1. Teleworking, or working from home, has become possible due to developments in ICT such as portable devices, networks, broadband internet, and virtual private networks. 2. Video conferencing allows face-to-face meetings without travel via equipment like webcams and conferencing software. Other communication methods include phone conferencing, email, instant messaging, and faxing. 3. While teleworking provides benefits like reduced costs and increased flexibility, it also poses challenges such as less opportunities for in-person collaboration and temptation to be distracted from work. Managers must consider job roles and employee traits when deciding who can telework.

1. Working practices By the end of the presentation you should be able to answer the following questions: Describe how jobs have changed from traditional office-based employment Explain how ICT applications are used in particular jobs Describe the different methods of communication used by businesses

2. TASK: Teleworking Review IGCSE knowledge: in pairs, mindmap: definition, advantages and disadvantages of Teleworking

3. Teleworking: Review Definition: Teleworking is another name for Working from Home Advantages to the employer Office running costs and overheads (rates, electricity, heating etc.) can be reduced. Less office space needed. Travel-related problems may be reduced. It may tempt better staff to come and work for the company. Advantages for the employee You can work from the comfort of your own home. There is no time wasted traveling and no travel costs. You can live in an affordable far from work. It enables you to work around the needs of your family and/or children. It is more convenient - you can plan the working day to suit you, which could help reduce stress levels. Disadvantages There is less opportunity to meet people and share ideas - teamwork is more difficult. There may be more temptation to spend time on non-work-related activities. People often work longer hours than they should and find it hard to switch off.

4. TASK: Teleworking In pairs, answer this question: What areas of ICT have developed in order to make teleworking possible?

5. Teleworking The ability to communicate at distance has increased due to New technology e.g: Portable communication devices Networks Broadband connection Virtual private Network (VPN) Mobile phone /PDA with wireless features Laptop

6. Virtual Private Network

7. VPN A process whereby software is used to create what appears as a private network running over a public network i.e the internet The network typically uses encryption to keep information secure

8. What does a teleworker need? Hardware PC with internet access Access to email A fax machine A landline phone A mobile phone A printer/photocopier/scanner (laser/inkjet) Video conferencing equipment Software Word processing/web browsing software Spreadsheet/database software

9. Examples of teleworking jobs: Professional services e.g. tax advice, legal advice, financial advice Writing Book editing Proof reading Translation Technical/customer support Tele sales/marketing Teleworking – suits professions that are done on an individual basis

10. How a manager decides which employee will telework: Type of work What type of person/employee are they? Can they work well on their own? How frequently they need contact with their employee? (once a week?/daily progress?)

11. A teleworker must: Have good time management skills Be motivated Have good communication skills Have good self-discipline

12. How a manager builds relationships with teleworkers: Personal contact- visit office once a week or receive daily update emails Involves teleworkers with other office staff for; training, staff meetings and company outings

13. Remote working This includes teleworking/homeworking but also, when people literally work at a distance from the office. E.g. a travelling salesperson, doctors on call and engineers working on site

14. Remote working technology PDA’s/Smart phones Mobile phones with wireless capability Laptops with wireless capability

15. Examples: Engineers: use a pda to email reports, view technical manuals and use word processing or other software Doctors: use laptops to connect to a VPN to access patient records, x-rays Travelling salesman: use PDA/mobile phone to talk to other salesman, connect to their office to access customer files, sales figures, email orders etc. Mostly use Hotspots around town

16. Remote access services (RAS) These are services used by remote workers to access their own PC

17. Office based working Even though there is increasingly more teleworking; offices still exist in large numbers

18. Company reasons for not allowing teleworking Fear: employees do not trust employees to work at home; believing they will watch TV and be unproductive. Security concerns: data is not safe/confidential when sent out of the office

19. Employees reasons for not wanting to telework Social aspect Team work Fear: that they could lose their jobs easier if the employer doesn’t see them

20. Office-based technology Desktop computers connected to a LAN/WAN Internet access Email access Networked printers Photocopiers

21. Video conferencing Review IGCSE: In pairs, mindmap what you know about video conferencing

22. Task Fill in the table about Office communication called Communication methods found here: Y:\ICT\A Level Applied ICT\- Unit 2 - Organisations use of ICT\2b. ICT in the Workplace

23. Video conferencing equipment Hardware: PC, mouse and keyboard Monitor Speakers Network connection: Modem High broadband speed Webcam Microphone Videoconferening software

24. How does it work? 2 types of conferences: A person has individual access to the conference A group has access to the conference Steps: Members log in to the system Then all delegates can see/hear each other Documents: delegates view using software

25. Where is it used? Schools: used to communicate with other schools around the world Doctors: used to speak to other doctors/experts Business: used by teleworkers, or in the office to communicate to customers or other offices based elsewhere

26. Task: Video conferencing REVIEW IGCSE, In pairs, mindmap advantages & disadvantage of video conferencing Advantages of video conferencing Meetings can take place without leaving the office. Travel costs and the time taken to travel can be reduced significantly. Meetings can be called instantly worldwide with little notice. Delegates can still attend meetings even if they are physically unable to. Disadvantages to video conferencing May not be as productive as a discussion around a table. Confidential documents may need to be viewed and signed in person. There will always be times when you need to be able to meet face to face.

27. Phone conferencing This is the linking together of people on a phone line so they can have a collective conversation This can be achieved via, mobile phones, landlines and VoIP All you need is a touchtone phone

28. How it works: Delegates: agree a time/data for the call Delegates are sent the phone number and individual PIN’s The organiser dials the conference number (using a special PIN) first to set up the conference call Then delegate dials the conference phone number and enters their PIN

29. Email Advantages Quick communication around the world. Free once an internet connection has been paid. Send a message to many people at once. Send documents in digital form to be printed for signing. Access to instant messaging allowing for real time discussion. Disadvantages Email is prone to viruses and hacking; software protection can be expensive. Not instant. Written responses take time to write. Documents that require signature will still need to be sent by facsimile (facs) Messages can be misunderstood causing time delays.

30. Instant messaging This is the exchange of text messages between two or more people logged into an IM service It is an interactive service allowing people to reply immediately to others logged in It is instant, so better then email. However it does not store the messages and does not offer format features.

31. How it works: Username + password is required to login First time, you make a contact list These people are sent invitation and have to agree to join Then, you select who you want to chat to, however they must be online

32. Faxing Short for Facsimile (this is how it will appear in the exam) Needs: A phone line (usually has its own) Works by: A document is scanned and then transmitted over the phone lines to another fax machine which then prints it out

33. Faxing Disadvantages: Uses a modem so the speed of transmission tends to be slow Lack of confidentiality Quality is not reliable Advantages: Good, when exact copies of the original are required Examples of fax use: In the USA, publishers send a newspaper fax to the newspaper plant for printing Signed copies of a fax are legally accepted in the UK

34. Electronic faxing This uses the internet to fax The user receives the fax on their fax machine or via fax software Then the user prints it out

35. Electronic faxing advantages over faxing Saves time going to and retrieving faxes Equipment costs are lower (no fax machine needed) Running costs are lower (another fax phone line is not needed) Confidential faxes are secure Can receive a fax anywhere – don’t have to be in the office

36. Task list Communication worksheet Vocabulary – update your dictionary for Control systems Spreadsheet Enter definitions – english and vietnamese Enter examples of function syntax and/or screenshots

37. ICT Development Higher speed broadband Lower cost of internet connections Higher quality and lower cost of hardware