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What is 5G?

The document outlines key aspects of 5G technology discussed during the RF Lumination 2019 event, focusing on the advancements in radio frequency design and testing. It highlights the components of 5G new radio, including spectrum usage, carrier aggregation, and challenges associated with dual connectivity. The presentation also tackles the testing and measurement perspectives critical for ensuring effective deployment of 5G networks.

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Andreas Roessler Technology Manager Rohde&Schwarz USA, Inc. Welcome to RF Lumination 2019 COMPANY RESTRICTED
I hope you had a safe commuteI hope you had a safe commute…and watch out for birds! RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 2
Meet 158+ years of RF design & test expertise Helping you to Demystify 5G Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 3
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 4 Lets lay the foundation…
Who are we? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 5
ı …that stretches the use cases of 4G LTE: What is 5G? It is a paradigm shift… Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Source: Brooklyn 5G Summit 2017, presented by Nokia (April 2017) LTE in the lab LTE in the field 6
5G Key Technology Components 5G New Radio (NR) builds on four main pillars Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 7 New Spectrum Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization Massive MIMO & Beamforming ı < 1GHz ı 3.5, 3.7, 4.2 GHz ı 24, 26, 28 GHz ı 39, 44 GHz ı Hybrid beamforming ı > 6GHz also UE is expected to apply beam steering eNB gNB MCG MCG split SCG Initially based on Dual Connectivity with E-UTRA as masterSCG split ı Flexible physical layer numerology ı Network Slicing ı NFV/SDN
5G New Radio (NR) offers a flexible air interface Summary of key parameters Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 8 Parameter FR1 (450 MHz – 6 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz) Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers (total aggregated bandwidth of 1 GHz) Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory) Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM) Radio frame length 10 ms Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms) MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD Access scheme Downlink: CP-OFDM Uplink: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM Changed to 7.125 GHz
FR1 frequency bands – Nothing surprising, or? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 9 Band number UL DL Bandwidth Duplex mode n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz 2x60 MHz FDD n2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 2x60 MHz FDD n3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz 2x75 MHz FDD n5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894 MHz 2x25 MHz FDD n7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz 2x70 MHz FDD n8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz 2x35 MHz FDD n12 699 MHz – 716 MHz 729 MHz – 746 MHz 2x17 MHz FDD n20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz 2x30 MHz FDD n25 1850 MHz – 1915 MHz 1930 MHz – 1995 MHz 2x65 MHz FDD n28 703 MHz – 748 MHz 758 MHz – 803 MHz 2x45 MHz FDD n34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 15 MHz TDD n38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 50 MHz TDD n39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 40 MHz TDD n40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 100 MHz TDD n41 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 194 MHz TDD n50 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 90 MHz TDD n51 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz TDD n66 1710 MHz – 1780 MHz 2110 MHz – 2200 MHz 70 (UL) / 90 (DL) MHz FDD n70 1695 MHz – 1710 MHz 1995 MHz – 2020 MHz 15 (UL) / 25 (DL) MHz FDD n71 663 MHz – 698 MHz 617 MHz – 652 MHz 2x35 MHz FDD n74 1427 MHz – 1470 MHz 1475 MHz – 1518 MHz 2x43 MHz FDD n75 N/A 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 90 MHz SDL n76 N/A 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz SDL FDD FDD TDD Add capacity in Downlink (Carrier Aggregation)
