Join us for a LIVE WEBINAR on this topic! Wednesday, November 14, 2:00pm ET
http://bit.ly/XPgjO7
Wide bandwidth modulation is becoming more common in communications. The emergence of the 802.11ac wireless Ethernet standard has extended the modulation bandwidth to 160 MHz which requires very wide band measurement equipment to measure. This presentation illustrates the details of a measurement method that uses a real time digital down converter and post processing software that measures the performance of this signal.
The document provides an overview of advanced spectrum analyzer measurements and architecture. It begins with a definition of a spectrum analyzer and its basic components. It then discusses features such as resolution bandwidth, detectors, and measurements over time. The document outlines the evolution of spectrum analyzer capabilities from the 1990s to present. It concludes with descriptions of standard measurements and an introduction to advanced measurements capabilities of modern spectrum analyzers.
(Slides from Live webinar on September 25, 2014, presented by Mike Schnecker. Watch the webinar On-Demand here: http://goo.gl/LkjUUg)
Attendees Will Learn:
An overview of switched mode power supplies
Common measurements (ie, what to measure and why)
Circuit loading and probing considerations
How instrument specifications impact measurement accuracy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications.
In this webinar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
A radio receiver uses radio waves to convert information into a usable form. It selects the desired signal, amplifies it, and demodulates it. A superheterodyne receiver converts incoming radio frequencies to a lower intermediate frequency. It has five sections - RF, mixer/converter, IF, audio detector, and audio amplifier. The intermediate frequency remains constant, providing high selectivity and sensitivity across the tuning range. The superheterodyne concept is used in most modern receivers due to its performance advantages.
This document provides an overview of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. UWB uses short radio pulses rather than modulated carrier waves for communication. It has advantages like high data transfer rates, low power usage, immunity to interference, and ability to pass through obstacles. UWB can be used for applications such as wireless local area networks, sensor networks, tracking/positioning, and communications. The document discusses UWB principles, technologies like impulse radio, challenges including standardization, and potential applications and advantages of UWB technology.
K factor >1 does not ensure unconditional stability !Stephane Dellier
This document compares Rollet factor analysis and pole-zero identification for assessing stability in microwave amplifiers. Rollet factor analysis determines if a circuit could exhibit negative resistance for any passive source/load impedances, but does not guarantee oscillation. Pole-zero identification directly tests stability by identifying unstable poles. It can predict stability over a range of fixed impedances or for large signal regimes, and can verify the Rollet proviso by identifying internal instabilities. The document provides examples of incorrect Rollet factor use and emphasizes always verifying the Rollet proviso, especially for multistage amplifiers, using pole-zero identification.
The document provides an introduction to vector network analysis. It discusses key topics like transmission lines, S-parameters, network analyzer architecture, calibration techniques, and common measurements. Vector network analyzers are used to characterize two-port devices by measuring the amplitude and phase of signals transmitted and reflected within the device. Calibration is necessary to remove systematic measurement errors and allow accurate determination of S-parameters.
The document provides an overview of advanced spectrum analyzer measurements and architecture. It begins with a definition of a spectrum analyzer and its basic components. It then discusses features such as resolution bandwidth, detectors, and measurements over time. The document outlines the evolution of spectrum analyzer capabilities from the 1990s to present. It concludes with descriptions of standard measurements and an introduction to advanced measurements capabilities of modern spectrum analyzers.
(Slides from Live webinar on September 25, 2014, presented by Mike Schnecker. Watch the webinar On-Demand here: http://goo.gl/LkjUUg)
Attendees Will Learn:
An overview of switched mode power supplies
Common measurements (ie, what to measure and why)
Circuit loading and probing considerations
How instrument specifications impact measurement accuracy
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications.
In this webinar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
A radio receiver uses radio waves to convert information into a usable form. It selects the desired signal, amplifies it, and demodulates it. A superheterodyne receiver converts incoming radio frequencies to a lower intermediate frequency. It has five sections - RF, mixer/converter, IF, audio detector, and audio amplifier. The intermediate frequency remains constant, providing high selectivity and sensitivity across the tuning range. The superheterodyne concept is used in most modern receivers due to its performance advantages.
This document provides an overview of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. UWB uses short radio pulses rather than modulated carrier waves for communication. It has advantages like high data transfer rates, low power usage, immunity to interference, and ability to pass through obstacles. UWB can be used for applications such as wireless local area networks, sensor networks, tracking/positioning, and communications. The document discusses UWB principles, technologies like impulse radio, challenges including standardization, and potential applications and advantages of UWB technology.
K factor >1 does not ensure unconditional stability !Stephane Dellier
This document compares Rollet factor analysis and pole-zero identification for assessing stability in microwave amplifiers. Rollet factor analysis determines if a circuit could exhibit negative resistance for any passive source/load impedances, but does not guarantee oscillation. Pole-zero identification directly tests stability by identifying unstable poles. It can predict stability over a range of fixed impedances or for large signal regimes, and can verify the Rollet proviso by identifying internal instabilities. The document provides examples of incorrect Rollet factor use and emphasizes always verifying the Rollet proviso, especially for multistage amplifiers, using pole-zero identification.
The document provides an introduction to vector network analysis. It discusses key topics like transmission lines, S-parameters, network analyzer architecture, calibration techniques, and common measurements. Vector network analyzers are used to characterize two-port devices by measuring the amplitude and phase of signals transmitted and reflected within the device. Calibration is necessary to remove systematic measurement errors and allow accurate determination of S-parameters.
The document discusses different types of linear-beam microwave tubes, specifically focusing on klystron tubes. It provides details on the operation of two-cavity klystrons and reflex klystrons. Two-cavity klystrons work by velocity modulating electrons in the first cavity which become current modulated before interacting with the second cavity to produce microwave power. Reflex klystrons use a single cavity and repeller field to reflect electrons, allowing them to interact twice with the cavity field and function as an oscillator. Quantitative analyses of velocity modulation, power output, and efficiency are also presented.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on microwave signal generation. It discusses:
- Microwave signal generation using microwave tubes like klystrons, magnetrons, and travelling wave tubes, as well as solid state devices like Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes, and TRAPATT diodes.
