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This document provides an introduction to distributed systems, including their key features and some related concepts. It discusses how distributed systems build upon networking to allow independent machines to act as a single system transparently to users. The document also mentions client-server architectures, advantages like economies of scale and fault tolerance, challenges around naming, operating systems, shared memory, and other issues in distributed environments.
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Estimado amig@ de Aries, tú signo es regido
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INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
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This document provides an overview of distributed systems. It discusses tightly-coupled and loosely-coupled multiprocessor systems, with loosely-coupled systems referring to distributed systems that have independent processors, memories, and operating systems. The document outlines some key properties of distributed systems, including that they consist of independent nodes that communicate through message passing, and accessing remote resources is more expensive than local resources. It also summarizes some advantages and challenges of distributed systems.
Chapter 1-Introduction.ppt
The document discusses the history and concepts of distributed systems. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appears as a single system to users. Distributed systems provide benefits like resource sharing, availability, scalability, and performance. However, they also introduce challenges around concurrency, security, partial failures, and heterogeneity. The document outlines common goals for distributed systems like transparency, openness, and scalability. It describes different approaches to scaling distributed systems through techniques like hiding latencies, distribution, and replication. Finally, it discusses key hardware concepts like multiprocessors and multicomputers as well as software approaches like distributed operating systems, network operating systems, and middleware.
System structure
This chapter discusses operating system structure and design. It examines issues like layered designs, microkernels, and modules. It presents the basic structures of popular OSes. Key points covered include system services, system calls, system programs, and user interfaces like command interpreters and graphical user interfaces. Popular OS examples like UNIX, Windows, and Mac OS are referenced throughout.
Discussion # 6Operating-System StructureA system as large an.docx
Discussion # 6
Operating-System Structure
A system as large and complex as a modern operating system must be
engineered carefully if it is to function properly and be modified easily. A
common approach is to partition the task into small components, or modules,
rather than have one monolithic system. Each of these modules should be
a well-defined portion of the system, with carefully defined inputs, outputs,
and functions. We have already discussed briefly in Chapter 1 the common
components of operating systems. In this section, we discuss how these
components are interconnected and melded into a kernel.
Simple Structure
Many operating systems do not have well-defined structures. Frequently, such
systems started as small, simple, and limited systems and then grew beyond
their original scope. MS-DOS is an example of such a system. It was originally
designed and implemented by a few people who had no idea that it would
become so popular. It was written to provide the most functionality in the
least space, so it was not carefully divided into modules. Figure 2.11 shows its
structure.
In MS-DOS, the interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated.
For instance, application programs are able to access the basic I/O routines
to write directly to the display and disk drives. Such freedom leaves MS-DOS
vulnerable to errant (or malicious) programs, causing entire system crashes
when user programs fail. Of course, MS-DOS was also limited by the hardware
of its era. Because the Intel 8088 for which it was written provides no dual
mode and no hardware protection, the designers of MS-DOS had no choice but
to leave the base hardware accessible.
Another example of limited structuring is the original UNIX operating
system. Like MS-DOS, UNIX initially was limited by hardware functionality. It
consists of two separable parts: the kernel and the system programs.
The kernel is further separated into a series of interfaces and device drivers, which have
been added and expanded over the years as UNIX has evolved. We can view the
traditional UNIX operating system as being layered to some extent, as shown in
Figure 2.12. Everything below the system-call interface and above the physical
hardware is the kernel. The kernel provides the file system, CPU scheduling,
memory management, and other operating-system functions through system
calls. Taken in sum, that is an enormous amount of functionality to be combined
into one level. This monolithic structure was difficult to implement and
maintain. It had a distinct performance advantage, however: there is very little
overhead in the system call interface or in communication within the kernel.
We still see evidence of this simple, monolithic structure in the UNIX, Linux,
and Windows operating systems.
Please talk about this discussion in your own words.
Discussion # 7
“Virtual Machines,” of Operating System Concepts
Type 1 Hypervisor
Type 1 hypervisors are commonly found in company data centers and are.
Cluster Computing
Super, Mainframe computers are not cost effective
Cluster technology have been developed that allow multiple low cost computers to work in coordinated fashion to process applications.
