocols for Wireless sensor networksRushin Shah
The document discusses traditional transport control protocols and their feasibility for use in wireless sensor networks. It describes how TCP and UDP are generally not suitable for WSNs due to their overhead and lack of features like congestion control that are needed in low power lossy networks. The document then outlines key considerations for designing new transport protocols for WSNs, including performing congestion control and reliable delivery, simplifying connection establishment, avoiding packet loss to reduce energy waste, and providing fairness across nodes. Transport protocols for WSNs need hop-by-hop approaches and mechanisms to reduce buffer usage and packet loss while conserving energy.
The document discusses various data dissemination protocols in wireless sensor networks. It describes flooding, gossiping, rumor routing, sequential assignment routing, direct diffusion, SPIN, and geographic hash table protocols. Flooding broadcasts packets to all neighbors, causing implosion and resource blindness issues. Gossiping sends packets randomly to one neighbor to avoid implosion. Rumor routing and direct diffusion use flooding initially and then optimize routing. SPIN uses data advertisements before transmission. Geographic hash table hashes node locations to optimize routing.
IRJET- A Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several hierarchical-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses how routing is an important mechanism for maximizing network lifespan by reducing energy consumption during communication. It then categorizes different routing techniques in wireless sensor networks, focusing on hierarchical-based routing protocols. Several popular hierarchical routing protocols are described in detail, including LEACH, PEGASIS, and HEED. For each protocol, the document outlines the basic routing mechanism, advantages, and limitations. The overall purpose is to provide an overview and comparison of hierarchical routing techniques for improving energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks.
Delivered Guest Talk in Faculty Development Programme held on 27th July 2017 ...Umang Singh
This document discusses ad hoc networks and related research directions. It begins with an introduction to computer networks and wireless networks. It then covers classifications of wireless networks including cellular networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless mesh networks, and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The document discusses MANETs in detail including paradigms, applications, and research issues related to routing, mobility, and resource constraints. It also discusses vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and related challenges. Finally, it introduces flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) for communication between unmanned aerial vehicles and associated research issues like routing and coordination challenges.
This document discusses an efficient CSFQ (Eff-CSFQ) algorithm proposed for congestion management that improves upon regular CSFQ. It summarizes existing queuing techniques like RED, FRED, and CSFQ that are used to control packet transmission and dropping. The proposed Eff-CSFQ combines priority queuing and max-min fairness with CSFQ, treating real-time traffic like VoIP as higher priority and using multiple queues for such flows at core routers. This improves fairness and avoids congestion compared to the single FIFO queue used in regular CSFQ. The document aims to simulate and analyze the performance of Eff-CSFQ versus regular CSFQ, RED and FRED using metrics like packet delivery fraction, end-to
Routing protocols are essential for wireless sensor networks to efficiently transmit collected sensor data to data sinks. The document discusses several challenges in designing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks and surveys different routing techniques including flat, hierarchical, and geographic routing. It provides LEACH and PEGASIS as examples of hierarchical routing protocols that use clustering and data aggregation to reduce energy consumption.
Transport control protocols for Wireless sensor networksRushin Shah
The document discusses traditional transport control protocols and their feasibility for use in wireless sensor networks. It describes how TCP and UDP are generally not suitable for WSNs due to their overhead and lack of features like congestion control that are needed in low power lossy networks. The document then outlines key considerations for designing new transport protocols for WSNs, including performing congestion control and reliable delivery, simplifying connection establishment, avoiding packet loss to reduce energy waste, and providing fairness across nodes. Transport protocols for WSNs need hop-by-hop approaches and mechanisms to reduce buffer usage and packet loss while conserving energy.
The document discusses various data dissemination protocols in wireless sensor networks. It describes flooding, gossiping, rumor routing, sequential assignment routing, direct diffusion, SPIN, and geographic hash table protocols. Flooding broadcasts packets to all neighbors, causing implosion and resource blindness issues. Gossiping sends packets randomly to one neighbor to avoid implosion. Rumor routing and direct diffusion use flooding initially and then optimize routing. SPIN uses data advertisements before transmission. Geographic hash table hashes node locations to optimize routing.
The document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It outlines several key challenges for routing protocols including node deployment, network dynamics, energy conservation, fault tolerance, scalability, and hardware constraints. It then describes several common routing techniques used in wireless sensor networks, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid path establishment approaches, as well as flat, hierarchical, and location-based network structures. Finally, it discusses different protocol operations such as multipath routing, query-based routing, negotiation-based routing, and supporting quality of service metrics.