- The operating principles, frequency ranges, power outputs, and applications of these different microwave generation technologies.
- TRAPATT diodes in more detail, explaining their plasma avalanche operating principle, typical construction as a p+nn+ structure, and excitation using a current pulse to cause avalanche multiplication.
- A comparison of key specs and uses of IMPATT, TRAPATT,
Transmission Characteristics of optical fiberkavithasuresh19
This document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fiber. It begins by introducing key properties like signal attenuation and distortion. Attenuation is caused by absorption and scattering losses, and is measured in dB/km. Distortion occurs as pulses broaden over distance due to various dispersion mechanisms. The document then provides detailed explanations and examples of different types of attenuation, including absorption from defects, impurities, and the fiber material itself. It also covers scattering losses from Rayleigh and Mie scattering. Finally, it discusses dispersion effects and how they cause pulses to spread over time.
The document provides an overview of MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems in wireless communications. It discusses how MIMO can provide array gain, diversity gain, and multiplexing gain to improve spectral efficiency, coverage, and quality of service. It also describes how MIMO reduces co-channel interference. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity results for different scenarios. It concludes by discussing how MIMO can be used to maximize diversity or throughput through different transmission techniques.
Describes Fiber Optics using Optical Ray Theory.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.
This document outlines different models for wireless signal propagation and path loss. It discusses free space path loss models, ray tracing models, a two path model, and empirical path loss models. The free space model shows path loss proportional to the square of the distance. Ray tracing models incorporate reflections, scattering, and diffraction based on environment details. Empirical models are based on extensive measurements but do not generalize well. Simplified path loss models capture the main characteristics of ray tracing with distance exponents typically between 2-8.
La red GPON es una tecnología de acceso de fibra óptica pasiva que distribuye información a través de una red de fibra óptica sin elementos activos externos. Consiste en un elemento activo OLT en la central telefónica, fibra óptica, divisores ópticos pasivos, y elementos ONT pasivos en los hogares de los usuarios. Puede dar servicio a miles de usuarios simultáneamente con altas velocidades de hasta 2.5 Gbps de bajada y 1.25 Gbps de subida.
Access the video from this presentation for free from
http://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/DebuggingEMISS_On-Demand.html
Overview:
Electromagnetic interference is increasingly becoming a problem in complex systems that must interoperate in both digital and RF domains. When failures due to EMI occur it is often difficult to track down the sources of such failures using standard test receivers and spectrum analyzers. The unique ability of real-time spectrum analysis and synchronous time domain signal acquisition to capture transient events can quickly reveals details about the sources of EMI.
What You Will Learn:
How to isolate and analyze sources of EMI using an oscilloscope
Measurement considerations for correlating time and frequency domains
Near field probing basics
Presented By:
Dave Rishavy, Product Manager Oscilloscopes, Rohde & Schwarz
Dave Rishavy has a BS in Electrical Engineering from Florida State University and an MBA from the University of Colorado. Prior to joining Rohde and Schwarz, Mr. Rishavy gained over 15 years of experience in the test and measurement field at Agilent Technologies. This included positions in a wide range of technical marketing areas such as application engineering, product marketing, marketing management and strategic product planning. While at Agilent, Dave led the marketing and industry segment teams for the Infiniium line of oscilloscopes as well as high end logic analysis.
El documento describe varios modelos de propagación para comunicaciones inalámbricas. Estos modelos matemáticos calculan las pérdidas de señal en diferentes entornos y pueden clasificarse como empíricos, teóricos o semi-empíricos. Los modelos más comunes para exteriores incluyen el modelo de Okumura y el modelo Ericsson 9999, mientras que el modelo Motley-Keenan es conocido para interiores.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
The document discusses RF transceivers, considering architectures like heterodyne receivers, direct conversion receivers, and digital IF receivers. It also discusses transmitter architectures like direct conversion and two-step transmitters. Characterization of RF transceivers includes tests for sensitivity, dynamic range, unwanted emissions, and modulation mask compliance. An example Philips GSM transceiver implementation is presented using a 1.3GHz VCO, 800MHz VLO, and fabricated using 13GHz BiCMOS technology.
The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.
This document discusses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless communication technology. It provides an overview of CDMA, including that it uses unique digital codes to allow multiple users to access the same radio channel simultaneously. The document also covers CDMA specifications and standards like IS-95, as well as comparing CDMA to other multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA. It addresses topics such as the near-far problem and how CDMA provides advantages like increased network capacity but also challenges like potential self-interference.
This document discusses microwave frequency planning principles for telecommunication networks. It covers dividing microwave frequencies into bands, selecting appropriate bands based on factors like link distance and available channels, and configuring frequency channels to minimize interference. Frequency planning aims to make efficient use of spectrum while ensuring network availability by avoiding interference between new and existing microwave links.
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital ReceiverMadhumita Tamhane
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
This document discusses various equalization techniques used in mobile communication systems. It describes that equalization is used to compensate for inter-symbol interference caused when the modulation bandwidth exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the radio channel. There are three main techniques discussed: equalization, diversity, and channel coding. Equalization counters inter-symbol interference, diversity reduces fading, and channel coding improves link performance by adding redundant data bits. Linear transversal equalizers and lattice equalizers are described as common equalizer structures.
The document describes the key components and operation of a super heterodyne receiver. It has five main sections: RF section, mixer/converter section, IF section, audio detector section, and audio amplifier section. The RF section captures the signal and RF amplifier boosts it. The mixer downconverts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency. The IF section filters and amplifies the IF signal before the audio detector extracts the audio signal, which is then amplified in the audio section. Benefits of this receiver design include simplicity, good fidelity, selectivity, and adaptability.
