Technology Manager Andreas Roessler covers 5G basics in this keynote presentation at the RF Lumination 2019 conference in February 2019. RF Lumination 2019 "Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise at one event. If they can't answer your question, it must be a really good question!" Watch all the presentations here: https://www.rohde-schwarz-usa.com/RFLuminationContent.html Andreas Roessler is the Rohde & Schwarz Technology Manager focused on UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. With responsibility for the strategic marketing and product portfolio development for LTE/LTE-Advanced, Andreas follows the standardization process in 3GPP very closely, particularly on core specifications as well as protocol conformance, RRM and RF conformance specifications for device and base stations testing. He graduated from Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, Germany, and received a Master's Degree in communication engineering.

1. Andreas Roessler
Technology Manager
Rohde&Schwarz USA, Inc.
Welcome to RF Lumination 2019
COMPANY RESTRICTED

2. I hope you had a safe commuteI hope you had a safe commute…and watch out for birds!
RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 2

3. Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise
Helping you to Demystify 5G
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 3

4. Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 4
Lets lay the foundation…

5. Who are we?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 5

6. ı …that stretches the use cases of 4G LTE:
What is 5G? It is a paradigm shift…
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Source: Brooklyn 5G Summit 2017, presented by Nokia (April 2017)
LTE in
the lab
LTE in
the field
6

7. 5G Key Technology Components
5G New Radio (NR) builds on four main pillars
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 7
New Spectrum
Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization
Massive MIMO & Beamforming
ı < 1GHz
ı 3.5, 3.7, 4.2 GHz
ı 24, 26, 28 GHz
ı 39, 44 GHz
ı Hybrid beamforming
ı > 6GHz also UE is expected
to apply beam steering
eNB gNB
MCG MCG split SCG
Initially based on
Dual Connectivity
with E-UTRA as
masterSCG split
ı Flexible physical layer
numerology
ı Network Slicing
ı NFV/SDN

8. 5G New Radio (NR) offers a flexible air interface
Summary of key parameters
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 8
Parameter FR1 (450 MHz – 6 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz)
Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers (total aggregated bandwidth of 1 GHz)
Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz
Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz
Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory)
Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM)
Radio frame length 10 ms
Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms)
MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink
Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD
Access scheme Downlink: CP-OFDM Uplink: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM
Changed to 7.125 GHz

9. FR1 frequency bands – Nothing surprising, or?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 9
Band number UL DL Bandwidth Duplex mode
n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz 2x60 MHz FDD
n2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 2x60 MHz FDD
n3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz 2x75 MHz FDD
n5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894 MHz 2x25 MHz FDD
n7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz 2x70 MHz FDD
n8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz 2x35 MHz FDD
n12 699 MHz – 716 MHz 729 MHz – 746 MHz 2x17 MHz FDD
n20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz 2x30 MHz FDD
n25 1850 MHz – 1915 MHz 1930 MHz – 1995 MHz 2x65 MHz FDD
n28 703 MHz – 748 MHz 758 MHz – 803 MHz 2x45 MHz FDD
n34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 15 MHz TDD
n38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 50 MHz TDD
n39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 40 MHz TDD
n40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 100 MHz TDD
n41 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 194 MHz TDD
n50 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz
90 MHz
TDD
n51 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz TDD
n66 1710 MHz – 1780 MHz 2110 MHz – 2200 MHz 70 (UL) / 90 (DL) MHz FDD
n70 1695 MHz – 1710 MHz 1995 MHz – 2020 MHz 15 (UL) / 25 (DL) MHz FDD
n71 663 MHz – 698 MHz 617 MHz – 652 MHz 2x35 MHz FDD
n74 1427 MHz – 1470 MHz 1475 MHz – 1518 MHz 2x43 MHz FDD
n75 N/A 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz
90 MHz
SDL
n76 N/A 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz SDL
FDD
FDD
TDD
Add capacity in Downlink (Carrier Aggregation)

10. New challenges due to dual-connectivity approach
Example: n41
ı EN-DC involves 2 separate non-contiguous
transmissions, for LTE and NR, which can
create reverse intermodulation products
(R-IMD) that may exceed emissions limits
ı Usually, FCC and most 3GPP emissions
specs assume contiguous allocations,
which is not the case for Band 41 EN-DC
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 10
20
MHz
20
MHz
20
MHz
frequency
e.g. 60 MHz
LTE Band 41, 5G NR n41
R-IM3 NR LTE
Source: Sprint, 3GPP RAN4 discussions

