Worms alan 10-2
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The document discusses three groups of worms: Platyhelminthes, Annelida, and Nematods. It describes their key characteristics such as symmetry, evolutionary relationships, organ systems, and life cycles. Specific examples of worms are also provided, such as the Red Californian worm, medical leech, and Taenia Solium tapeworm. The document also discusses humans' interactions with and uses of different worm species.
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Phylum platyhelminthes
Flatworms are a phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates that include parasitic tapeworms and flukes as well as free-living planaria. They have a triploblastic structure with three germ layers and acoelomate body plan lacking a body cavity. Flatworms reproduce sexually through cross-fertilization or asexually through fragmentation. Parasitic species like tapeworms and flukes have complex lifecycles involving multiple hosts. Tapeworms are hermaphroditic and release proglottid segments containing eggs, while flukes develop through larval stages that infect intermediate hosts.
Platyhelminthes organisms
This document summarizes several flatworm parasites including planaria, liver flukes, blood flukes, and pork tapeworms. It describes where each parasite is found, how it infects hosts, and its life cycle. Planaria are freshwater flatworms that can regenerate and reproduce asexually. Liver flukes infect sheep and goats' livers, causing disease. Blood flukes live in humans' veins and are transmitted between snail and human hosts. Pork tapeworms are found in humans' intestines after consuming infected pork. All of these flatworms demonstrate complex life cycles involving larval stages and multiple hosts.
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms are triploblastic acoelomates with bilateral symmetry that can live freely or as parasites. They respire through diffusion and digest food in their gastrovascular cavity. There are three classes of flatworms - Turbellaria, which includes Planaria and feeds on bits of plants and animals; Trematoda or flukes, which are internal parasites with suckers and hooks that feed on host tissues and fluids; and Cestoda or tapeworms, which are segmented worms that lack a digestive system and feed by absorption through their tegument.
Flatworms
This document summarizes several phyla of invertebrate worms, including their defining characteristics, anatomy, life cycles, and means of reproduction and nutrition. It covers the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nemertea (ribbon worms), and Gnathostomulida (jaw worms). Key details provided include the classes that make up Platyhelminthes (turbellarians, trematodes, monogeneans, cestodes), their digestive and nervous systems, and complex parasitic life cycles involving multiple hosts.
Platyhelminthes
The document summarizes key facts about the phylum Platyhelminthes:
1) Platyhelminthes includes flatworms such as tapeworms and flukes. They are bilateral and mostly parasitic, infecting over 200 million people annually.
2) They have a ribbon-like shape, absorb nutrients through their skin, and lack digestive and circulatory systems.
3) Reproduction varies between sexual and asexual. Many require multiple hosts to complete their lifecycles, posing risks to humans who consume undercooked foods contaminated with parasites.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Zoology 2 22-12
The document summarizes three types of worms: flatworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. Flatworms are bilateral and unsegmented with some having a primitive brain. Tapeworms are parasitic and can be very large, living in the intestines without digestive or nervous systems. Roundworms number in the thousands of species and can feed on decaying or living tissue. They are also bilateral and unsegmented.
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical organisms that are dorsoventrally flattened. They are classified into three classes - Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda - based on characteristics like habitat, body structure, and life cycle. Turbellaria are mostly free-living while Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic. Trematoda have highly evolved suckers and a complex life cycle, while Cestoda are ribbon-like tapeworms that live internally and lack digestive systems.
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Phylum platyhelminthes
Flatworms are a phylum of soft-bodied invertebrates that include parasitic tapeworms and flukes as well as free-living planaria. They have a triploblastic structure with three germ layers and acoelomate body plan lacking a body cavity. Flatworms reproduce sexually through cross-fertilization or asexually through fragmentation. Parasitic species like tapeworms and flukes have complex lifecycles involving multiple hosts. Tapeworms are hermaphroditic and release proglottid segments containing eggs, while flukes develop through larval stages that infect intermediate hosts.