This document discusses concepts in RF system design, including active RF components like transistors and basic RF concepts. It covers the frequency range of RF, semiconductor materials used in RF like GaN, GaAs, and SiGe. Specific RF devices discussed include Schottky diodes, which are used in RF detectors, mixers, oscillators and amplifiers due to their smaller junction capacitance. Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs) are also covered, noting that BJTs are widely used in RF applications due to their low cost, operating frequency, low noise performance and high power handling capacity through specialized construction designs.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
Radar Systems- Unit-III : MTI and Pulse Doppler RadarsVenkataRatnam14
This document provides an overview of moving target indication (MTI) and pulse Doppler radar systems. It describes the basic principles of MTI radar, including using Doppler shift to distinguish moving targets from clutter. It discusses different types of MTI radars and delay line cancellers. It also covers topics like blind speeds, staggered PRFs, range gated Doppler filters, and limitations to MTI performance. The key difference between MTI and pulse Doppler radar mentioned is that MTI radar operates with ambiguous Doppler but unambiguous range, while pulse Doppler radar has ambiguous range but unambiguous Doppler.
The document discusses different types of linear-beam microwave tubes, specifically focusing on klystron tubes. It provides details on the operation of two-cavity klystrons and reflex klystrons. Two-cavity klystrons work by velocity modulating electrons in the first cavity which become current modulated before interacting with the second cavity to produce microwave power. Reflex klystrons use a single cavity and repeller field to reflect electrons, allowing them to interact twice with the cavity field and function as an oscillator. Quantitative analyses of velocity modulation, power output, and efficiency are also presented.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on microwave signal generation. It discusses:
- Microwave signal generation using microwave tubes like klystrons, magnetrons, and travelling wave tubes, as well as solid state devices like Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes, and TRAPATT diodes.
- The operating principles, frequency ranges, power outputs, and applications of these different microwave generation technologies.
- TRAPATT diodes in more detail, explaining their plasma avalanche operating principle, typical construction as a p+nn+ structure, and excitation using a current pulse to cause avalanche multiplication.
- A comparison of key specs and uses of IMPATT, TRAPATT,
Transmission Characteristics of optical fiberkavithasuresh19
This document discusses the transmission characteristics of optical fiber. It begins by introducing key properties like signal attenuation and distortion. Attenuation is caused by absorption and scattering losses, and is measured in dB/km. Distortion occurs as pulses broaden over distance due to various dispersion mechanisms. The document then provides detailed explanations and examples of different types of attenuation, including absorption from defects, impurities, and the fiber material itself. It also covers scattering losses from Rayleigh and Mie scattering. Finally, it discusses dispersion effects and how they cause pulses to spread over time.
The document provides an overview of MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems in wireless communications. It discusses how MIMO can provide array gain, diversity gain, and multiplexing gain to improve spectral efficiency, coverage, and quality of service. It also describes how MIMO reduces co-channel interference. The document covers MIMO channel models and capacity results for different scenarios. It concludes by discussing how MIMO can be used to maximize diversity or throughput through different transmission techniques.
Describes Fiber Optics using Optical Ray Theory.
For comments please contact me at solo.hermelin@gmail.com.
For more presentations visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com.
The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.
This document outlines different models for wireless signal propagation and path loss. It discusses free space path loss models, ray tracing models, a two path model, and empirical path loss models. The free space model shows path loss proportional to the square of the distance. Ray tracing models incorporate reflections, scattering, and diffraction based on environment details. Empirical models are based on extensive measurements but do not generalize well. Simplified path loss models capture the main characteristics of ray tracing with distance exponents typically between 2-8.
La red GPON es una tecnología de acceso de fibra óptica pasiva que distribuye información a través de una red de fibra óptica sin elementos activos externos. Consiste en un elemento activo OLT en la central telefónica, fibra óptica, divisores ópticos pasivos, y elementos ONT pasivos en los hogares de los usuarios. Puede dar servicio a miles de usuarios simultáneamente con altas velocidades de hasta 2.5 Gbps de bajada y 1.25 Gbps de subida.
Access the video from this presentation for free from
http://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/DebuggingEMISS_On-Demand.html
Overview:
Electromagnetic interference is increasingly becoming a problem in complex systems that must interoperate in both digital and RF domains. When failures due to EMI occur it is often difficult to track down the sources of such failures using standard test receivers and spectrum analyzers. The unique ability of real-time spectrum analysis and synchronous time domain signal acquisition to capture transient events can quickly reveals details about the sources of EMI.
What You Will Learn:
How to isolate and analyze sources of EMI using an oscilloscope
Measurement considerations for correlating time and frequency domains
Near field probing basics
Presented By:
Dave Rishavy, Product Manager Oscilloscopes, Rohde & Schwarz
Dave Rishavy has a BS in Electrical Engineering from Florida State University and an MBA from the University of Colorado. Prior to joining Rohde and Schwarz, Mr. Rishavy gained over 15 years of experience in the test and measurement field at Agilent Technologies. This included positions in a wide range of technical marketing areas such as application engineering, product marketing, marketing management and strategic product planning. While at Agilent, Dave led the marketing and industry segment teams for the Infiniium line of oscilloscopes as well as high end logic analysis.
El documento describe varios modelos de propagación para comunicaciones inalámbricas. Estos modelos matemáticos calculan las pérdidas de señal en diferentes entornos y pueden clasificarse como empíricos, teóricos o semi-empíricos. Los modelos más comunes para exteriores incluyen el modelo de Okumura y el modelo Ericsson 9999, mientras que el modelo Motley-Keenan es conocido para interiores.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
The document discusses RF transceivers, considering architectures like heterodyne receivers, direct conversion receivers, and digital IF receivers. It also discusses transmitter architectures like direct conversion and two-step transmitters. Characterization of RF transceivers includes tests for sensitivity, dynamic range, unwanted emissions, and modulation mask compliance. An example Philips GSM transceiver implementation is presented using a 1.3GHz VCO, 800MHz VLO, and fabricated using 13GHz BiCMOS technology.
The document provides information on the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 3G. It discusses the key components and architecture of cellular systems including base stations, mobile switching centers and their connection to the public switched telephone network. It also compares the differences between wireless and wired networks, and describes some of the limitations of early wireless networking. Finally, it covers topics like traffic routing, circuit switching, packet switching and the X.25 protocol.