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, beginning with choosing a topic and developing a thesis statement. It outlines the steps of writing a paper, including selecting and analyzing primary and secondary sources, compiling information, avoiding plagiarism through proper paraphrasing and citation, and including a bibliography. The document emphasizes writing an outline before starting the paper, using multiple credible source types, and thoroughly proofreading the final draft. Research papers require following a process of topic selection, research, organization, citation, and revision to effectively communicate new information and ideas.
The document discusses routing algorithms and protocols for wireless sensor networks. It is divided into three phases: an introduction to WSNs, routing protocols including DSDV and AODV, and a performance evaluation of AODV and DSDV using simulation. The introduction covers the applications, architecture, and challenges of WSNs. Common routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, and cluster-based routing are explained. The performance evaluation analyzes the end-to-end delay and routing overhead of AODV and DSDV as the number of nodes increases.
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor NetworksDarpan Dekivadiya
The document summarizes different types of routing protocols that can be used in wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the protocols based on their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure. Some key routing protocols discussed include LEACH, which is a proactive clustering protocol, SPIN that uses direct communication, and TEEN which is a reactive clustering protocol. The document also discusses challenges in routing for wireless sensor networks given the constraints of sensor nodes.
This project report summarizes a wireless sensor network project completed by three students. It describes the objectives and types of routing protocols used in wireless sensor networks, focusing on the LEACH hierarchical routing protocol. It then discusses some weaknesses of LEACH and proposes an improved DECSA algorithm that selects cluster heads based on both distance and remaining energy to try to overcome LEACH's energy imbalance issues and extend network lifetime.
The document describes a thesis on a transmission-efficient clustering method for wireless sensor networks using compressive sensing. It proposes organizing sensor nodes into clusters, with nodes transmitting data to their cluster head without compression. Cluster heads then use compressive sensing to transmit aggregated data to the sink node. Simulation results confirm the method significantly reduces the number of transmissions compared to other data collection methods for wireless sensor networks.
This document presents an energy aware QoS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It finds the least-cost path that meets end-to-end delay requirements for real-time data using a queuing model. The protocol calculates link costs and uses a k-least cost path algorithm to find candidate routes. It then determines the optimal path's r-value, which represents the ratio of real-time to non-real-time bandwidth on each link. Simulation results show the protocol can improve QoS metrics like end-to-end delay while increasing network lifetime.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It defines what a wireless sensor network is and its key characteristics. It then discusses objectives like understanding ad hoc network basics and various routing protocols. It covers topics like the differences between WSNs and ad hoc networks, what a network simulator is and reasons for using NS2, various routing techniques like flooding, gossiping, and hierarchical routing. It also discusses routing challenges, wireless nodes, packet transmission, applications and the future scope of WSNs.
Real-Time, Fault Tolerance and Energy-Efficiency (REFER) Enhancement in Wirel...IRJET Journal
This document discusses enhancing real-time capabilities, fault tolerance, and energy efficiency in wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). It proposes a new network architecture called REFER that embeds Kautz graphs for routing to provide these enhancements. REFER connects the Kautz graphs using a distributed hash table for scalability. It also develops an efficient fault-tolerant routing protocol that allows nodes to quickly identify alternate paths upon failures based on node IDs alone, without retransmission from the source. The document reviews related work on WSAN routing and discusses fault diagnosis and recovery techniques. It presents the methodology and simulation results demonstrating REFER's improvements over existing WSAN systems in real-time communication, energy efficiency, fault tolerance and scalability
The document presents a graduate project on efficient data aggregation from polling points in wireless sensor networks. The proposed system called Mobi-Cluster aims to minimize overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with multi-hop data retrieval while ensuring balanced energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. This is achieved through building cluster structures consisting of member nodes that route data to assigned cluster heads, and selecting appropriate polling points to act as intermediaries between clusters and a mobile collector. The key stages of the Mobi-Cluster protocol are described as cluster head selection, polling point selection, cluster head attachment to polling points, data aggregation and forwarding to polling points, and communication between polling points and the mobile collector.
A Platform for Data Intensive Services Enabled by Next Generation Dynamic Opt...Tal Lavian Ph.D.