New challenges due to dual-connectivity approach Example: n41 ı EN-DC involves 2 separate non-contiguous transmissions, for LTE and NR, which can create reverse intermodulation products (R-IMD) that may exceed emissions limits ı Usually, FCC and most 3GPP emissions specs assume contiguous allocations, which is not the case for Band 41 EN-DC Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 10 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz frequency e.g. 60 MHz LTE Band 41, 5G NR n41 R-IM3 NR LTE Source: Sprint, 3GPP RAN4 discussions
New challenges due to dual-connectivity approach Example: n41 (cont’d.) ı ..there is MPR and A-MPR but… dependent on frequency allocations for LTE and NR different values are applicable Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 11 Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 V15.4.0 (Dec 2018)
New challenges due to dual-connectivity approach Example: n41 (cont’d.) ı Questions? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 12 if RBstart ≤ fstart,max,IMD3 / (12SCS) and LCRB ≤ AWmax,IMD3 / (12SCS) and FC - BWChannel/2 < FUL_low + offsetIMD3, then the A-MPR' is defined according to Table 6.2.3.2-2 PC3_A2 for Power Class 3 and PC2 A4 for Power Class 2, else, if RBstart ≤ LCRB/2 + start / (12SCS) and LCRB ≤ AWmax,regrowth / (12SCS) and FC - BWChannel/2 < FUL_low + offsetregrowth, then the A-MPR' is defined according to Table 6.2.3.2-2 PC3_A1 for Power Class 3 and PC2 A3 for Power Class 2, else A-MPR' = 0 dB and apply MPR. Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 V15.4.0 (Dec 2018)
How to test RF components supporting n41? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 13 R&S®SMW200A Vector Signal Generator R&S®FSW Signal and Spectrum Analyzer
FR1 frequency bands – Nothing surprising, or? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 14 Band number UL DL Bandwidth Duplex mode n77 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 900 MHz TDD n78 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 500 MHz TDD n79 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 600 MHz TDD n80 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz N/A 1x75 MHz SUL n81 880 MHz – 915 MHz N/A 1x35 MHz SUL n82 832 MHz – 862 MHz N/A 1x30 MHz SUL n83 703 MHz – 748 MHz N/A 1x45 MHz SUL n84 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz N/A 1x60 MHz SUL n86 1710 MHz – 1780MHz N/A 1x70 MHz SUL …more TDD SUL?SUL? Supplemental Uplink! • Remember: as any cellular system also 5G is an uplink limited system! • SUL to overcome uplink coverage problems • NR bands n77, n78, n79 allow power class 2 (+26 dBm) devices
5G NR coverage @ 3.5 GHz ı Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSB) are embedded in overall carrier bandwidth and provide UE with PCI (PSS, SSS) and MIB (PBCH)  Only “Always ON” signal component  Scalable periodicity  Dependent on deployment frequency range (FR1, FR2) different number of SSB per SS burst  5G NR coverage determination by measuring RSRP, RSRQ, SINR on SSS Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 15 Same PCI, different SSB indices
Take away ı Expected UE sensitivity: -120 dBm (SS-RSRP) ı Excellent SSB coverage, analog beamforming allows for long radio range ı Can the uplink be closed?  During planning and and deployment network parameters are set in a way that if SS-RSRP drops below a threshold UE is forced to transmit on SUL Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 16 -125dBm SS-RSRP ~ 6.5km distance gNodeB -110dBm SS-RSRP -90dBm SS-RSRP -100dBm SS-RSRP
5G NR bandwidth utilization 17 FR1 SCS [kHz] Channel bandwidth [MHz] 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB 15 25 52 79 106 133 160 216 270 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 30 11 24 38 51 65 78 106 133 162 189 217 245 273 60 n/a 11 18 24 31 38 51 65 79 93 107 121 135 FR2 SCS [kHz] Channel bandwidth [MHz] 50 100 200 400 NRB NRB NRB NRB 60 66 132 264 n/a 120 32 66 132 264 Source: 3GPP TS 38.104 V1.0.0 ı For FR1  Most FDD bands only allow 20 MHz of bandwidth  100 MHz bandwidth only supported by TDD bands 19.08MHz 380.16MHz Dec 2018 5G - A Test&Measurement perspective COMPANY RESTRICTED
mmWave – What makes it so challenging? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 18