This document discusses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless communication technology. It provides an overview of CDMA, including that it uses unique digital codes to allow multiple users to access the same radio channel simultaneously. The document also covers CDMA specifications and standards like IS-95, as well as comparing CDMA to other multiple access technologies like TDMA and FDMA. It addresses topics such as the near-far problem and how CDMA provides advantages like increased network capacity but also challenges like potential self-interference.
This document discusses microwave frequency planning principles for telecommunication networks. It covers dividing microwave frequencies into bands, selecting appropriate bands based on factors like link distance and available channels, and configuring frequency channels to minimize interference. Frequency planning aims to make efficient use of spectrum while ensuring network availability by avoiding interference between new and existing microwave links.
Optical Fiber Communication Part 3 Optical Digital ReceiverMadhumita Tamhane
Current generated by photodetector is very weak and is adversely effected by random noises associated with photo detection process. When amplified, this signal further gets corrupted by amplifiers. Noise considerations are thus important in designing optical receivers.
Most meaningful criteria for measuring performance of a digital communication system is average error probability, and in analog system, it is peak signal to rms noise ratio. ...
This document discusses various equalization techniques used in mobile communication systems. It describes that equalization is used to compensate for inter-symbol interference caused when the modulation bandwidth exceeds the coherence bandwidth of the radio channel. There are three main techniques discussed: equalization, diversity, and channel coding. Equalization counters inter-symbol interference, diversity reduces fading, and channel coding improves link performance by adding redundant data bits. Linear transversal equalizers and lattice equalizers are described as common equalizer structures.
The document describes the key components and operation of a super heterodyne receiver. It has five main sections: RF section, mixer/converter section, IF section, audio detector section, and audio amplifier section. The RF section captures the signal and RF amplifier boosts it. The mixer downconverts the RF signal to an intermediate frequency. The IF section filters and amplifies the IF signal before the audio detector extracts the audio signal, which is then amplified in the audio section. Benefits of this receiver design include simplicity, good fidelity, selectivity, and adaptability.
This document discusses concepts in RF system design, including active RF components like transistors and basic RF concepts. It covers the frequency range of RF, semiconductor materials used in RF like GaN, GaAs, and SiGe. Specific RF devices discussed include Schottky diodes, which are used in RF detectors, mixers, oscillators and amplifiers due to their smaller junction capacitance. Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs) are also covered, noting that BJTs are widely used in RF applications due to their low cost, operating frequency, low noise performance and high power handling capacity through specialized construction designs.
4g LTE and LTE-A for mobile broadband-notePei-Che Chang
This document discusses the basic principles of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmission. It covers several key topics:
1) OFDM uses multiple subcarriers to transmit data in parallel. The subcarriers are spaced closely together with minimal spacing between them.
2) OFDM modulation and demodulation can be implemented efficiently using IDFT/DFT (IFFT/FFT) processing.
3) Cyclic prefixes are added to combat inter-symbol interference from multipath channels. This preserves subcarrier orthogonality.
4) With a cyclic prefix, the channel appears flat on each subcarrier, allowing one-tap frequency domain equalization. Channel estimation is done using reference symbols.
Radar Systems- Unit-III : MTI and Pulse Doppler RadarsVenkataRatnam14
This document provides an overview of moving target indication (MTI) and pulse Doppler radar systems. It describes the basic principles of MTI radar, including using Doppler shift to distinguish moving targets from clutter. It discusses different types of MTI radars and delay line cancellers. It also covers topics like blind speeds, staggered PRFs, range gated Doppler filters, and limitations to MTI performance. The key difference between MTI and pulse Doppler radar mentioned is that MTI radar operates with ambiguous Doppler but unambiguous range, while pulse Doppler radar has ambiguous range but unambiguous Doppler.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
Analysis Of Ofdm Parameters Using Cyclostationary Spectrum SensingOmer Ali
Defining Software Defined Radios, Cognitive Radios, the need for spectrum sensing and an insight on the Cyclostationary parameters that better help in feature detection in Cognitive Radios
The document discusses receiver architecture and design requirements. It covers:
1. The receiver must provide high gain of 100dB while spread across RF, IF, and baseband stages to avoid instability. It must also be sensitive to weak signals down to -110dBm and reject strong adjacent channels.
2. A superheterodyne receiver is most common as it allows for sharper filters at IF to improve selectivity. Downconverting to IF also eases image filtering requirements.
3. Automatic gain control is needed to adjust the receiver gain over a wide range of input signal levels and fit them into the baseband processing range. It helps prevent compression from strong signals exceeding the 1dB compression point.
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM, MIMO, and SC-FDMA used in the downlink and uplink. It describes the evolution of 3GPP specifications from Release 8 to Release 11 and introduces the LTE system architecture components including the E-UTRAN, EPC, eNodeB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. The document also explains features of LTE such as channel dependent scheduling, inter-cell interference coordination, and multicast/broadcast services. Special features in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are introduced.
The document contains contents and procedures for experiments in a communication lab manual, including designing various types of active filters like low pass, high pass, band pass and band elimination filters using op-amps. It provides circuit diagrams and design steps for second order Butterworth filters and specifies how to obtain the frequency response and roll off values by varying the input frequency and measuring the output voltage.
The document contains contents and procedures for experiments in a communication lab manual, including building and testing second-order active filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-elimination), determining their frequency responses, and calculating their roll-offs. Tables are provided to record input and output voltages and gains at different frequencies to characterize the filters. Instructions ensure equipment is tested before experiments and guide building the filter circuits according to given specifications.
This document discusses earth stations, which transmit and receive signals to and from satellites using dish-shaped antennas. It describes the key components of both analog and digital earth station setups. Analog setups transmit one program per channel and require high power, while digital setups can transmit many more programs using compression and more efficient modulation schemes. The components of a digital earth station include encoders, multiplexers, modulators, up/down converters, high power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, and antennas.
