Work measurement is a technique used to establish the time required for workers to complete tasks. It involves systematically observing and analyzing job tasks to set standard times, improve procedures, and increase productivity. Work sampling also examines how workers spend their time by making observations over an extended period. Predetermined motion time systems break down jobs into basic movements and assign standardized times based on movement type and conditions. Just-in-time manufacturing aims to minimize inventory by receiving goods only as needed in production, requiring accurate demand forecasting. It shifts away from maintaining large safety stocks and toward rapid response to customer demand.

2. Work measurement is the application of techniques
designed to establish the time for an average
worker to carry out a specified manufacturing task
at a defined level of performance. It is concerned
with the length of time it takes to complete a work
task assigned to a specific job .

3. Manpower planning
Production planning and
scheduling
Estimating production costs.
Cost reduction and control
Performance appraisal
Training of employees
Comparing alternative methods
Accepting new orders
Fixing the selling cost.

5. systematic observation, analysis, and measurement of
the separate steps in the performance of a specific job
for the purpose of establishing a standard time for
each performance, improving procedures, and
increasing productivity —called also motion and time
study, motion study, time study

6. Work sampling is the statistical technique for
determining the proportion of time spent by workers in
various defined categories of activity (e.g. setting up a
machine, assembling two parts, idle…etc.). ... In
a work sampling study, a large number of
observations are made of the workers over an
extended period of time.

7. • Analytical estimating is a work measurement technique. A task is broken
down into basic component operations or elements.
• If standard times are available from another source, these are applied to
elements. Where no such times are available, they are estimated based
on experience of the work.
• The estimating is done by a skilled and experienced worker who has had
training in the process of estimating and who simply estimates the time
that would be required by a fully competent and experienced worker,
working at a defined level of performance.

8. Predetermined motion time systems (PMTS) are work
measurement systems based on the analysis of work into
basic human movements, classified according to the nature
of each movement and the conditions under which it is
made. Tables of data provide a time, at a defined rate of
working, for each classification of each movement.

9. Just-in-time (JIT) is an inventory strategy companies employ to increase
efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in
the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs. This method
requires producers to forecast demand accurately.
This inventory supply system represents a shift away from the older just-in-
case strategy, in which producers carried large inventories in case higher
demand had to be met.

10. Three essential ingredients to effective
manufacturing excellence through JIT:
(i) JIT manufacturing techniques that aims to
promote a rapid response to customer demand while minimizing inventory
(ii) a total quality culture to pursue excellence in both the product and every area
of the business, including customer service, purchasing, order taking,
accounting, maintenance, design, etc.; and
(iii) people or employee involvement in the development of the organization
through its culture and its manufacturing and other business processes.

11. Advantages
Just-in-time inventory control has several advantages over traditional models.
Production runs remain short, which means manufacturers can move from
one type of product to another very easily. This method reduces costs by
eliminating warehouse storage needs. Companies also spend less money
on Raw material because they buy just enough to make the products and no
more.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of just-in-time inventories involve disruptions in the supply
chain. If a supplier of raw materials has a breakdown and cannot deliver the
goods on time, one supplier can shut down the entire production process. A
sudden order for goods that surpasses expectations may delay delivery of
finished products to clients.