Link budget: Can we close the link at FR2 frequencies? ı 5G NR defines for FR2 carrier bandwidths of 50, 100, 200 and 400 MHz ı What path loss model to use? Just Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)? ABG? 3GPP?  Depends on application scenario: Outdoor? Indoor? Outdoor-to-indoor?  What cell size is required to fulfil business case? 1000m? 500m? 250m? ı What cell edge performance (e.g. throughput) is expected? 100 Mbps? 200 Mbps? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Receiver sensitivity Bandwidth [MHz] 50 100 200 400 Thermal Noise Level (k*T) -174 dBm/Hz Bandwidth correction [dB] 77 80 83 86 Typ. UE Noise Figure*) 10 dB Receiver limit sensitivity [dBm] -97 -94 -91 -88 *) TR38.803 V14.1.0 for co-existence simulations two sets of NF for UE, BS are used: 9 and 11 dB, but as response to ITU WP5D Noise Figure is 10 dB for UE, BS 1 2 19
Free space path loss Higher frequencies = higher attenuation Higher frequencies = smaller antennas 𝑃𝑅𝑥 𝑃 𝑇𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑐 4𝜋𝒇𝑑 γ Friis equation Path Loss 28 GHz @ d [m] γ = 2 Free Space γ = 2.7 to 3.5 Urban Area 1 m - 61,4 dB -92,1 dB (k = 3) 10 m - 81,4 dB -122,1 dB 100 m - 101,4 dB - 151,1 dB 1000 m - 121,4 dB - 181,1 dB γ = path loss exponent 20Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
Path loss estimation ı Path loss model: Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) vs. Alpha, Beta, Gamma (ABG) model Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Network operator requested Inter Site Distance (ISD) ~124 dB ~145 dB 1 21
What cell edge throughput is desired? MCS vs SNR, FEC simulations by Rohde&Schwarz Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 PUSCH PDSCH (64QAM) PDSCH (256QAM) Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) RequiredSNR 5.22 dB 8.56 dB 15.01 dB 2 22
What cell edge throughput is desired? Data rate calculation in 5G NR for 200 MHz (Downlink) Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Data rate = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 * 1 * 1 * 4 * 1 * (0.64) * (132 * 12) * (14 * ) / * (1 - 0.18) = 372.41 Mbps  1.86 bps/Hz Adjustment to Mbps Number of Layers “v” Number of Carriers “J” Bits per Symbol from modulation scheme “Qm” Scaling factor “f” values 1, 0.8, 0.75, 0.4 signaled per band ( Max.) Code rate “Rmax” Overhead “OH” 0.14 for DL frequency range FR1 0.18 for DL frequency range FR2 0.08 for UL frequency range FR1 0.10 for UL frequency range FR2 Source: 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 (2018-06) (Max.) number of RBs “N” 270 for FR1 with 15kHz SCS 273 for FR1 with 30kHz SCS 135 for FR1 with 60kHz SCS 264 for FR2 with 60kHz SCS 264 for FR2 with 120kHz SCS Sub carrier per RB 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 Average OFDM symbol duration “Ts” Numerology “μ“   214 10 3    sT FR2 data rate example for DL, single layer, SCS 120 kHz (µ=3), 200 MHz (132 RB) with 16QAM, RC=0.64 (MCS16): 2 23
see previous slide… 5G RRH TX power Required TX EIRP 41.56...62.56 dBm Array Size 256 Beamforming/Array gain 24 dB Single element gain (Literature: typ. 5 to 8 dBi) 5 dBi Min. conducted power 10.56…31.56 dBm Link budget: Can we close the link at mmWave frequencies? Downlink ı Assuming Inter-Site Distance (ISD) of 500 m closing the link in Downlink is possible. However, many variables, what is real path loss (= application scenario), real antenna array gain and directivity, total available power etc. Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Link Budget Receiver limit sensitivity 200 MHz -91 dBm Required SNR (e.g. 16QAM, RC 0.64) 8.56 dB RX antenna gain (CPE, e.g. 16 elements)*) typ. 17 dBi**) Estimated path loss ISD 500 m 124…145 dB Required Transmit EIRP (Receiver sensitivity + SNR) – RX antenna gain + path loss 41.56...62.56 dBm *) Assuming a typical patch array the receive antenna gain is calculated as M+10*log10(N), where M is a single antenna element gain and N is the number of elements. **) Theoretical value, doesn’t take coupling loss into account 24