The new architecture is proposed for data intensive enabled by next generation dynamic optical networks
Encapsulates “optical network resources” into a service framework to support dynamically provisioned and advanced data-intensive transport services
Provides a generalized framework for high performance applications over next generation networks, not necessary optical end-to-end
Supports both on-demand and scheduled data retrieval
Supports a meshed wavelength switched network capable of establishing an end-to-end lightpath in seconds
Supports bulk data-transfer facilities using lambda-switched networks
Supports out-of-band tools for adaptive placement of data replicas
Offers network resources as Grid services for Grid computing
This document summarizes Darpan Dekivadiya's seminar report on ad hoc networks from April 2011. It defines ad hoc networks as mobile wireless networks where nodes are directly connected to each other via wireless links without any centralized administration. The key characteristics of ad hoc networks are that they can operate without infrastructure, use multi-hop radio relaying, and have frequent topology changes due to node mobility. Some applications of ad hoc networks include military networks, emergency response, and sensor networks. The document then discusses the architecture of ad hoc networks based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and protocols for routing in these networks.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It describes how sensor networks are composed of densely deployed sensor nodes that can cooperatively monitor various environmental conditions. It outlines several applications of sensor networks including military surveillance, environmental monitoring, healthcare, home automation, and inventory management. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design such as fault tolerance, scalability, costs, and power consumption. Finally, it outlines the communication architecture of sensor networks including layers for applications, transport, network, data link, and physical.
Transport layer protocol for urgent data transmission in wsneSAT Journals
Abstract wireless sensor networks is a growing class of highly dynamic, complex network environment on top of which a wide range of applications, such as habitat monitoring, object tracking, precision agriculture, building monitoring and military systems are built. The real time applications often generate urgent data and one-time event notifications that need to be communicated reliably. The successful delivery of such information has a direct effect on the overall performance of the system. Reliable communication is important for sensor networks. Urgent data transmission has been a serious problem for Wireless sensor networks. WSN face difficulties in handling urgent data like congestion and reliability due to their unique requirements and constraints. Various protocols for congestion avoidance and reliability achievement for WSN have been proposed recently. Few of them have also worked on congestion elimination. These protocols try to minimize the problem using different mechanism. This paper explores these mechanisms and tries to find their features and limitations which directed us for our research. Keywords: Congestion, Reliability, Transport layer Protocol, Urgent data transmission, Wireless Sensor Network.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines MANETs as self-configuring networks composed of mobile routers that connect via wireless links to form a temporary, random topology. MANETs are suitable for situations where infrastructure is not available or practical, such as emergency response. The document outlines the characteristics of MANETs, including that they are decentralized and nodes participate in routing by forwarding data. It also lists some applications of MANETs like military operations and disaster relief. Finally, it discusses challenges in MANETs like medium access, routing, security and energy management.
The document discusses enabling technologies for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and their applications. It examines URLLC from a systems perspective, covering modeling approaches like extreme value theory and tools from mathematical finance. The document also explores URLLC use cases such as vehicle-to-everything communication, virtual reality, and wireless edge machine learning.
This document discusses several types of computer networks:
- Cloud interconnection networks which connect servers hierarchically and must provide scalability, low cost, low latency and high bandwidth. InfiniBand is commonly used.
- Storage area networks which connect servers to storage devices using Fiber Channel protocol and provide block storage transfers.
- Content delivery networks which replicate and deliver content from origin servers to edge caches for improved performance and scalability.
- Overlay networks which are built on top of physical networks and are used in peer-to-peer, content delivery, and client-server systems. Scale-free networks follow a power law degree distribution and many real-world networks have this property.
Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks face several unique challenges compared to other wireless networks. The document discusses these challenges and provides an overview of common routing protocol approaches in WSNs, including flat routing protocols like SPIN and Directed Diffusion, hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH, and location-based routing protocols. It also covers routing design issues specific to WSNs such as energy efficiency, data delivery models, fault tolerance, and quality of service.
Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks face several unique challenges compared to other wireless networks. This document discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks and provides an overview of different routing protocol approaches, including flat routing, hierarchical routing, location-based routing, and QoS-based routing. It specifically describes two flat routing protocols: directed diffusion, which uses data negotiation and aggregation to reduce energy costs, and SPIN, which employs data description messages to avoid redundant transmissions through negotiation between sensor nodes.
The document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It outlines several key challenges for routing protocols including node deployment, network dynamics, energy conservation, fault tolerance, scalability, and hardware constraints. It then describes several common routing techniques used in wireless sensor networks, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid path establishment approaches, as well as flat, hierarchical, and location-based network structures. Finally, it discusses different protocol operations such as multipath routing, query-based routing, negotiation-based routing, and supporting quality of service metrics.
This document provides guidance on writing a research paper, beginning with choosing a topic and developing a thesis statement. It outlines the steps of writing a paper, including selecting and analyzing primary and secondary sources, compiling information, avoiding plagiarism through proper paraphrasing and citation, and including a bibliography. The document emphasizes writing an outline before starting the paper, using multiple credible source types, and thoroughly proofreading the final draft. Research papers require following a process of topic selection, research, organization, citation, and revision to effectively communicate new information and ideas.