11. New challenges due to dual-connectivity approach
Example: n41 (cont’d.)
ı ..there is MPR and A-MPR but… dependent on
frequency allocations for LTE and NR different
values are applicable
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 11
Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 V15.4.0 (Dec 2018)

12. New challenges due to dual-connectivity approach
Example: n41 (cont’d.)
ı Questions?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 12
if RBstart ≤ fstart,max,IMD3 / (12SCS) and LCRB ≤ AWmax,IMD3 / (12SCS) and FC - BWChannel/2 < FUL_low + offsetIMD3,
then
the A-MPR' is defined according to Table 6.2.3.2-2 PC3_A2 for Power Class 3 and PC2 A4 for Power
Class 2,
else,
if RBstart ≤ LCRB/2 + start / (12SCS) and LCRB ≤ AWmax,regrowth / (12SCS) and FC - BWChannel/2 < FUL_low +
offsetregrowth,
then
the A-MPR' is defined according to Table 6.2.3.2-2 PC3_A1 for Power Class 3 and PC2 A3 for Power
Class 2,
else
A-MPR' = 0 dB and apply MPR.
Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 V15.4.0 (Dec 2018)

13. How to test RF components supporting n41?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 13
R&S®SMW200A Vector Signal Generator R&S®FSW Signal and Spectrum Analyzer

14. FR1 frequency bands – Nothing surprising, or?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 14
Band number UL DL Bandwidth Duplex mode
n77 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 900 MHz TDD
n78 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 500 MHz TDD
n79 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 600 MHz TDD
n80 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz N/A 1x75 MHz SUL
n81 880 MHz – 915 MHz N/A 1x35 MHz SUL
n82 832 MHz – 862 MHz N/A 1x30 MHz SUL
n83 703 MHz – 748 MHz N/A 1x45 MHz SUL
n84 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz N/A 1x60 MHz SUL
n86 1710 MHz – 1780MHz N/A 1x70 MHz SUL
…more TDD
SUL?SUL? Supplemental Uplink!
• Remember: as any cellular system also 5G
is an uplink limited system!
• SUL to overcome uplink coverage problems
• NR bands n77, n78, n79 allow power
class 2 (+26 dBm) devices

15. 5G NR coverage
@ 3.5 GHz
ı Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSB)
are embedded in overall carrier
bandwidth and provide UE with PCI
(PSS, SSS) and MIB (PBCH)
 Only “Always ON” signal component
 Scalable periodicity
 Dependent on deployment frequency
range (FR1, FR2) different number of
SSB per SS burst
 5G NR coverage determination by
measuring RSRP, RSRQ, SINR on
SSS
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 15
Same PCI, different SSB indices

16. Take away
ı Expected UE sensitivity:
-120 dBm (SS-RSRP)
ı Excellent SSB coverage, analog
beamforming allows for long
radio range
ı Can the uplink be closed?
 During planning and and
deployment network parameters
are set in a way that if SS-RSRP
drops below a threshold UE is
forced to transmit on SUL
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 16
-125dBm SS-RSRP
~ 6.5km distance
gNodeB
-110dBm SS-RSRP
-90dBm SS-RSRP
-100dBm SS-RSRP

17. 5G NR bandwidth utilization
17
FR1
SCS
[kHz]
Channel bandwidth [MHz]
5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB
15 25 52 79 106 133 160 216 270 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
30 11 24 38 51 65 78 106 133 162 189 217 245 273
60 n/a 11 18 24 31 38 51 65 79 93 107 121 135
FR2
SCS
[kHz]
Channel bandwidth [MHz]
50 100 200 400
NRB NRB NRB NRB
60 66 132 264 n/a
120 32 66 132 264
Source: 3GPP TS 38.104 V1.0.0
ı For FR1
 Most FDD bands only allow 20 MHz
of bandwidth
 100 MHz bandwidth only supported
by TDD bands
19.08MHz
380.16MHz
Dec 2018 5G - A Test&Measurement perspective
COMPANY RESTRICTED

18. mmWave – What makes it so challenging?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 18