This document discusses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its use in wireless communication standards. It begins by introducing OFDM and describing its advantages like robustness to multipath interference and ability to use frequency diversity. It then covers key OFDM concepts like modulation, cyclic prefix, and synchronization using preambles. The document provides block diagrams of an OFDM transceiver and details performance metrics for synchronization and channel estimation algorithms. In summary, it provides an overview of OFDM technology fundamentals and transceiver design considerations for wireless applications.
RF testing has remained hype for most of us. But seriously it is not so. It can be very interesting and one can develop a lot of interest in this if given an opportunity.
In this paper, authors have started with the some basic concepts of radio engineering which we studied in engineering and built upon these concepts to use in practical applications.
We have also described the basic principles of Signal Analyzer and Signal Generator which are the most common test tools used for any radio testing.
This document discusses demodulation, or detection, which is the process of recovering the audio frequency (AF) signal from a modulated radio frequency (RF) carrier wave. It describes the basic operations involved in demodulating an amplitude modulated (AM) wave and a frequency modulated (FM) wave. Specifically for AM detection, it explains the essential process of rectification using a diode detector circuit to recover the AF signal envelope. For FM detection, it discusses converting frequency variations in the FM signal into voltage changes using a quadrature detector circuit.
Embedded systems increasingly employ digital, analog and RF signals all of which are tightly synchronized in time. Debugging these systems is challenging in that one needs to measure a number of different signals in one or more domains (time, digital, frequency) and with tight time synchronization. This session will discuss how a digital oscilloscope can be used to effectively debug these systems, and some of the instrumentation considerations that go along with this.
Frequency Modulation In Data TransmissionBise Mond
The document discusses frequency modulation (FM) in data transmission. It defines key terms like frequency, modulation, data, and transmission. It describes different types of modulation including FM and how it differs from amplitude modulation. It discusses narrowband and wideband FM, how to generate FM signals both indirectly using an integrator and directly using a voltage-controlled oscillator. It also covers FM demodulation using frequency discrimination and phase-locked loops. Finally, it provides details on stereo FM transmission, including how the left and right signals are combined for compatibility with mono receivers.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP specification releases that defined LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. It explains technologies like carrier aggregation and CoMP used in LTE-Advanced. Key physical layer aspects of LTE like resource allocation and scheduling are also summarized.
Frequency Modulation In Data TransmissionBise Mond
This presentation includes concepts of FM, generation of FM, transmission, reception, with the concepts of stereo FM and some basic circuitry of receiver and transmitter system.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document discusses channel estimation techniques for MIMO-OFDM systems using QAM and QPSK modulation. It investigates least squares (LS), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based channel estimation. LS and MMSE techniques are used to estimate the channel at pilot subcarriers. Time-domain interpolation is then applied to estimate channels at data subcarriers. Simulation results show that applying DFT to the estimated channel powers improves the performance of channel estimators, especially for QPSK modulation.
This document discusses multi-carrier transmission over mobile radio channels. It introduces OFDM and MC-CDMA techniques for combating multipath interference in mobile channels. It describes various receiver designs for OFDM and MC-CDMA, including matrix inversion and decision feedback equalization approaches to estimate channel amplitudes and derivatives in order to reduce intercarrier interference caused by Doppler spread. Simulation results show performance improvements of these techniques over conventional OFDM.
This document discusses using code division multiple access (CDMA) technique for optical fiber transmission. It aims to take advantage of optical fiber's large bandwidth and use CDMA to allow multiple users to access the channel simultaneously with unique PN codes. The key points are:
1. CDMA uses digital coding instead of frequency or time division for multiple access, giving each user a unique pseudorandom noise (PN) code.
2. The system uses PN codes to spread user signals before combining them and transmitting over fiber. Receivers correlate with assigned PN codes to separate signals.
3. Experiments are designed to test low pass, band pass, and electrical-optical conversion circuits needed for the CD
This document provides an overview of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It defines OFDM as a digital modulation technique that splits a high-rate data stream into multiple lower-rate streams and transmits them simultaneously over a number of subcarriers. The main advantages of OFDM are high spectral efficiency, resilience to radio interference and multipath fading. Common applications of OFDM include wireless networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX and digital audio/video broadcasting.
Similar to Wideband Complex Modulation Analysis Using a Real-Time Digital Demodulator (20)
This White Paper provides a general overview of various military and commercial radar systems. It also covers some typical measurements on such systems and their components.
Learn more about Radar Component Testing here: https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/solutions/test-and-measurement/aerospace-defense/radar-ew-test/radar-component-testing/radar-component-testing_250800.html
Much of the success or failure of #5G will come down to securing the right amount of spectrum, at the right cost, under the right conditions. Here's where specific regions are placing their bets.
*As of April 26, 2019.
Learn more about 5G solutions from Rohde & Schwarz:
http://bit.ly/2ILV7cA
Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019.
RF Lumination 2019
"Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!"
Watch all the presentations here:
https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html
Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.
This document provides an introduction and refresher on decibels (dB), which are commonly used to measure power levels, voltages, noise figures, and other quantities. It explains the definition of dB, what dBm means, and the difference between voltage dB and power dB. The document also covers how to convert between dB and percentage values and how to perform calculations when adding or comparing dB quantities. It aims to help engineers better understand and apply the dB scale in their work.
Switched mode power supplies have become ubiquitous in electronics as they provide precise voltages including high power with very high efficiency. The efficiency of these power supplies requires low loss power transistors and the design requires measurement of highly dynamic voltages. Voltage levels can vary from millivolts to hundreds of volts in some applications. In this seminar, the proper use of a digital oscilloscope to accurately measure these voltages will be discussed along with key aspects of instrument performance such as noise and overdrive recovery that affect the accuracy of the measurement.
This document provides an introduction to RF design, covering key concepts such as the RF spectrum, transmitter and receiver components like antennas, filters, amplifiers and mixers, and modulation techniques. It also discusses important considerations for RF link design such as link budget and environmental factors. Test equipment used for verification is explained, including spectrum analyzers, signal generators, vector network analyzers and power meters. The goal is to provide foundational knowledge for the design of radio frequency systems.