The document discusses routing algorithms and protocols for wireless sensor networks. It is divided into three phases: an introduction to WSNs, routing protocols including DSDV and AODV, and a performance evaluation of AODV and DSDV using simulation. The introduction covers the applications, architecture, and challenges of WSNs. Common routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, and cluster-based routing are explained. The performance evaluation analyzes the end-to-end delay and routing overhead of AODV and DSDV as the number of nodes increases.
How to put these nodes together to form a meaningful network.
How a network should function at high-level application scenarios .
On the basis of these scenarios and optimization goals, the design of networking protocols in wireless sensor networks are derived
A proper service interface is required and integration of WSNs into larger network contexts.
Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor NetworksDarpan Dekivadiya
The document summarizes different types of routing protocols that can be used in wireless sensor networks. It categorizes the protocols based on their mode of functioning, participation style of nodes, and network structure. Some key routing protocols discussed include LEACH, which is a proactive clustering protocol, SPIN that uses direct communication, and TEEN which is a reactive clustering protocol. The document also discusses challenges in routing for wireless sensor networks given the constraints of sensor nodes.
This project report summarizes a wireless sensor network project completed by three students. It describes the objectives and types of routing protocols used in wireless sensor networks, focusing on the LEACH hierarchical routing protocol. It then discusses some weaknesses of LEACH and proposes an improved DECSA algorithm that selects cluster heads based on both distance and remaining energy to try to overcome LEACH's energy imbalance issues and extend network lifetime.
The document describes a thesis on a transmission-efficient clustering method for wireless sensor networks using compressive sensing. It proposes organizing sensor nodes into clusters, with nodes transmitting data to their cluster head without compression. Cluster heads then use compressive sensing to transmit aggregated data to the sink node. Simulation results confirm the method significantly reduces the number of transmissions compared to other data collection methods for wireless sensor networks.
This document presents an energy aware QoS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It finds the least-cost path that meets end-to-end delay requirements for real-time data using a queuing model. The protocol calculates link costs and uses a k-least cost path algorithm to find candidate routes. It then determines the optimal path's r-value, which represents the ratio of real-time to non-real-time bandwidth on each link. Simulation results show the protocol can improve QoS metrics like end-to-end delay while increasing network lifetime.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks and routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It defines what a wireless sensor network is and its key characteristics. It then discusses objectives like understanding ad hoc network basics and various routing protocols. It covers topics like the differences between WSNs and ad hoc networks, what a network simulator is and reasons for using NS2, various routing techniques like flooding, gossiping, and hierarchical routing. It also discusses routing challenges, wireless nodes, packet transmission, applications and the future scope of WSNs.
Real-Time, Fault Tolerance and Energy-Efficiency (REFER) Enhancement in Wirel...IRJET Journal
This document discusses enhancing real-time capabilities, fault tolerance, and energy efficiency in wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs). It proposes a new network architecture called REFER that embeds Kautz graphs for routing to provide these enhancements. REFER connects the Kautz graphs using a distributed hash table for scalability. It also develops an efficient fault-tolerant routing protocol that allows nodes to quickly identify alternate paths upon failures based on node IDs alone, without retransmission from the source. The document reviews related work on WSAN routing and discusses fault diagnosis and recovery techniques. It presents the methodology and simulation results demonstrating REFER's improvements over existing WSAN systems in real-time communication, energy efficiency, fault tolerance and scalability
The document presents a graduate project on efficient data aggregation from polling points in wireless sensor networks. The proposed system called Mobi-Cluster aims to minimize overall network overhead and energy expenditure associated with multi-hop data retrieval while ensuring balanced energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. This is achieved through building cluster structures consisting of member nodes that route data to assigned cluster heads, and selecting appropriate polling points to act as intermediaries between clusters and a mobile collector. The key stages of the Mobi-Cluster protocol are described as cluster head selection, polling point selection, cluster head attachment to polling points, data aggregation and forwarding to polling points, and communication between polling points and the mobile collector.
A Platform for Data Intensive Services Enabled by Next Generation Dynamic Opt...Tal Lavian Ph.D.
The new architecture is proposed for data intensive enabled by next generation dynamic optical networks
Encapsulates “optical network resources” into a service framework to support dynamically provisioned and advanced data-intensive transport services
Provides a generalized framework for high performance applications over next generation networks, not necessary optical end-to-end
Supports both on-demand and scheduled data retrieval
Supports a meshed wavelength switched network capable of establishing an end-to-end lightpath in seconds
Supports bulk data-transfer facilities using lambda-switched networks
Supports out-of-band tools for adaptive placement of data replicas
Offers network resources as Grid services for Grid computing
This document summarizes Darpan Dekivadiya's seminar report on ad hoc networks from April 2011. It defines ad hoc networks as mobile wireless networks where nodes are directly connected to each other via wireless links without any centralized administration. The key characteristics of ad hoc networks are that they can operate without infrastructure, use multi-hop radio relaying, and have frequent topology changes due to node mobility. Some applications of ad hoc networks include military networks, emergency response, and sensor networks. The document then discusses the architecture of ad hoc networks based on the IEEE 802.11 standard and protocols for routing in these networks.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It describes how sensor networks are composed of densely deployed sensor nodes that can cooperatively monitor various environmental conditions. It outlines several applications of sensor networks including military surveillance, environmental monitoring, healthcare, home automation, and inventory management. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design such as fault tolerance, scalability, costs, and power consumption. Finally, it outlines the communication architecture of sensor networks including layers for applications, transport, network, data link, and physical.