5G RRH RX Noise Figure (NF)***) 6 dB Array Size 256 Beamforming/Array gain 24 dB Single element gain (Literature: typ. 5 to 8 dBi) 5 dBi Let’s check on the uplink… Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Uplink Link Budget Device type CPE Smartphone Total TX EIRP 36 dBm 26 dBm Path loss 124…145 dB Bandwidth 200 MHz Thermal Noise -91 dBm RX NF 6 dB Minimum detectable signal -85 dBm Required SNR (e.g. 16QAM, RC=0.4) 5.22 dB Total RX beamforming gain 29 dB RX signal 200 MHz (Thermal Noise + NF + req.SNR – RX beamforming gain) -108.78 dBm Link Margin [dB] (Total TX EIRP – path loss - RX signal) -0.22…20.78 -10.22…10.78 UE TX Device type CPE Smartphone Conducted power 17 dBm 17 dBm Array Size (typ.) 32 4 Total Antenna Array gain*) ~19 dBi ~9 dBi Total TX EIRP for UE**) 36 dBm 26 dBm ı Closing the uplink link seems problematic for a smartphone, even a CPE at ISD of 500m; needs a linear, high power amplifier and a high gain antenna system. Antenna and transmitter characterization is important. *) Considers antenna feeder losses **) FCC allows up to +43 dBm for Mobile Stations (FCC Part 30.202) ***) More realistic 5G BTS NF using pre-LNA architecture 25
Counter measures to overcome higher path loss ı Put directivity into the radiation  Hybrid Beamforming (analog+digital)  Active antenna systems (AAS) 5G: 28 GHz UE Sidelobes Narrow beams with beam steering/tracking RF Lumination 2019 26Feb 2019
Hybrid beamforming concept utilized in 5G NR ı Combine the advantages of both analog and digital beamforming architectures ı Reducing the number of complete RF chains ı Number of simultaneously supported streams is reduced compared to full blown digital beamforming Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 27
Hardware Perspective: Massive MIMO = Beamforming + MIMO M=4Transceivers x3(t) x1(t) x2(t) x4(t) MIMO Array: M Data Streams Beamforming Array: 1 Data Stream x1(t) TRx + Multi User-MIMO Increase SINR and capacity for each user i.e. UE1: 32 ant BF with 16x2 MIMO UE2: 16 ant BF with 8x2 MIMO Massive arrays of 128-1024 active antenna elements Massive MIMO: Combine Beamforming + MIMO = MU-MIMO with M antennas >> # of UEs 28
Massive MIMO Characterizing Massive MIMO / Beamforming Systems 29 RFIC RFIC TRx FPGA Digital IQ Development challenges: Phase shifter tolerances, thermal effects of the PAs, frequency drifts between modules, desired beam patterns, calibration, … Test challenges: OTA testing becomes the default use case, increased measurement uncertainty, 3D channel models, … Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
What is coming with 5G NR testing? OTA (TRP/TIS / RSE) Conducted OTA Sub 6GHz (FR1): hybrid test method mmWave (FR2): OTA ONLY 6 GHz 24 GHz Conducted testing Re-use LTE Testing methodology OTA measurements in far field* *Note: Alternative near field methods are not precluded Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 30
Water drop
D 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 × ൗ𝐃 𝟑 𝛌 ൗ𝟐𝑫 𝟐 𝝀 Reactive Near Field Radiated Near Field Far Field Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 32
Big is (not always) beautiful! Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 33
Farfield Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 34
Rolled edge Knife edge Maximum Surface Deviation: ρmax = 0.007*λ “Details matter, it's worth waiting to get it right.” Steve Jobs (1955-2011)Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 35
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 36
Plane Wave Converter (PWC) 200 is a linear device with almost zero contribution to EVM Measurement Parameters Access scheme: OFDMA Five 20 MHz Carriers (100 MHz Total) Output Power: 5 dBm Signal Analyzer: FSW Signal Generator: SMW200A RBW = 10 MHz Span = 200 MHz PWC Weights: 2.4 GHz (same weights applied through entire 100MHz signal) EVM: 2.36 GHz = 0.41% Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 37
OTA testing fundamentals poster – Get your free copy RF Lumination 2019 38 Register for your free copy at www.rohde-schwarz.com/OTA-poster Feb 2019
Mobility @ mmWave Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 39 ı Doppler effect: 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑣 𝑐 fc = 2 GHz, v = 1 m/s  fd ≈ 6.7 Hz fc = 28 GHz, v = 1 m/s  fd = 93.4 Hz fd@30mph ~ 1.3 kHz 𝑇𝑐𝑜ℎ,28𝐺𝐻𝑧,𝑓𝑑@30𝑚𝑝ℎ ≅ 1 2𝑓 𝑑 ≈ 385 𝜇𝑠 fd: Doppler frequency fc: Carrier frequency v: velocity c: speed of light If I want to drive 100 km/h @ fc = 2.3 GHz I need to estimate the mobile radio channel every 2 ms ~2 ms 𝑇𝑐𝑜ℎ,2𝐺𝐻𝑧,𝑓𝑑@500𝑘𝑚/ℎ ≅ 1 2𝑓 𝑑 ≈ 0.5 𝑚𝑠 Compare LTE 500 km/h@2GHz  fd ~ 926 Hz  2 cell-specific reference signal in a time slot
Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 40 What’s next?