This document provides an overview and agenda for an oscilloscope fundamentals workshop. The agenda covers choosing an oscilloscope, probing basics including passive probe compensation and ground lead effects, vertical system components like input coupling and scale, sampling and acquisition concepts like aliasing and rate, horizontal system parameters, trigger systems including runt triggering, and using an oscilloscope for EMI debugging. Hands-on workshops are included to demonstrate various topics like probe compensation, ground loop effects, input coupling, aliasing, display update rate, and using near-field probes for EMI analysis. The goal is to review important oscilloscope concepts and allow participants to experiment with the effects of different settings and probe techniques.
Jitter measurements are commonly done taking small snapshots in time, yet systems often experience jitter from sources that occur over relatively long time intervals, which may not be accounted for using short time interval measurements methods.
In this webinar we will present the application of a real time, digital clock recovery and trigger system to the measurement of jitter on clock and data signals. Details of the measurement methodology will be provided along with measurement examples on both clock and data signals.
You Will Learn:
- What is Jitter
- Different types of Jitter
- Jitter measurement techniques
- Benefits of Jitter analysis using real-time DDC techniques
This document provides an introduction to pulse repetition interval (PRI) analysis and deinterleaving from an electronic intelligence (ELINT) perspective. It discusses key concepts such as PRI, unambiguous range and velocity, range-velocity ambiguity, optimum PRI for medium PRF radars, and PRI stagger. The document explains how understanding radar constraints such as range resolution, integration time limits, Doppler resolution, and frequency agility can help an ELINT analyst correctly interpret radar signals and anticipate signal characteristics.
This document discusses crosstalk measurements for signal integrity applications. It begins with an introduction to crosstalk, including a brief history, definition, why it is important, and types of crosstalk. It then covers measurement methods for crosstalk, including time domain and frequency domain measurements. Frequency domain measurements using a vector network analyzer are highlighted as they provide accurate, high dynamic range characterization of crosstalk. The document stresses the importance of crosstalk characterization given increasing data rates and device densities.
This document discusses measuring jitter using phase noise techniques. It begins with an overview of jitter and phase noise concepts. It then describes how jitter can be measured in the time domain using an oscilloscope and in the frequency domain using a phase noise analyzer. It explains how phase noise measurements can be used to derive random and deterministic jitter. The document provides examples of measuring very low jitter signals and calculating jitter contributions from phase noise spurs. It concludes with a discussion of calculating peak-to-peak jitter from RMS jitter measurements and references for further information.
Differential structures such as backplanes and cables are the primary means for transmitting high speed serial data signals. Signal integrity of these systems is determined by the characteristics of the media such as insertion loss, crosstalk, and differential to common mode conversion.
Complete measurement of the mixed mode s-parameters is often performed by transforming single-ended s-parameters and assuming that the system is linear. In some cases, linearity cannot be assumed such as where active components are used.
This presentation describes how to measure true differential s-parameters which can be measured even in the presence of non-linear elements.
The USB 2.0 standard is widely deployed in both computer and embedded systems. Compliance testing for this standard includes signal integrity as well as a number of low-level protocol tests.
This presentation provides an overview of the test requirements for USB 2.0 compliance and provide background on each test case. Details of fixtures and signal integrity requirements are highlighted in detail.
For more information visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
LTE Measurement: How to test a device
This course provides an overview with practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receier sensitivity, and how to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will present testing of LTE handsets in terms of protocol signaling scenarios and handover to other radio technologies for interoperability. This course will demonstrate end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication Tester. Examles of application tests are voice over LTE, (VoLTE) or Video over LTE.
This white paper provides a brief technology introduction on the 802.11ac amendment to the successful 802.11- 2007 standard. 802.11ac provides mechanisms to increase throughput and user experience of existing WLAN and will build on 802.11n-2009.
For more information on wireless connectivity test solutions, visit http://wireless-connectivity-test.com
As with all electronic test equipment, digital oscilloscopes have an array of key specifications. Some are basic and easy to understand. Other specifications (which may have a greater impact on the accuracy of your measurements) are not as clear and are often dependent on the manufacturer.
This primer gives insight into the most important specifications to consider when using an oscilloscope — beyond the banner specs.
Main topics include:
- Types of digital oscilloscopes
- Basic elements of digital oscilloscopes
- The display system and user interface
- Probes
- Oscilloscope benchmark specifications
- Typical oscilloscope measurements
For more information on digital oscilloscopes, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com
Overview:
Embedded systems increasingly employ a combination of low speed serial, analog voltages and RF communications which are tightly synchronized in time. This session will discuss the background of performing time and frequency domain analysis on these systems with example measurements on a digitally controlled RF transmitter.
What will you learn?
The challenges of debugging embedded systems
Frequency domain analysis and FFT basics
Time gating, Dynamic range and Triggering considerations
PLL locking measurement example
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
2. Agenda
l Modulation basics
l I and Q modulation
l OFDM
l Complex frequency offset
l Measuring complex modulatioon
l Error vector magnitude
l Real time digital down conversion and demdulation
l Measurement example: 802.11ac
2
3. Modulation
Modify a
Signal
„Modulate“
Detect the Modifications
„Demodulate“
Any reliably detectable change in signal
characteristics can carry information
3
5. I/Q vector display
In the baseband the modulating signal can be represented as a vector
l of certain magnitude and phase or
l with certain inphase (I) and quadrature (Q) component
Quadrature
Q
ag
M
Phase
I Inphase
l I and Q carry the information to be transmitted and need to be
analyzed in order to extract that information.
5
7. Measuring Complex Modulation
Quadrature Actual value
Error vector
Q
Ideal value
I Inphase
Error vector magnitude (EVM)
7
8. OFDM
l Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a multi-
carrier transmission technique, which divides the available
spectrum into many subcarriers, each one being modulated
by a low data rate stream,
Single Carrier
Transmission
(e.g. WCDMA)
5 MHz
Typically several 100 sub-carriers with spacing of x kHz
(Orthogonal )
Frequency Division
Multiplexing ((O)FDM)
e.g. 5 MHz
8
9. OFDM signal generation chain
l OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
(IFFT) operation on transmitter side:
Data QAM N Useful
1:N OFDM Cyclic prefix
source Modulator symbol IFFT N:1 OFDM
symbols insertion
streams symbols
Frequency Domain Time Domain
l On receiver side, an FFT operation will be used.