Transport layer protocol for urgent data transmission in wsneSAT Journals
Abstract wireless sensor networks is a growing class of highly dynamic, complex network environment on top of which a wide range of applications, such as habitat monitoring, object tracking, precision agriculture, building monitoring and military systems are built. The real time applications often generate urgent data and one-time event notifications that need to be communicated reliably. The successful delivery of such information has a direct effect on the overall performance of the system. Reliable communication is important for sensor networks. Urgent data transmission has been a serious problem for Wireless sensor networks. WSN face difficulties in handling urgent data like congestion and reliability due to their unique requirements and constraints. Various protocols for congestion avoidance and reliability achievement for WSN have been proposed recently. Few of them have also worked on congestion elimination. These protocols try to minimize the problem using different mechanism. This paper explores these mechanisms and tries to find their features and limitations which directed us for our research. Keywords: Congestion, Reliability, Transport layer Protocol, Urgent data transmission, Wireless Sensor Network.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines MANETs as self-configuring networks composed of mobile routers that connect via wireless links to form a temporary, random topology. MANETs are suitable for situations where infrastructure is not available or practical, such as emergency response. The document outlines the characteristics of MANETs, including that they are decentralized and nodes participate in routing by forwarding data. It also lists some applications of MANETs like military operations and disaster relief. Finally, it discusses challenges in MANETs like medium access, routing, security and energy management.
The document discusses enabling technologies for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and their applications. It examines URLLC from a systems perspective, covering modeling approaches like extreme value theory and tools from mathematical finance. The document also explores URLLC use cases such as vehicle-to-everything communication, virtual reality, and wireless edge machine learning.
This document discusses several types of computer networks:
- Cloud interconnection networks which connect servers hierarchically and must provide scalability, low cost, low latency and high bandwidth. InfiniBand is commonly used.
- Storage area networks which connect servers to storage devices using Fiber Channel protocol and provide block storage transfers.
- Content delivery networks which replicate and deliver content from origin servers to edge caches for improved performance and scalability.
- Overlay networks which are built on top of physical networks and are used in peer-to-peer, content delivery, and client-server systems. Scale-free networks follow a power law degree distribution and many real-world networks have this property.
Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks face several unique challenges compared to other wireless networks. The document discusses these challenges and provides an overview of common routing protocol approaches in WSNs, including flat routing protocols like SPIN and Directed Diffusion, hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH, and location-based routing protocols. It also covers routing design issues specific to WSNs such as energy efficiency, data delivery models, fault tolerance, and quality of service.
Routing protocols for wireless sensor networks face several unique challenges compared to other wireless networks. This document discusses routing challenges in wireless sensor networks and provides an overview of different routing protocol approaches, including flat routing, hierarchical routing, location-based routing, and QoS-based routing. It specifically describes two flat routing protocols: directed diffusion, which uses data negotiation and aggregation to reduce energy costs, and SPIN, which employs data description messages to avoid redundant transmissions through negotiation between sensor nodes.
This document discusses routing in ad hoc networks. It begins by defining an ad hoc network as a collection of mobile wireless nodes that form a network without any infrastructure or centralized administration. It describes some key differences between ad hoc and normal wireless networks. It then discusses different types of routing protocols that can be used in ad hoc networks, including proactive, reactive, hybrid, and power-aware protocols. It also covers some security challenges in ad hoc networks and discusses energy efficient routing protocols like DSR and MBCR. It concludes by discussing advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc networks and opportunities for future research.
Wireless sensor networks are composed of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are densely deployed to monitor environmental conditions. Each node has sensing, processing and communication capabilities. Sensor networks have many applications including military surveillance, environmental monitoring, health monitoring, smart homes/offices, and inventory management. Routing data efficiently in sensor networks faces challenges due to the large number of nodes, limited energy/resources of nodes, and dynamic network topology changes. Common routing architectures include layered architectures where nodes are organized in layers based on distance from the base station, and clustered architectures where nodes are organized into clusters with cluster heads routing data.