Platyhelminthes organisms
This document summarizes several flatworm parasites including planaria, liver flukes, blood flukes, and pork tapeworms. It describes where each parasite is found, how it infects hosts, and its life cycle. Planaria are freshwater flatworms that can regenerate and reproduce asexually. Liver flukes infect sheep and goats' livers, causing disease. Blood flukes live in humans' veins and are transmitted between snail and human hosts. Pork tapeworms are found in humans' intestines after consuming infected pork. All of these flatworms demonstrate complex life cycles involving larval stages and multiple hosts.
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms are triploblastic acoelomates with bilateral symmetry that can live freely or as parasites. They respire through diffusion and digest food in their gastrovascular cavity. There are three classes of flatworms - Turbellaria, which includes Planaria and feeds on bits of plants and animals; Trematoda or flukes, which are internal parasites with suckers and hooks that feed on host tissues and fluids; and Cestoda or tapeworms, which are segmented worms that lack a digestive system and feed by absorption through their tegument.
Flatworms
This document summarizes several phyla of invertebrate worms, including their defining characteristics, anatomy, life cycles, and means of reproduction and nutrition. It covers the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nemertea (ribbon worms), and Gnathostomulida (jaw worms). Key details provided include the classes that make up Platyhelminthes (turbellarians, trematodes, monogeneans, cestodes), their digestive and nervous systems, and complex parasitic life cycles involving multiple hosts.
Platyhelminthes
The document summarizes key facts about the phylum Platyhelminthes:
1) Platyhelminthes includes flatworms such as tapeworms and flukes. They are bilateral and mostly parasitic, infecting over 200 million people annually.
2) They have a ribbon-like shape, absorb nutrients through their skin, and lack digestive and circulatory systems.
3) Reproduction varies between sexual and asexual. Many require multiple hosts to complete their lifecycles, posing risks to humans who consume undercooked foods contaminated with parasites.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Zoology 2 22-12
The document summarizes three types of worms: flatworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. Flatworms are bilateral and unsegmented with some having a primitive brain. Tapeworms are parasitic and can be very large, living in the intestines without digestive or nervous systems. Roundworms number in the thousands of species and can feed on decaying or living tissue. They are also bilateral and unsegmented.
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical organisms that are dorsoventrally flattened. They are classified into three classes - Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda - based on characteristics like habitat, body structure, and life cycle. Turbellaria are mostly free-living while Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitic. Trematoda have highly evolved suckers and a complex life cycle, while Cestoda are ribbon-like tapeworms that live internally and lack digestive systems.
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Phylum platyhelminthes and Nematodes
The document summarizes key information about the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is divided into 3 classes: Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda.
1) Turbellaria are free-living flatworms that are aquatic with sensory organs and an incomplete digestive system. Planaria is an example.
2) Trematoda are endoparasitic flukes found in organs like the liver with two suckers, including Fasciola hepatica or the liver fluke.
3) Cestoda are tapeworms with suckers and hooks that live parasitically in the intestines of vertebrates, including Taenia solium which can cause
Phylum platyhelminthes
The document discusses the phylum Platyhelminthes, or flatworms. It notes that flatworms have a triploblastic body plan with three cell layers and are bilaterally symmetrical. The phylum contains four classes - Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, and Monogenea. Turbellaria includes planaria, while Cestoda and Trematoda include tapeworms and flukes respectively. Flatworms range in size from millimeters to meters and have an incomplete digestive system with one opening. They can reproduce asexually through fission or sexually. Removal of parasitic flatworms requires careful treatment.
