The document provides information about writing essays, including: 1) An essay has three main parts - an introductory paragraph, body, and conclusion. The body should be divided into multiple paragraphs with each covering a major point. 2) The introductory paragraph introduces the topic, provides background, and includes a thesis statement. 3) Transition signals are used between body paragraphs to show relationships between ideas. 4) There are four common patterns of essay organization - chronological order, logical division, cause and effect order, and comparison and contrast order.

1. Rina Utami 201012501025
Nursanti Setiorini 201012500913
Nurhasanah 201012500908
Muhammad Fajarudin 201012500842
Nurhadini Astuti 201012500015
Nur Eviyanti 201012500573
Yuli Iriyanti 201012500695
Muhammad Zamroni 201012500890
GROUP 7
Lecturer
Risa Mufliharsi, S.Pd.,M.Pd.
Lecture
WRITING 3

2. THE ESSAY

3. An essay is a piece of writing several
paragraphs long instead of just one or two
paragraphs.
Therefore, you must devide the topic into
several paragraphs, one for each major point.
Writing An Essay

4. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
BODY
CONCLUSION
General Statement
Thesis Statement
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Restatement or summary of the
main points; Final Comment
An Essay has three main parts

5. Four purpose :
1. It Introduces the topic of the essay.
2. It gives a general background of the topic.
3. It often indicates the overall “plan” of the essay.
4. It should arouse the reader’s interest in the topic.
General Statements Thesis Statements
The Introductory Paragraph
- Introduce the topic of the essay
- Give the background information on
the topic
- States the main topic
- Often list the subdivisions of the topic or
subtopic
- May indicate the method of organization of the
entire paper
- Is usually the last sentence in the introductory
paragraph

6. “Metropolitan City is full of charm and scenic beauty, so
visitors from around the world come to enjoy its famous
theaters, museums, countless ethnic restaurants, and scenic
wonders. Although Metropolitan City seems like a
paradise, it isn’t. The city has several serious problems: poor
public transportation, congested streets, and expensive
housing”
(Hogue, A. & Oshima, A., 1991, p. 92).
General Statement
Thesis Statement
Example introductory paragraph

7. the final paragraph in an essay, which
tells the reader that you have
completed an essay
The concluding paragraph consist of
The Concluding Paragraph
1. A summary of the main points, or a restatement of your
thesis in different words
2. Your Final comment on the subject, based on the
information you have provide

8. “In conclusion, Metropolitan City must improve its
public transit system, clear up the massive traffic jams caused
by slow-moving traffic in the downtown areas, and keep
rentals down to affordable levels. In other words, Metropolitan
City must improve its image, or it will soon become just
another mediocre city due to the lack of administrative
responsibility to solve these unfortunate problems”
(Hogue, A. & Oshima, A., 1991, p. 79).
Example concluding paragraph
Summary of main ideas
Prediction

9. OUTLINE
Subtopic that form the body of the essay are indented to the right.
You move to the right, the ideas become more and more specific.
The best way to organize your
thoughts and to plan the body
of your essay before you begin
to write
The Essay Body : Outlining

10. Example the body outlining

11. Show relationship between your first
paragraph and second paragraph
and so on.
Transition Signals
Transition Signals Between Paragraph
 A single word
 A phrase
 A clause

12. Example transition signal

13. The Writing Process
Writing and Revising An Essay
The writer's changes to the first draft
You brainstorm for ideas, make an outline and write several drafts until
you have produced a final copy that you can be proud of
After writing the first draft :
 The writer edits it for organization and content.
 Delete several unnecessary sentences and words.
 The writer divides the long paragraphs into two paragraphs.
 Adds an example and adds more details of the essay.
 In the concluding paragraph, writer makes a note to himself to
adds a final comment.
 Write the introductory paragraph.

14. The writer's changes to the second drafts
 Writer corrects punctuation, capitalization, spelling and other
errors in mechanics as well as changing some vocabulary words.
 Writer corrects the grammar and improves the sentence structure
 If the writer is completely satisfied with the second drafts, he is
ready to make the final copy.

15. Patterns of Essay
Organization

16. Four Common patterns of essay organization in
English are :
Chronological order
Logical division of ideas
Cause and effect order
Comparison and contrast order

17. Chronological Order
One of its primary uses is to explain processes such as
how to play a game.
Chronological order signal words:
 Is order by time
 Is the order in which the
events occurred, from
first to last
Chronological order
first third Next then
Finally eventually following this

18. Is a form of essay organization that is used
to group related items according to some
quality they have in common.
Logical Division of Ideas
signal words :
Logical Division of Ideas
Help to devide a
broad subject into
several categories or
groups and in that
way focus the topic
for discussion
Central principal
Chief major
Main key
Primary significant…finally
Lastly finishing with
least... Ending with

19. Discuss the reasons or cause for
something, and then you discuss the
result
Cause and effect signal
words:
Cause and Effect Order
2 main ways to organize a cause and effect essay :
 Block Organization
1. Discuss all of the cause as a block
2. Then discuss all effects together as a block
#There is often a short paragraph that separates the “cause”
part from the “effects” part. This called a transition
paragraph
 Chain Organization
1. Discuss a first cause and its effect, a second cause an its
effect and so on.
2. Discussion of each new cause and its effect begin with a new
paragraph
3. All the paragraphs are linked in a “chain”
#Usually, each new cause is the result of the preceding effect
Because for this reason
due to on account of
if this then this…as a result
Since consequently
cause Therefore thus
in effect resulting
and the outcome is...

20. The material is organized to emphasize
the similarities and/or differences between
two or more items or topics
Comparison and contrast signal words:
Comparison and Contrast Order
Comparison means:
 what things have in common
 how items or concepts are a
like
 the similarities between
elements or ideas
Contrast means:
 the differences between
items or concepts
 how things are not alike
 distinctions between
elements
Similarly, like, the same as, compared to, in the same way, likewise…
but, yet, on the other hand, however, instead, nevertheless, on the
contrary...

21. THANK YOU