9
10. OFDM Summary
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
l Very sensitive to frequency
l High spectral efficiency due to
synchronization,
efficient use of available
l Phase noise, frequency and clock offset,
bandwidth,
l Scalable bandwidths and data rates, l Sensitive to Doppler shift,
l Robust against narrow-band co- l Guard interval required to minimize
channel interference, effects of ISI and ICI,
Intersymbol Interference (ISI) l High peak-to-average power ratio
and fading caused by multipath (PAPR), due to the independent
propagation, phases of the sub-carriers mean that
l Can easily adapt to severe they will often combine constructively,
channel conditions without l High-resolution DAC and ADC required,
complex equalization l Requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which
l 1-tap equalization in frequency suffers from poor power efficiency,
- Any non-linearity will cause intermodulation
domain, distortion raising phase noise, causing Inter-
l Low sensitivity to time Carrier Interference (ICI) and out-of-band
synchronization errors, spurious radiation.
10
12. Complex Signal Analyzer
BW < 2*fs
A/D
RF Down
preselector
conversion
A/D
Complex
Detector
Application
software
l Down converter translates RF to IF
l Complex detector translates signal to complex baseband
l Complex spectrum centered at DC
l A/D converters digitize I and Q signals at > 2x the modulation
bandwidth
l Application software measures EVM, constellation, etc.
12
13. Measurement Challenge for Wideband
Signals
l A/D converter typically samples at hundreds of MHz
l High resolution 12 to 14 bit ADC
l Limited bandwidth (160 MHz)
l Wideband signals can have spectra > 160 MHz
l 802.11ac is at 160 MHz today
l Use an oscilloscope to acquire the RF or IF signal
l Wide frequency range (many GHz)
l Relatively low resolution: less than 6 effective bits
l Deep memory requirements (100 ps sample interval = 10
Msamples/ms)
l High processor load (down conversion and detection)
l Improved oscilloscope solution using ASIC
l ASIC performs down conversion and detection in real time
l Low memory requirement (signal at information rate)
l Higher resolution: 7 effective bits
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14. RTO-K11 I/Q Software Interface
Acquires modulated signals and outputs the corresponding
I/Q data for further analysis
l Does a hardware-based
downconversion of the input
signals to I/Q
l Resamples the I/Q to a required
sample rate
l Supports RF, I/Q and low-IF
signals
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15. RTO-K11 I/Q Software Interface
Following input signal formats are supported:
l Real RF signals
Downconversion Filtering Resampling
One input channel needed per signal up to 4
signals can be recorded in parallel
l Complex I/Q baseband signals
Filtering Resampling
Two input channels needed per signal (one for I,
one for Q) up to 2 signals can be recorded in
parallel
l Complex modulated signals in low-IF range
Downconversion Filtering Resampling
Two input channels needed per signal (one for I,
one for Q) up to 2 signals can be recorded in
parallel
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16. How does RTO-K11 work?
Downconversion of real RF signals
The digitized data from the ADC is downconverted to the baseband
l Carrier frequency range:
1 Hz to 5 GHz
l Frequency position of the RF spectrum:
Normal Inverse
x(t)e-j2πfct x(t)ej2πfct
- 2fc - fc fc - fc fc 2fc
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17. How does RTO-K11 work?
Downconversion of complex modulated signals in low-IF range
The digitized data from the ADC is downconverted to the baseband
l Carrier frequency range:
1 Hz to 5 GHz
l Frequency position of the RF spectrum:
Upper sideband & normal position Lower sideband & inverse position
x(t)e-j2πfct ej2πfct
fc - fc
Upper sideband & inverse position Lower sideband & normal position
[x(t)e-j2πfct]* [x(t)ej2πfct]*
fc - fc
17
18. Complex low-IF signals
Example:
l Low-IF receiver:
A modulated RF signal is mixed down to a non-zero low intermediate frequency
(typ. a few MHz).
Purpose is to avoid DC offset and 1/f noise problems of subsequent components,
like A/D converters
Nowadays e.g. widely used in the tiny FM receivers incorporated into MP3 players
and mobile phones; is becoming commonplace in both analog and digital TV
receiver designs.
B
RTO A
cos(2πfIFt)
exp(j2πfot) fc
A X ADC
x(t)
X LPF B
X ADC fIF
-sin(2πfIFt) C C
DC
offset
ADC
analog frontend digital backend
fIF
18
19. How does RTO-K11 work?
Complex I/Q baseband signals
No downconversion required.
Signals can directly be low-pass filtered
19
20. How does RTO-K11 work?
Low-pass filtering and resampling
l Sample rate range:
freely selectable between 1 kSa/s and 10 GSa/s
l Filter bandwidth = Relative bandwidth x Sample rate
Relative bandwidth: 4 % … 80 %
Within the filter BW the filter has a flat frequency response (no 3 dB bandwidth)
Nyquist!!!
Filter BW Sample Rate
Transfer to aquisition memoy
l Record Length: freely selectable between
1 kSa and 10 MSa (6 MSa for more than 2 channels)
l Acquisition time = Record length / Sample rate
20
21. How to deal with carrier frequencies > 4 GHz?
Carrier frequencies > 4 GHz
require external downconversion
I/Q or
RF > 4 GHz external RF < 4 GHz
down RTO
DUT conversion
IF = 500 MHz
RF > 4 GHz
DUT
LAN
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22. What makes the RTO-K11 so interesting?
l RTO with K11 extends the available I/Q analysis bandwidth:
Maximum I/Q analysis bandwidth of R&S Spectrum Analysers is 160 MHz for the
FSW
For analysis bandwidth > 160 MHz use the RTO (allows for bandwidths up to 4 GHz)
⇒ Wideband applications, like e.g.