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This document discusses acoelomate bilateral animals, focusing on the phylum Platyhelminthes. It describes the three main phyla of acoelomate bilateral animals - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and Gnathostomulida. Platyhelminthes, which includes flatworms, flukes and tapeworms, is by far the most diverse and economically important. The document then goes into further detail about characteristics and classification of flatworms.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical organisms with three main cell layers. They have organs for reproduction, musculature, and excretion. Their nervous tissue is concentrated at the front. They have a combined mouth and anus called a pharynx. There are three main classes of flatworms: Turbellaria which includes free-living flatworms like planaria found in freshwater and soil; Trematoda which are parasitic flukes like liver flukes and blood flukes; and Cestoda which are parasitic tapeworms with a scolex head and segmented bodies.
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Class Trematoda Notes
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The document provides an introduction to the phylum Platyhelminthes. Some key points:
1) Platyhelminthes includes flatworms and are the most primitive bilateral animals, with some being free-living and others being parasites.
2) They have a triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical body without organs for locomotion but with adhesive organs like suckers.
3) Their nervous system is ladder-like with a brain ring and longitudinal nerves connected by transverse commissures. They lack circulatory and respiratory systems.
Planarian[1]
Planarian (Flat Worm)
- Planarians are small freshwater flatworms that range from 3-12mm in size and have two eyespots that allow them to move away from light. They have three tissue layers and are carnivorous, feeding on other organisms and dead matter.
- Planarians can reproduce asexually through budding or fission, or sexually by exchanging sperm. They are found beneath rocks and debris in freshwater environments around the world.
Phylum Nematoda
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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2. Class Turbellaria contains free-living flatworms like the planarian Dugesia, which have a simple nervous system with anterior ganglia and ventral nerve cords, a complete digestive system with a mouth and blind gut, and a protonephridial excretory system.
3. Turbellarians reproduce both asexually through fission and sexually as simultaneous hermaphrodites, exchanging sperm through direct internal fertilization.
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This document provides an overview of the phyla Platyhelminthes and Nematodes. It describes 10 key characteristics of platyhelminthes, including being bilaterally symmetrical, having 3 tissue layers, and reproducing sexually as hermaphrodites. It also discusses the class Cestoda and provides details about the tapeworm Taenia. For nematodes, it lists 10 characteristics such as being bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform, having a pseudocoel body cavity, and reproducing sexually without circulating blood. The document was composed by Matteo Ragni and Federico Domenicali.
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The document summarizes key information about the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is divided into 3 classes: Turbellaria, Trematoda, and Cestoda.
1) Turbellaria are free-living flatworms that are aquatic with sensory organs and an incomplete digestive system. Planaria is an example.
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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The document provides an introduction to the phylum Platyhelminthes. Some key points:
1) Platyhelminthes includes flatworms and are the most primitive bilateral animals, with some being free-living and others being parasites.
2) They have a triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical body without organs for locomotion but with adhesive organs like suckers.
3) Their nervous system is ladder-like with a brain ring and longitudinal nerves connected by transverse commissures. They lack circulatory and respiratory systems.
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- Planarians can reproduce asexually through budding or fission, or sexually by exchanging sperm. They are found beneath rocks and debris in freshwater environments around the world.
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1. Flatworms are acoelomate, triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical organisms classified in the phylum Platyhelminthes.
2. Class Turbellaria contains free-living flatworms like the planarian Dugesia, which have a simple nervous system with anterior ganglia and ventral nerve cords, a complete digestive system with a mouth and blind gut, and a protonephridial excretory system.
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This document provides information about different types of worms, including their classification, anatomy, life cycles, and roles. It discusses flatworms (Platyhelminthes), segmented worms (Annelida), and roundworms (Nematoda). Specific examples covered include the medicinal leech, red Californian worm, and tapeworm. While some worms are parasites, others play important ecological roles in breaking down organic waste and recycling nutrients in the environment.
Invertebrates
The document provides an overview of many invertebrate phyla, including sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, rotifers, annelids, mollusks, echinoderms and key characteristics of each. It describes evolutionary relationships and compares and contrasts body structures, tissues, digestive systems, larval forms and classes within each phylum.