Operating Systems
Theory related to OS :
It Includes:
1. Unit I (COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM)
2. Unit II (OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE)
3. Unit III (PROCESS MANAGEMENT)
4. Unit IV (MEMORY MANAGEMENT)
5. Unit V (FILE SYSTEM)
6. Unit VI (INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM)
Chapter 1-Introduction.ppt
The document provides an introduction to distributed systems, including definitions, goals, types, and challenges. It defines a distributed system as a collection of independent computers that appear as a single system to users. Distributed systems aim to share resources and data across multiple computers for availability, reliability, scalability, and performance. There are three main types: distributed computing systems, distributed information systems, and distributed pervasive systems. Developing distributed systems faces challenges around concurrency, security, partial failures, and heterogeneity.
Cluster computing
This document provides an overview of cluster computing. It defines a cluster as multiple independent computers combined through software and networking to work together as a unified system. Clusters are used for high availability and high performance computing. There are different types of clusters, including high availability clusters designed to provide uninterrupted services if a node fails, and load balancing clusters that distribute requests across nodes. The document discusses cluster configuration, methods like passive standby and shared disks, architecture involving middleware, and compares clusters to symmetric multiprocessing systems.
Distributed Systems.pptx
Distributed computing involves a collection of independent computers that appear as a single coherent system to users. It allows for pooling of resources and increased reliability through replication. Key aspects of distributed systems include hiding the distribution from users, providing a consistent interface, scalability, and fault tolerance. Common examples are web search, online games, and financial trading systems. Distributed computing is used for tasks like high-performance computing through cluster and grid computing.
CSS 12 - Q1 - Lesson 3.pptx
This document defines and compares the two major types of network operating systems (NOS): peer-to-peer and client/server. A NOS is an operating system designed to support sharing of resources like files, printers, and applications between computers in a network. In a peer-to-peer NOS, all computers have equal abilities to access shared resources without a central server. In a client/server NOS, functions are centralized on dedicated file servers that provide resources to individual workstations or clients. Examples of each type and their relative advantages and disadvantages are provided.
Chapter 1- Introduction.ppt
This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The document then describes the evolution of operating systems and the services they provide, including process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and protection. It also discusses the structure of operating systems, describing simple/monolithic, layered, microkernel, modular, and hybrid approaches.
Os Ds Arch
There are three main approaches to operating system architecture for distributed systems: monolithic kernels, layered architectures, and microkernels. Microkernels provide only basic mechanisms like threads and inter-process communication, with other services run as user-level servers. This separates mechanisms from policies and allows services to be dynamically loaded as needed. Popular microkernel systems include Mach and QNX, which have advantages like extensibility and modularity but disadvantages in efficiency compared to monolithic kernels, which perform all functions in the kernel for better application performance but are difficult to extend. Many modern systems use hybrid approaches.
Cluster computing
A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed computer system, which consists of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together as a single integrated computing resource.
Chapter 1 -_characterization_of_distributed_systems
The document defines a distributed system and provides examples. It outlines the challenges in designing distributed systems, including heterogeneity, openness, security, scalability, failure handling, concurrency, and transparency. Distributed systems divide tasks across networked computers and aim to appear as a single computer to users.
Chapter One.ppt
This document provides an introduction and definition of distributed systems. It discusses that a distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that appear as a single system to users. It describes characteristics like transparency, openness, and scalability. Hardware concepts like shared memory multiprocessors and message passing multicomputers are covered. Software concepts like distributed operating systems and network operating systems are introduced. Transparency, organization, goals and examples of distributed systems are summarized.
Symmetric multiprocessing and Microkernel
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) involves connecting two or more identical processors to a single shared main memory. The processors have equal access to I/O devices and are controlled by a single operating system instance. An SMP operating system manages resources so that users see a multiprogramming uniprocessor system. Key design issues for SMP include simultaneous processes, scheduling, synchronization, memory management, and fault tolerance.
A microkernel is a small operating system core that provides modular extensions. Less essential services are built as user mode servers that communicate through the microkernel via messages. This provides advantages like uniform interfaces, extensibility, flexibility, portability, and increased security.
Types of operating system
The document discusses different types of operating systems, including batch, interactive, time-sharing, real-time, network, parallel, distributed, clustered, and handheld operating systems. It provides details on the key characteristics of each type, such as how batch systems work without direct user interaction, how time-sharing systems allow multiple users to access a computer simultaneously, and how distributed systems use multiple processors across a network. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of these different operating system classifications.
Distributed computing ).ppt him
A distributed computing system is a collection of interconnected processors with local memory that communicate via message passing. There are various models including minicomputer, workstation, workstation-server, and processor pool. Distributed systems provide advantages like supporting distributed applications, sharing information and resources, extensibility, shorter response times, higher reliability, flexibility, and better price-performance ratio compared to centralized systems.
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