Network architecture documents the key differences between ad hoc and sensor networks. Ad hoc networks allow nodes to communicate directly with each other in a peer-to-peer fashion, while sensor networks have dedicated source nodes that sense data and sink nodes that receive the data. Sensor networks also employ in-network processing techniques like data aggregation to reduce energy costs of transmitting all raw data. Routing in wireless sensor networks faces challenges from limited node resources, topology changes, and energy constraints that require routing protocols to be scalable, fault-tolerant and energy-efficient.
The document discusses routing challenges and protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It covers flooding, hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH, data-centric protocols like directed diffusion, and negotiation-based protocols like SPIN. It also discusses resource constraints in WSNs like limited energy and the need for routing protocols to be energy-efficient. Unique characteristics of WSNs like dynamic topology and varying node densities present new challenges for routing protocol design.
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines MANETs as collections of wireless mobile nodes that can dynamically form a network without any centralized administration. The document outlines the characteristics, mechanisms, transmission standards, routing protocols, applications, and future aspects of MANETs. It explains that MANETs are self-configuring, infrastructureless networks suitable for situations where fixed networks are not available or are too expensive to deploy.
Unit 2 -1 ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORK MOBILE COMPUTINGdevika g
This document discusses ad hoc wireless networks. It defines ad hoc networks as infrastructureless wireless networks that use multi-hop radio relaying without centralized administration. Key characteristics include dynamic topology, self-organization, and being self-configuring. Issues discussed include routing challenges from mobility, bandwidth constraints, and frequent path breaks. Transport protocols must support reliable delivery over unstable connections while managing congestion and flow control. Security and energy efficiency are also important concerns to address in ad hoc wireless network design and deployment.
Wireless sensor networks consist of distributed sensors that monitor conditions like temperature and sound and transmit data to a central location. They have two types - structured networks which are pre-planned and unstructured which are randomly deployed. The document reviews issues in wireless sensor networks like energy constraints and quality of service. It also discusses network services, internal sensor systems, applications, and communication protocols. Open research areas are identified in localization, coverage, security, cross-layer optimization and mobility support to improve energy efficiency and performance.
This document discusses ad-hoc and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It defines an ad-hoc network as a wireless local area network where devices are part of the network only during communication sessions. A MANET is defined as a self-configuring network of mobile routers connected by wireless links. The document outlines the network architecture of MANETs and discusses applications, characteristics, requirements, and challenges of routing in these networks. It describes different types of routing protocols for MANETs including proactive, reactive, table-driven, and hybrid protocols.
This document provides an overview of various medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless sensor networks. It discusses distributed and centralized MAC protocols, including DFWMAC, EY-NPMA, ISMA, RAP, RAMA, Zhang's and Acampora's proposals, and DTMP. It also covers hybrid access protocols like RRA, PRMA, RRA-ISA, DQRUMA, and MASCARA. Additionally, it summarizes MAC protocols like S-MAC, T-MAC, B-MAC, P-MAC, Y-MAC, and Z-MAC and discusses their key characteristics and performance results.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on wireless mesh networks. It discusses the key characteristics of wireless mesh networks, including their self-organizing and self-configuring nature. It also covers different channel assignment schemes, routing protocols, standards, network architecture, advantages and disadvantages of wireless mesh networks. The presentation concludes that a multi-radio, multi-channel wireless mesh topology improves network performance by increasing throughput and decreasing delay.
This document discusses ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It describes several applications of ad hoc networks including military operations, collaborative work, emergency response, and wireless mesh networks. It also discusses wireless sensor networks and their use in fields like healthcare, environmental monitoring, and more. Finally, it outlines some of the major challenges in designing routing protocols for ad hoc networks such as mobility, bandwidth constraints, and resource limitations.
This document discusses ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It describes several applications of ad hoc networks including military operations, collaborative work, emergency response, and wireless mesh networks. It also discusses wireless sensor networks and their use in fields like healthcare, environmental monitoring, and more. Finally, it outlines some of the major challenges in designing routing protocols for ad hoc networks such as mobility, bandwidth constraints, and resource limitations.
This document provides an overview of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how MANETs are formed without any infrastructure by mobile wireless nodes. Key points include: MANETs are useful when wired infrastructure is not present or practical; they allow for communication in disaster or battlefield situations. The document also covers routing challenges in MANETs due to dynamic topologies, and lists some common routing protocols. It discusses implementation issues like interference and discusses power constraints in MANETs. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to MANETs, their applications, routing challenges, and implementation considerations.
1) The document discusses applying non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to 5G enabled vehicular networks to improve communication between vehicles and infrastructure.
2) NOMA uses power domain multiplexing and successive interference cancellation to allow multiple users to share the same channel simultaneously, improving spectrum efficiency over orthogonal multiple access schemes.