Wideband Radar and Pulsed RF signals
High data rate satellite links
Frequency hopping communications
l The RTO offers 4 parallel inputs
1 RF input on a Spectrum Analyzer
⇒ MIMO applications
analyzing up to 4 Tx antennas with just one RTO e.g. 4x4 MIMO LTE
22
23. How to analyze the data RTO-K11 provides?
l RTO-K11 provides different data formats (e.g. csv) that can easily be
imported into generic customer tools, like for example Matlab
l RTO-K11 is a generic interface for signal analysis options from 1ES
running on an external PC*
FS-K96 OFDM Vector Signal Analysis
FS-K112 NFC Analysis Software
FS-K10xPC LTE Analysis Software
* roadmaps to be defined
23
24. What I/Q signal quality does RTO-K11 provide?
RTO versus Spectrum Analyzer
l Advantage RTO:
I/Q analysis bandwidth: SpecAn ≤ 160 MHz versus RTO < 4 GHz
Spectrum flatness: FSW: ± 0.3 dB @ 80 MHz I/Q bandwidth, fcenter ≤ 8 GHz
RTO1044: ± 0.1 dB @ 100 MHz I/Q bandwidth, fcenter ≤ 3 GHz
l Advantage Spectrum Analysis:
Carrier frequencies >> 4 GHz
ADC resolution: SpecAn 12 to 16 bit versus RTO 8 bit
Frontend: Less noise and non-linearities in the SpecAn
⇒ Spectrum Analyzer will provide better I/Q analysis results, e.g. EVM
Nevertheless, I/Q performance of RTO is quite good:
l low-noise frontend, full BW even at 1 mV/div, single core ADC (> 7 ENOB)…
l e.g. 802.11a signal: EVM with RTO < -40 dB
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25. Contact Us
About Rohde & Schwarz
Rohde & Schwarz is an independent group of companies specializing in electronics. It is a leading supplier of solutions in
the fields of test and measurement, broadcasting, radiomonitoring and radiolocation, as well as secure communications.
Established more than 75 years ago, Rohde & Schwarz has a global presence and a dedicated service network in over 70
countries. Company headquarters are in Munich, Germany.
Europe, Africa, Middle East
+49 89 4129 12345
customersupport@rohde-schwarz.com
North America
1-888-TEST-RSA (1-888-837-8772)
customer.support@rsa.rohde-schwarz.com
Latin America
+1-410-910-7988
customersupport.la@rohde-schwarz.com
Asia/Pacific
+65 65 13 04 88
customersupport.asia@rohde-schwarz.com
www.rohde-schwarz-scopes.com
25
Editor's Notes
To transmit a signal over the air, there are three main steps: 1. A pure carrier is generated at the transmitter. 2. The carrier is modulated with the information to be transmitted. Any reliably detectable change in signal characteristics can carry information. 3. At the receiver the signal modifications or changes are detected and demodulated. Die Modulation und Demodulation dienen also zur Aufbereitung von Informationen in eine Signalform, die die Übertragung der Informationen über eine grösstmögliche Entfernung oder beliebige, vorgegebene Entfernungen unter Wahrung des erforderlichen Störabstands gewährleistet. Dabei sind die Randbedingungen bezüglich der Kanalkapazität und die spezifischen Eigenschaften des Übertragungskanals zu berücksichtigen (frequenzabhängige Dämpfung und Phasenmass, zeit- und frequenzselektive Kanäle). Unter Modulation versteht man die Veränderung eines oder mehrerer Signalparameter (Amplitude, Frequenz oder Phase) eines Trägers in Abhängigkeit der Information. Dadurch wird dem Trägersignal die Information aufgeprägt. Nach der Modulation erscheint die Information in einer anderen Form, meistens in einem höheren Frequenzbereich ( Radio Frequency, RF ). Als Trägersignal kommt prinzipiell jede Signalart in Frage, auch Rauschen. Aber technisch haben sich nur zwei Signalformen durchgesetzt:
There are only three characteristics of a signal that can be changed over time: amplitude, phase or frequency In AM, the amplitude of a high-frequency carrier signal is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating message signal. Frequency Modulation (FM) is the most popular analog modulation technique used in mobile communications systems. In FM, the amplitude of the modulating carrier is kept constant while its frequency is varied by the modulating message signal. Amplitude and phase can be modulated simultaneously and separately, but this is difficult to generate, and especially difficult to detect. Instead, in practical systems the signal is separated into another set of independent components: I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature). These components are orthogonal and do not interfere with each other. Signals that modulate both amplitude and phase at the same time are also called vector modulated signals because the signals can instantaneously be defined as a vector of certain amplitude and phase in a polar display. Modern communications systems demand more information capacity, higher signal quality, greater security and digital data compatibility. AM and FM, while valuable modulation methods, have proven inadequate to match today’s needs for high-volume traffic. With millions of cell phone subscribers gobbling up more voice bandwidth, we need a modulation method that can efficiently transfer information in a reliable manner.
Every signal could be instantaneously be defined as a vector which is the description of the demodulated signal. A simple way to view amplitude and phase is with the polar diagram. The carrier becomes a frequency and phase reference and the signal is interpreted relative to the carrier. The signal can be expressed in polar form as a magnitude and a phase. The phase is relative to a reference signal, the carrier in most communication systems. The magnitude is either an absolute or relative value. Both are used in digital communication systems. Polar diagrams are the basis of many displays used in digital communications, although i t is common to describe the signal vector by its rectangular coordinates of I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature). In digital communications, modulation is often expressed in terms of I and Q . This is a rectangular representation of the polar diagram. On a polar diagram, the I axis lies on the zero degree phase reference, and the Q axis is rotated by 90 degrees. The signal vector’s projection onto the I axis is its “ I” component and the projection onto the Q axis is its “Q” component. Das Signal wird zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt als Zeiger dargestellt. Die Zeigerlänge entspricht der Amplitude ûc und der Winkel θder momentanen Phasenlage.