NEMATYHELMINTHES PDF.pdf
1. The document describes the anatomy and life cycle of the roundworm Ascaris. It details the body systems and structure including the cuticle, digestive system, reproductive system, and excretory system.
2. The life cycle of Ascaris involves eggs passing in feces, developing in soil, and infecting humans via contaminated food/water. The larvae hatch in the intestine and migrate through the lungs before reentering the stomach and small intestine where they mature into adults.
3. Key differences between male and female Ascaris include the male having a curved tail with cloaca while the female has a straight tail with an anus.
Classification
The document provides an overview of how living things are classified, beginning with the largest groupings (kingdoms) and becoming more specific down to genus and species levels. It discusses key characteristics used to classify organisms, such as cell structure, reproduction methods, feeding behaviors, etc. Example organisms are provided for different kingdoms including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Within Animalia, invertebrate and vertebrate phyla are described along with characteristics used to distinguish them.
acoelomate bilateral animals
This document discusses several phyla of acoelomate bilateral animals including flatworms, mesozoans, and ribbon worms. Key points include: flatworms are acoelomates with an incomplete digestive system and protonephridia; mesozoans are microscopic parasites considered a link between protozoa and metazoa; ribbon worms use a proboscis to capture prey and have a complete digestive system and closed blood vessels. These phyla are generally considered part of the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.
Phylum nematoda 1
Nematodes, or roundworms, are one of the most abundant phyla of animals. They have a cylindrical shape with a flexible cuticle and lack organs like cilia. Nematodes can be free-living in soil and water or parasitic in plants and animals. They are classified based on features of their sensory organs, excretory systems, and male tail structures. Common examples are the human parasites Ascaris and Trichinella.
The Microscopic World Video Notes 07
The document discusses the protist kingdom, which includes single-celled eukaryotic organisms that are larger than bacteria and have a nucleus. It describes some of the main protist phyla, including ciliates, which use hair-like cilia to sweep food into their mouths, and rhizopods, which use pseudopods or "false feet" to move. It also mentions flagellates, which use whip-like flagella to move, as well as plant-like protists like green algae and diatoms. The document notes that protists can reproduce asexually through cloning or sexually through conjugation, which allows for more genetic variation and survival.
Animal review
This document summarizes key characteristics of the major phyla in the animal kingdom. It describes cellular-level organization in sponges, tissue-level organization in cnidarians, and the development of organ systems in bilaterally symmetric animals. Key evolutionary transitions include the development of tissues, organ systems, body cavities, and germ layer formation. Major animal groups are distinguished by their symmetry, germ layer composition, and level of organization.
Earland's Animal Review - Bio 11
This document summarizes key characteristics of different phyla in the phylogenetic tree, including defining features, classes within each phylum, and examples of species. It covers cellular through bilateral animals, comparing protostome and deuterostome development, and provides details on porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda, echinodermata, and chordata.
Life diversity
The document discusses the five-kingdom system of classification. It describes the key characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. The kingdoms are distinguished from each other based on attributes like cell structure, energy acquisition method, multicellularity, and presence of cell walls or chloroplasts. The classification system helps organize the millions of species on Earth into meaningful groups based on shared, observable traits.
Mammals elisa
Mammals are a class of animals characterized by hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones. They reproduce through various methods including egg-laying, giving birth to underdeveloped young that develop further in pouches, and full gestation with nourishment from mothers via placentas. Mammals go through mating, fertilization, gestation, birth, growth to maturity, and have complex digestive systems. Examples described include cheetahs, opossums, and black bears.
Chapter 26 notes Arthropods.ppt
Arthropods are invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed appendages that include insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others. They have an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and bilateral symmetry. Arthropods have well-developed senses including compound eyes, taste and smell receptors. They undergo molting to grow, have open circulatory systems, and many reproduce sexually with internal or external fertilization. The largest class is Insecta, which undergo complete or incomplete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Protozoa Lect#2280920.ppt
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that exhibit a diversity of shapes, structures and methods of nutrition, locomotion and reproduction. Some key points are:
- They are classified into different phyla based on cell structure and organelles. Major phyla include Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Choanoflagellata, and Alveolata.