19. Link budget: Can we close the link at FR2 frequencies?
ı 5G NR defines for FR2 carrier bandwidths of 50, 100, 200 and 400 MHz
ı What path loss model to use? Just Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)? ABG? 3GPP?
 Depends on application scenario: Outdoor? Indoor? Outdoor-to-indoor?
 What cell size is required to fulfil business case? 1000m? 500m? 250m?
ı What cell edge performance (e.g. throughput) is expected? 100 Mbps? 200 Mbps?
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Receiver sensitivity
Bandwidth [MHz] 50 100 200 400
Thermal Noise Level (k*T) -174 dBm/Hz
Bandwidth correction [dB] 77 80 83 86
Typ. UE Noise Figure*) 10 dB
Receiver limit sensitivity [dBm] -97 -94 -91 -88
*) TR38.803 V14.1.0 for co-existence simulations two sets of NF for UE, BS are used: 9 and 11 dB, but as response to ITU WP5D Noise Figure is 10 dB for UE, BS
1
2
19

20. Free space path loss
Higher frequencies = higher attenuation
Higher frequencies = smaller antennas
𝑃𝑅𝑥
𝑃 𝑇𝑥
= 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎
𝑐
4𝜋𝒇𝑑
γ
Friis equation
Path Loss 28 GHz
@ d [m]
γ = 2
Free Space
γ = 2.7 to 3.5
Urban Area
1 m - 61,4 dB -92,1 dB (k = 3)
10 m - 81,4 dB -122,1 dB
100 m - 101,4 dB - 151,1 dB
1000 m - 121,4 dB - 181,1 dB
γ = path loss exponent
20Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019

21. Path loss estimation
ı Path loss model: Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) vs. Alpha, Beta, Gamma (ABG) model
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Network operator
requested Inter Site
Distance (ISD)
~124 dB
~145 dB
1
21

22. What cell edge throughput is desired?
MCS vs SNR, FEC simulations by Rohde&Schwarz
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
PUSCH
PDSCH (64QAM)
PDSCH (256QAM)
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
RequiredSNR
5.22 dB
8.56 dB
15.01 dB
2
22

23. What cell edge throughput is desired?
Data rate calculation in 5G NR for 200 MHz (Downlink)
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Data rate = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
* 1 * 1 * 4 * 1 * (0.64) * (132 * 12) * (14 * ) / * (1 - 0.18) = 372.41 Mbps  1.86 bps/Hz
Adjustment to Mbps
Number of Layers “v”
Number of Carriers “J”
Bits per Symbol from modulation scheme “Qm”
Scaling factor “f”
values 1, 0.8, 0.75, 0.4
signaled per band
( Max.) Code rate “Rmax”
Overhead “OH”
0.14 for DL frequency range FR1
0.18 for DL frequency range FR2
0.08 for UL frequency range FR1
0.10 for UL frequency range FR2
Source: 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 (2018-06)
(Max.) number of RBs “N”
270 for FR1 with 15kHz SCS
273 for FR1 with 30kHz SCS
135 for FR1 with 60kHz SCS
264 for FR2 with 60kHz SCS
264 for FR2 with 120kHz SCS
Sub carrier per RB
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏𝟎−𝟑
Average OFDM symbol duration “Ts”
Numerology “μ“


214
10 3



sT
FR2 data rate example for DL, single layer, SCS 120 kHz (µ=3), 200 MHz (132 RB) with 16QAM, RC=0.64 (MCS16):
2
23

24. see previous slide…
5G RRH TX power
Required TX EIRP 41.56...62.56 dBm
Array Size 256
Beamforming/Array gain 24 dB
Single element gain
(Literature: typ. 5 to 8 dBi)
5 dBi
Min. conducted power 10.56…31.56 dBm
Link budget: Can we close the link at mmWave frequencies?
Downlink
ı Assuming Inter-Site Distance (ISD) of 500 m closing the link in Downlink is possible. However,
many variables, what is real path loss (= application scenario), real antenna array gain and
directivity, total available power etc.
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Link Budget
Receiver limit sensitivity 200 MHz -91 dBm
Required SNR (e.g. 16QAM, RC 0.64) 8.56 dB
RX antenna gain (CPE, e.g. 16 elements)*) typ. 17 dBi**)
Estimated path loss ISD 500 m 124…145 dB
Required Transmit EIRP
(Receiver sensitivity + SNR) – RX antenna gain + path loss
41.56...62.56 dBm
*) Assuming a typical patch array the receive antenna gain is calculated as M+10*log10(N),
where M is a single antenna element gain and N is the number of elements.
**) Theoretical value, doesn’t take coupling loss into account
24