3) The document proposes a mixed centralized/distributed resource allocation scheme where the base station performs semi-persistent scheduling and vehicles perform distributed power control to address latency and mobility challenges in vehicular networks.
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In the world with high technology and fast
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Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
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Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
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application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
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This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
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computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
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information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
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NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
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evaluation metrics in NLP.
1. CSE 622 Advanced Computer Networks
0
Surveying Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
126-Apr-18
3. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• BGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
226-Apr-18
4. • The need for wireless sensors networks.
• Why cannot we use normal Ad-hoc networks?
• Sensor nodes are deployed densely, which makes them
hard to have a unique global identification especially
with the overhead that a packet would have.
• Sensor nodes are prone to failures so the network must
find a way to maintain its availability.
• Sensor nodes are typically very small, in the range of 1
cm3, which results in a very frequent topology change.
Introduction to WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
326-Apr-18
5. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
426-Apr-18
6. • Densely distributed sensor nodes.
• One or more sink nodes.
WSN Topology
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
526-Apr-18
7. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
626-Apr-18
8. • Fault Tolerance: Sensors in WSNs are prone to
failures due to the environment conditions or
energy limitation so the network should keep the
functionality intact even after losing some of the
nodes.
• Scalability: The network should accommodate the
addition of extra nodes in case of expanding the
network or replacing the faulty nodes.
Design Factors
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
726-Apr-18
9. • Production Costs: Sensors in WSNs are deployed
densely, prone to damage, and left unattended with
low possibility of maintenance so it has to be cheap,
which will be, typically, in the order of 1$.
• Power Consumption: Nodes must conserve their energy
while maintaining the minimum requirements of the
network.
That energy is driven from a small battery that would fit
with such small node.
With the possibility of no energy harvesting, power
consumption becomes one of the most critical points in
a protocol.
Design Factors Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
826-Apr-18
10. • Hardware Constraints: WSN nodes are mainly composed of four mandatory components and can
have multiple attached peripherals.
• The main components are:
• Sensing unit, which is composed of the sensor unit and an ADC.
• A processing unit to process the data.
• A transceiver unit for communication.
• A power unit.
• These sub units may be needed to fit in a matchbox-sized module and sometimes smaller than a
cubic centimetre to stay suspended in air.
Design Factors Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
926-Apr-18
11. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1026-Apr-18
12. Protocol Stack of WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1126-Apr-18
13. • Physical layer:
• Responsible for frequency selection, carrier frequency generation, signal detection,
modulation, and data encryption.
• Data link layer:
• Responsible for the multiplexing of data streams, data frame detection, medium access, and
error control.
• MAC:
• Establish communication links for data transfer.
• Fairly and efficiently share communication resources between sensor nodes.
• Error Control:
• ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) is limited by the additional retransmission
energy cost and overhead.
• FEC (Forward Error Correction): The decoding complexity is greater so that
additional processing power is needed.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1226-Apr-18
14. • Network layer:
• Special multi-hop wireless routing protocols between the sensor nodes and the sink node are needed.
• Power efficiency is always an important consideration.
• Sensor networks are mostly data-centric.
• Flooding: Each node receives data, repeats it by broadcasting unless a maximum number of hops for the
packet is reached.
• Provide internetworking with external networks such as other sensor networks, command and control
systems, and the Internet.
• Transport layer:
• This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through the Internet or other
external networks.
• Unlike protocols such as TCP, the end-to-end communication schemes in sensor networks are not based on
global addressing. These schemes must consider that addressing based on data or location is used to
indicate the destinations of the data packets.
• Transport layer protocols are required for two main functionalities: reliability and congestion control.
• Factors such as power consumption and scalability and characteristics like data-centric routing, mean
sensor networks need different handling in the transport layer.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1326-Apr-18
15. • Application layer:
• Responsible for traffic management and provide software for different applications that translate the data in an
understandable form or send queries to obtain certain information.
• Three possible application layer protocols: Sensor Management Protocol (SMP), Task Assignment and Data Advertisement
Protocol (TADAP), and Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol (SQDDP).
• SMP (Sensor Management Protocol):
• Management protocol that provides the software operations needed to perform the following administrative tasks:
• Introducing the rules related to data aggregation, attribute-based naming, and clustering to the sensor nodes.
• Exchanging data related to the location finding algorithms.
• Time synchronization of the sensor nodes.
• Moving sensor nodes.
• Turning sensor nodes on and off.
• Querying the sensor network configuration and the status of nodes and reconfiguring the sensor network.
• Authentication, key distribution, and security in data communications.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1426-Apr-18
16. • Power management plane:
• Manages how a sensor node uses its power.