- Nutrition varies between heterotrophy, autotrophy and mixotrophy. Locomotion occurs via flagella, cilia, pseudopodia or other structures.
- Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or budding, or sexual through conjugation. This impacts genetic diversity and environmental adapt
Chapters 28 30
The document provides an overview of taxonomic classification and the diversity of life. It discusses the major domains, kingdoms, and taxa within the tree of life including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Key details are provided on viruses, prokaryotes, taxonomic hierarchy, fungi characteristics, plant types, invertebrate and vertebrate phyla, and defining features of major groups.
Chapter 12-Intro to animals
- Animals are multi-cellular organisms that have specialized structures like nuclei and organelles. They are consumers that rely on their environment for food.
- Over time, animals have adapted to eating different types of food available in their environment through adaptations like camouflage, armor, and venom. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat other animals, and omnivores eat both.
- When classifying animals, characteristics like having a backbone (vertebrates vs invertebrates), symmetry, and protective structures are considered. Invertebrates make up 97% of all animal species.
Diversity Of Life
The document provides information about different kingdoms of life including Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Eubacteria and Viruses. It includes fact sheets describing general characteristics, defining features, evolutionary advances and ecological importance for each kingdom. Examples are given for specific organisms from different kingdoms like the starfish for Animalia and the nitrifying bacteria for Eubacteria.
Phylum nematoda pre
Nematodes are the most abundant multi-cellular animals. They live in soil, water, and parasitize animals and plants. They have a bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic body with a complete digestive system, cuticle layer, pseudocoelom, and longitudinal muscles. Parasitic nematodes include roundworms, hookworms, trichina worm, pinworm, and filarial worms which infect humans and other animals through ingestion, skin penetration, or mosquito/fly transmission.
2.a.lumbricoides and hookworms
Hookworms are intestinal parasitic roundworms that infect the small intestine. They have a direct lifecycle where the infective third stage larva penetrates the skin and migrates through the lungs before reaching the small intestine to mature and reproduce. Eggs are passed in feces. Pathogenesis is due to the host immune response to migrating larvae, mechanical damage from larval migration, effects of adult worms in the intestines including blood loss. Common symptoms include iron deficiency anemia.
Protist ppt.ppt
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be categorized into three main groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. They were some of the first organisms on Earth and include microbes that can cause disease. While similar to bacteria in being microscopic and unicellular, protists differ in having a nucleus and generally living as individual eukaryotic cells. Plant-like protists, or algae, can be autotrophs that produce oxygen through photosynthesis. Fungus-like protists have cell walls and reproduce using spores.
Protist ppt.ppt
Protists are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be categorized into three main groups: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. They were some of the first organisms on Earth and include microbes that can cause disease or act as parasites. While similar to bacteria in being microscopic and unicellular, protists differ in possessing a nucleus and generally living as individual eukaryotic cells. Examples of protists include amoebas, paramecium, algae, and water molds.
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Air pollution is defined as gases, dust, smells, and fumes in harmful amounts that are released into the air. Major causes include factories, increased population, and burning fossil fuels. Examples are acid rain, smog, and the greenhouse effect. Effects are damage to health, environment, and visibility. Solutions proposed include tighter emissions standards, cleaner fuels, and increased public transportation to address traffic as a significant source of pollution especially in cities like Mexico City.
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2) Gross primary production (GPP) is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs. Net primary production (NPP) is the amount remaining after respiration. NPP determines the base of the food chain.
3) Pyramids illustrate the transfer of numbers, biomass, and energy between trophic levels, with typically only 10% passing to each higher level.