25. 5G RRH RX
Noise Figure (NF)***) 6 dB
Array Size 256
Beamforming/Array gain 24 dB
Single element gain
(Literature: typ. 5 to 8 dBi)
5 dBi
Let’s check on the uplink…
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Uplink Link Budget
Device type CPE Smartphone
Total TX EIRP 36 dBm 26 dBm
Path loss 124…145 dB
Bandwidth 200 MHz
Thermal Noise -91 dBm
RX NF 6 dB
Minimum detectable signal -85 dBm
Required SNR (e.g. 16QAM, RC=0.4) 5.22 dB
Total RX beamforming gain 29 dB
RX signal 200 MHz
(Thermal Noise + NF + req.SNR – RX beamforming gain)
-108.78 dBm
Link Margin [dB]
(Total TX EIRP – path loss - RX signal)
-0.22…20.78 -10.22…10.78
UE TX
Device type CPE Smartphone
Conducted power 17 dBm 17 dBm
Array Size (typ.) 32 4
Total Antenna Array gain*) ~19 dBi ~9 dBi
Total TX EIRP for UE**) 36 dBm 26 dBm
ı Closing the uplink link seems problematic for a smartphone, even a CPE
at ISD of 500m; needs a linear, high power amplifier and a high gain
antenna system. Antenna and transmitter characterization is important.
*) Considers antenna feeder losses
**) FCC allows up to +43 dBm for Mobile Stations (FCC Part 30.202)
***) More realistic 5G BTS NF using pre-LNA architecture
25

26. Counter measures to overcome higher path loss
ı Put directivity into the radiation
 Hybrid Beamforming (analog+digital)
 Active antenna systems (AAS)
5G: 28 GHz UE
Sidelobes
Narrow beams with
beam steering/tracking
RF Lumination 2019 26Feb 2019

27. Hybrid beamforming concept utilized in 5G NR
ı Combine the advantages of both analog and digital beamforming architectures
ı Reducing the number of complete RF chains
ı Number of simultaneously supported streams is reduced compared to full blown digital
beamforming
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 27

28. Hardware Perspective: Massive MIMO = Beamforming + MIMO
M=4Transceivers
x3(t)
x1(t)
x2(t)
x4(t)
MIMO Array: M Data Streams Beamforming Array: 1 Data Stream
x1(t) TRx
+
Multi User-MIMO
Increase SINR and capacity for each
user
i.e. UE1: 32 ant BF with 16x2 MIMO
UE2: 16 ant BF with 8x2 MIMO
Massive arrays of 128-1024 active antenna elements
Massive MIMO: Combine Beamforming + MIMO = MU-MIMO with M antennas >> # of UEs
28

29. Massive MIMO
Characterizing Massive MIMO / Beamforming Systems
29
RFIC RFIC
TRx
FPGA
Digital IQ
Development challenges:
Phase shifter tolerances,
thermal effects of the PAs,
frequency drifts between
modules, desired beam
patterns, calibration, …
Test challenges:
OTA testing becomes the
default use case, increased
measurement uncertainty,
3D channel models, …
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019

30. What is coming with 5G NR testing?
OTA
(TRP/TIS
/ RSE)
Conducted OTA
Sub 6GHz (FR1): hybrid test method
mmWave (FR2): OTA ONLY
6 GHz 24 GHz
Conducted testing
Re-use LTE
Testing methodology
OTA measurements in far field*
*Note: Alternative near field methods are not precluded
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 30

31. Water drop

32. D
𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 × ൗ𝐃 𝟑
𝛌
ൗ𝟐𝑫 𝟐
𝝀
Reactive Near Field
Radiated Near Field
Far Field
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 32

33. Big is (not always)
beautiful!
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 33

34. Farfield
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 34

35. Rolled edge Knife edge
Maximum Surface
Deviation:
ρmax = 0.007*λ
“Details matter, it's worth waiting to get it right.”
Steve Jobs (1955-2011)Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 35

36. Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 36

37. Plane Wave Converter (PWC) 200 is a linear device with almost zero contribution to EVM
Measurement
Parameters
Access scheme: OFDMA
Five 20 MHz Carriers
(100 MHz Total)
Output Power: 5 dBm
Signal Analyzer: FSW
Signal Generator: SMW200A
RBW = 10 MHz
Span = 200 MHz
PWC Weights: 2.4 GHz
(same weights applied
through entire 100MHz
signal)
EVM: 2.36 GHz = 0.41%
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 37

38. OTA testing fundamentals poster – Get your free copy
RF Lumination 2019 38
Register for your free copy at
www.rohde-schwarz.com/OTA-poster
Feb 2019

39. Mobility @ mmWave
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 39
ı Doppler effect: 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐
𝑣
𝑐
fc = 2 GHz, v = 1 m/s  fd ≈ 6.7 Hz
fc = 28 GHz, v = 1 m/s  fd = 93.4 Hz
fd@30mph ~ 1.3 kHz
𝑇𝑐𝑜ℎ,28𝐺𝐻𝑧,𝑓𝑑@30𝑚𝑝ℎ ≅ 1
2𝑓 𝑑
≈ 385 𝜇𝑠
fd: Doppler frequency
fc: Carrier frequency
v: velocity
c: speed of light
If I want to drive 100 km/h
@ fc = 2.3 GHz I need to
estimate the mobile radio
channel every 2 ms
~2 ms
𝑇𝑐𝑜ℎ,2𝐺𝐻𝑧,𝑓𝑑@500𝑘𝑚/ℎ ≅ 1
2𝑓 𝑑
≈ 0.5 𝑚𝑠
Compare LTE 500 km/h@2GHz  fd ~ 926 Hz
 2 cell-specific reference signal in a time slot

40. Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 40
What’s next?

41. 3GPP RAN NR Standardization Overview
Status after 3GPP RAN #82 (December 2018)
41
Release 15Rel-14
NR: New Radio
SA: Standalone
NSA: Non Standalone
eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband
URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication
mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication
Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA
deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases
Rel-15 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X, IoT, …)
Dec 2017 / RAN #78
L1/L2 specification for
NSA option 3 / eMBB
completed
March 2020 / RAN #87
Rel-16 completed
Now
LTE Adv
Pro
Rel-16 NR Phase 2: Further NR use cases (V2X, NTN)
Rel-16 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (IoT, broadcast, …)
June 2019 / RAN #84 (“late drop”)
L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 4 & 7
completed
Sep 2018 / RAN #81
L3 specs (ASN.1) for
option 2 & 5 completed
June 2020 / RAN #88
L3 specs (Rel-16
ASN.1) completed
Rel-15
Milestones
Rel-16
Milestones Rel-16 Study-Items / Work-Items (see next slide)
201920182017
March 2019 / RAN #83 (“late drop”)
L1/L2 specs for option 4 & 7 incl.
NR-NR-DC completed
Feb 2019
2020
Mar 2018 / RAN #79
L3 specs. (ASN.1)
for option 3 / eMBB
completed
June 2018 / RAN #80
L1/L2 specs. for SA option
2 & 5 / URLLC completed
Dec 2019 / RAN #86
Rel-16 RAN1 PHY
specification frozen
Rel-17Release 16Rel-15 “Late Drop”
RF Lumination 2019

42. 3GPP RAN Workplan and Priorities
Timeframe: July 2018 – Dec 2019
ı Complete NR Rel-15 specifications
 Bugfixes and corrections to Rel-15
 Specify Option 4 & 7 and NR-NR DC (“late drops”)
ı Enhance NR in Rel-16 to support vertical markets and new industries beyond eMBB
 V2X (Basic use cases included in LTE Rel-14/15, NR Rel-16 covers advanced use cases)
 Industrial IoT (LPWA use cases included in LTE eMTC/NB-IoT, Advanced URLLC use cases such
as industry automation in NR Rel-16)
 5G in unlicensed spectrum / 5G over satellite
 Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) for NR
ı Increase NR UE and network efficiency in Rel-16
 Reduce 5G UE power consumption
 5G location and positioning enhancements
 5G Interference mitigation
 5G MIMO and beamforming enhancements
42Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019

43. My final comment…
ı Pre-Release Mobile World
Congress 2019, limited
number of soft copies
ı Hardcover in April 2019
RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 43

44. “If you want to go fast, go alone.
If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb
RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 44