• For example, the sensor node may turn off its receiver after receiving a message from one of
its neighbours. This is to avoid getting duplicated messages.
• Also, when the power level of the sensor node is low, the sensor node broadcasts to its
neighbours that it is low in power and cannot participate in routing messages. The
remaining power is reserved for sensing.
• Mobility management plane:
• Detects and registers the movement of sensor nodes so the sensor nodes can keep track of
who their neighbour sensor nodes are.
• By knowing who the neighbour sensor nodes are, the sensor nodes can balance their power
and task usage.
• Task management plane:
• Balances and schedules the sensing tasks given to a specific region.
• Not all sensor nodes in that region are required to perform at the same time.
Protocol Stack of WSNs Cont.
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1526-Apr-18
17. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1626-Apr-18
18. • The non-adjacent layers can interact with each other to share the information in
order to enhance the performance of the network.
• For example, the application layer can interact with the MAC layer to share the
QoS requirements to allow and help the MAC layer to achieve better scheduling.
• On the other hand, the physical layer can send the Channel Status Information
(CSI) to the network layer so it can adjust its routing paths to avoid the paths that
are not in a good state.
Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1726-Apr-18
19. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1826-Apr-18
20. • Non-Manager Method.
• Manager Method.
Classifications of Cross-Layer Designs
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
1926-Apr-18
21. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2026-Apr-18
22. • The Energy Diffserv Application-Aware Scheduling (EDAS) algorithm has been
proposed to allow the MAC layer to take the energy efficiency, QoS
requirements, and fairness into consideration to increase the quality of the
received videos.
• It includes some mechanisms to achieve that goal:
• For example, the admission control mechanism is used to provide the
needed QoS to all video flows.
• It also includes channel time partition mechanism, an application-aware
dynamic channel time allocation algorithm, and it provides energy-
differentiated service to the devices based on the energy levels that they
have.
• The experimental results showed that this technique has reached 30% reduction
in energy consumption by compressing the videos with low quality.
EDAS
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2126-Apr-18
23. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• DGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2226-Apr-18
24. • The application layer in the Directional Geographical
Routing (DGR) relies on the information from the lower
layers in order to construct multiple paths, instead of
using single route, to transmit parallel H.26L real-time
video streams.
• This will help to achieve better load balancing,
bandwidth utilization, and fast packet delivery, which
will help in achieving lower delays, longer network
lifetime, and better video quality.
• The experimental results showed that this technique
has improved the average video Peak Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (PSNR) by 3 dB.
DGR
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2326-Apr-18
25. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• BGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2426-Apr-18
26. • The application layer in the Multi-Level Rate Routing (MLPR) relies on
the information from lower layers (e.g., the distance between the sensor
nodes) to reduce the number of the transmitted bits by each node.
• The reason is that the nodes close to each other, probably, will measure
values similar to each other so it is not needed to send the whole sensed
data by each node.
• However, the Data Source Coding (DSC) algorithm is used to encode the
data by the application layer before sending so the number of the
transmitted bits will be less and the bandwidth will be utilized in a better
way.
• After that, it will be the responsibility of the sink node to combine the
received data from different sensor nodes to construct the original
sensed value again.
MLRR
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2526-Apr-18
27. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• BGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2626-Apr-18
28. • The functionality of the network layer in the Grid-based
Routing and Aggregator Selection Scheme (GRASS) has been
extended to include the aggregation capability, where the
cluster heads will aggregate the data coming from the sensor
nodes.
• Also, the cluster heads will, based on some algorithms, try to
find the minimum number of the aggregation points that the
packets need to travel before reaching their destinations at
the sink to maximize the lifetime of the network and
minimize the latency.
• The experimental results showed that the lifetime of the
network has been increased by 35% when using that
approach.
GRASS
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2726-Apr-18
29. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• BGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2826-Apr-18
30. • The network layer in the Cell-based Energy Density-
aware (CEDA) relies on one of the Channel Status
Information (CSI) parameters from the lower layers,
which is the energy level by adding it as a variable
in the routing tables.
• This parameter will serve as a weighting factor
when routing the data to avoid using the paths that
contains nodes with less remaining energy.
CEDA
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
2926-Apr-18
31. • Introduction to WSNs
• WSN Topology
• Design Factors
• Protocol Stack of WSNs
• Cross-Layer Protocols in WSNs
• Classification of Cross-Layer Designs
• EDAS
• BGR
• MLRR
• GRASS
• CEDA
Agenda
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
3026-Apr-18
32. CSE 622 Advanced Computer Networks
Ahmed Hamed, Hussein Abd Elrahman, and Rizk Tawfik
Ain Shams University - Faculty of Engineering
3126-Apr-18