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Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This excess algae growth eventually dies and decomposes, consuming oxygen and releasing toxins. As a result, oxygen levels in the water decrease and some aquatic life may die, creating "dead zones". Two major examples discussed are the Gulf of Mexico dead zone caused by fertilizer runoff from farming, and the Baltic Sea dead zone exacerbated by agricultural and municipal waste. Reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and wastewater is necessary to prevent further eutrophication.
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Dams and water diversions can have both positive and negative ecological impacts. Positively, dams provide benefits like hydropower, irrigation, flood control and more. However, they can also harm wildlife such as disrupting fish migration and reducing sediments downstream. This impacts wetland species and water quality. Dams may also cause erosion of downstream areas and change water temperature, flow and salinity levels. Large dam projects have additionally displaced many people from their homes. Examples highlighted are the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River and the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River.
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Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances in an organism that are at higher concentrations than in the environment. Substances more likely to bioaccumulate are hydrophobic, not easily biodegraded, and can bind to fat tissues. Biomagnification occurs across trophic levels as predators accumulate higher concentrations than their prey. Certain persistent organic pollutants and metals like mercury are prone to biomagnification up the food chain. Both processes can lead to toxic effects, especially in top predators like polar bears and humans who face greater risks from consuming biomagnified pollutants in food over time.
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Eutrophication1
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Ecological impacts of dams and water diversions
Dams impact rivers and their ecosystems in several ways. They block migratory fish from accessing spawning habitats upstream, as fish ladders are often ineffective. This disrupts fish life cycles and populations. Dams also alter sediment and water flow, affecting water quality, aquatic habitats, and nutrient levels downstream. Large dams significantly change river landscapes and environments, sometimes flooding important habitats and destroying cultural heritage sites.
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Worms alan 10-2
- 1. Platyhelminthes and Annelida Or Worms http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/annelida.jpg http://www.glogster.com/media/2/3/71/6/3710611.jpg http://www.carolinapetsupply.com/catalog/images/worm.jpg http://tech2.in.com/media/images/img_4610_wormz.jpg
Editor's Notes
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about scientific name is used.
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about symmetry is used.
- Campbell, Reece. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. The information about phylogenic history is used.
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about derived characteristics is used.
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about derived characteristics is used.
- Works Cited &quot;Annelid: Encyclopedia II - Annelid - Anatomy.&quot; Global Oneness . Web. 25 Mar. 2010. <http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Annelid_-_Anatomy/id/609522>. The information about the reproduction of annelids was used. &quot;Platyhelminthes.&quot; Julius-Maximillians- Universität Würzburg . Universität Würzburg. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. <http://parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/login/n/h/1111.html>. The information about the reproduction of Platyhelminthes was used.
- Foster, Bethney. &quot;Life Cycle of Earthworms.&quot; EHow . EHow, Inc. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. <http://www.ehow.com/about_5368044_life-cycle-earthworms.html>. The information about the most common life cycle was used.
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about Platyhelminthes is used. Campbell, Reece. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. The information about Annelida is used.
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about digestive system is used.
- &quot;General Concepts, the Californian Red Worm.&quot; Vermiculture Manual . © ManualdeLombricultura.com. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. <http://www.vermiculturemanual.com/en/manual/concepts.html>. The information about the Californian Red Warm was used. &quot;&quot;RED CALIFORNIAN&quot; Worm.&quot; Sia Daga. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. <http://www.daga.lv/Eng/Red%20Californian%20worm.htm>. The information about the invention of the Californian Red Warm was used.
- Peshev, Danielo. Biology . Sofia Ciela , 2003. The information about habitat and reproduction was used. Campbell, Reece. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. The information about how blood is used.
- &quot;General Concepts, the Californian Red Worm.&quot; Vermiculture Manual . © ManualdeLombricultura.com. Web. 25 Mar. 2010. <http://www.vermiculturemanual.com/en/manual/concepts.html>. The information about the worms being decomposers was used.