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Appendages of thorax
This document discusses the appendages of the thorax (legs and wings) and abdomen (male and female genitalia) in insects. It describes the typical structure of insect legs, and various modifications including cursorial, saltatorial, raptorial, fossorial, natatorial, clinging, silk secreting, antenna cleaner, pollen collecting, and basket-like legs. Wing structures are also summarized, including typical wings, wing modifications like elytra and hemelytra, and wing coupling apparatuses. Finally, the document provides an overview of male and female genitalia in insects.
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Appendages of thorax
- 1. APPENDAGES OF THORAX(LEGS & WINGS) AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS, ABDOMEN (MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA) Dr. Muhammad Hamid Bashir Assistant Professor Department of Entomology University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
- 2. OUTLINE Legs Typical leg Modifications Wings •Typical • Modifications Wings coupling apparatusAbdomen Genitalia • Male • Female APPENDAGES OF THORAX
- 3. FUN FACTS ABOUTINSECTS Most successful creatures on the planet Insects have been around for at least 350 million years Over 900,000 described species (75% of all animal species) Biomass •Diversified Habitat from aquatic to terrestrial
- 4. AN INSECT Head Thorax Abdomen 3pairs of legs
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- 6. Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax Leg ILeg II Leg III Pterothorax Thorax Fore wing Hind wing
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- 8. Typical Leg 1stbasal segment Large, elongated. Attached with body by coxal corium membrane Coxa
- 9. Small, Triangular segment,Fixed with femur Trochanter
- 10. Long andthick segment Femur Fishbone provided muscles on it Narrows towards apex Femasulcus` Brunners organ on it
- 11. Long, slender Tibia Spines over it Strong spurs at apex
- 12. 3 segmented Tarsus 1st segment longer than 2nd 3rd segment largest Plantulae present Claws present Arolium
- 13. CURSORIAL Femur normalnot thickened Femur and tibia are long Legs are well developed similar in form • Metaleg of cockroach Ambulatory or walking
- 14. Pro leg ofGrasshopper
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- 19. Red Cotton Bug ProLeg Meso Leg
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- 23. Leaping orjumping Femur with powerful muscles and thick. Metaleg of grasshopper SALTATORIAL
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- 26. Catching orgrasping Coxa is very long Femur long, thick with spines Tibia is shorter Proleg of mantid RAPTORIAL
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- 29. Parts arereduced and flattened for digging. Tibia has finger like projections. The tarsus is produced into three finger like processes Proleg of mole cricket FOSSORIAL Digging
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- 32. Swimming Allparts flattened and tarsus with hairs Metaleg of water beetle. NATATORIAL
- 33. Tibia hassmall process at apex. Tibia with claw. Louce CLINGING
- 34. 1st segmentof tarsus swollen and contains silk glands. Proleg of female web spinner SILK SCRETING
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- 36. Apex oftibia with large spur. Many Hairs over it Proleg of worker honey bees ANTENNA CLEANER
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- 39. Has polliniferousapparatus, Corbicula Metaleg of worker honeybees POLLEN COLLECTING
- 42. During flightall legs come together to form a basket. Dragonfly and damselfy BASKET LIKE
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- 45. Wing development • Apterous(without wings) • Brachypterous (Reduced wings) • Macropterous (Well developed wings) • Wing pads (In nymphs of Exopterygota)
- 46. WINGS MARGINS ANDAREAS Disc With maximum veins
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- 48. Longitudenal veins Costa (C) Subcosta(Sc) Radius (R) Media (M) Cubitus (Cu) Anals (A) Unbranced 2-branced 5-branced 6-branced 2-branced 3 or 4 anals unbranched
- 49. Humeral (h) Radial (r) Sectorial(s) Radiomedial (r-m) Medial (m) Mediocubital (m-cu) Cross veins
- 50. INSECT WING costa subcosta radius medial cubitus anal jugal h= Costa +Subcosta r= R1 + Rs s = R3 + R4 r-m = R + M m = M2 + M3 m -cu= M + Cu
- 51. • Archedictyon (Irregularnetwork of veins) • Nodus (Thick short cross vein in the midded of costal margin) • Pterostigma (Pigmented spot in costal margin) • Marginal Setae (Thrips) Archedictyon
- 52. Cells of Wings •Open Cells (Area extends to the margin of the wing) • Closed Cells (Area completely surrounded by veins)
- 53. TAGMINA Forewings modifiedinto long, narrow, hard and slightly thick structure. Grasshopper Cockroaches Mantids Crickets
- 54. ELYTRA Forewings modified thickand hard. Beetles, Weevils, Earwigs
- 55. HEMELYTRA Basal partof forewing hard and thick Apical part thin and membranous Bugs
- 56. HALTERES Hind wings modifiedinto tiny knobbed structure. Flies
- 57. PSEUDOHALTERES Forewings modifiedinto halteres Male stylopids
- 58. FILOHALTERES Hindwings modifiedinto long thread like structure Some Lacewings Ribbon winged insects
- 59. STRIPPY Strips orrod like structure and fringed with long hairs. Thrips
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- 61. MEMBRANOUS Hind wingsvery thin and broad like membrane. Grasshopper
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- 64. OVERLAPPING Fore wingoverlaps the anterior border of the hind wing. Butterflies
- 65. FRENULUM & RETINACULUM Frenulum (GeomatridMoth) Retinaculum (Geomatrid Moth)
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- 75. MALE GENITALIA Genital organsare called phallic complex Phallic complex contains aedeagus and epiphallus Aedeagus flask shaped wrapped in ectophallic membrane Basal valves connected to apical lobes Penis present in phallotreme cleft.
- 76. Epiphallus is collarlike present on dorsal side of aedeagus. Consist of two long lateral sclerites connected with a bridge Have two two hook like posterior projections
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- 79. Subgenital platevery large with egg guide present posteriorly. Ovipositor consists of dorsal and ventral valves. Valves have tips directed in opposite directions Egg guide is triangular present between valves of ovipositor. FEMALE GENITALIA
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