3GPP RAN NR Standardization Overview Status after 3GPP RAN #82 (December 2018) 41 Release 15Rel-14 NR: New Radio SA: Standalone NSA: Non Standalone eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases Rel-15 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X, IoT, …) Dec 2017 / RAN #78 L1/L2 specification for NSA option 3 / eMBB completed March 2020 / RAN #87 Rel-16 completed Now LTE Adv Pro Rel-16 NR Phase 2: Further NR use cases (V2X, NTN) Rel-16 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (IoT, broadcast, …) June 2019 / RAN #84 (“late drop”) L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 4 & 7 completed Sep 2018 / RAN #81 L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 2 & 5 completed June 2020 / RAN #88 L3 specs (Rel-16 ASN.1) completed Rel-15 Milestones Rel-16 Milestones Rel-16 Study-Items / Work-Items (see next slide) 201920182017 March 2019 / RAN #83 (“late drop”) L1/L2 specs for option 4 & 7 incl. NR-NR-DC completed Feb 2019 2020 Mar 2018 / RAN #79 L3 specs. (ASN.1) for option 3 / eMBB completed June 2018 / RAN #80 L1/L2 specs. for SA option 2 & 5 / URLLC completed Dec 2019 / RAN #86 Rel-16 RAN1 PHY specification frozen Rel-17Release 16Rel-15 “Late Drop” RF Lumination 2019
3GPP RAN Workplan and Priorities Timeframe: July 2018 – Dec 2019 ı Complete NR Rel-15 specifications  Bugfixes and corrections to Rel-15  Specify Option 4 & 7 and NR-NR DC (“late drops”) ı Enhance NR in Rel-16 to support vertical markets and new industries beyond eMBB  V2X (Basic use cases included in LTE Rel-14/15, NR Rel-16 covers advanced use cases)  Industrial IoT (LPWA use cases included in LTE eMTC/NB-IoT, Advanced URLLC use cases such as industry automation in NR Rel-16)  5G in unlicensed spectrum / 5G over satellite  Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) for NR ı Increase NR UE and network efficiency in Rel-16  Reduce 5G UE power consumption  5G location and positioning enhancements  5G Interference mitigation  5G MIMO and beamforming enhancements 42Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
My final comment… ı Pre-Release Mobile World Congress 2019, limited number of soft copies ı Hardcover in April 2019 RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 43
“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!” African proverb RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 44

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What is 5G?

  • 1.
    Andreas Roessler Technology Manager Rohde&SchwarzUSA, Inc. Welcome to RF Lumination 2019 COMPANY RESTRICTED
  • 2.
    I hope youhad a safe commuteI hope you had a safe commute…and watch out for birds! RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 2
  • 3.
    Meet 158+ yearsof RF design & test expertise Helping you to Demystify 5G Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 3
  • 4.
    Feb 2019 RFLumination 2019 4 Lets lay the foundation…
  • 5.
    Who are we? Feb2019 RF Lumination 2019 5
  • 6.
    ı …that stretchesthe use cases of 4G LTE: What is 5G? It is a paradigm shift… Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Source: Brooklyn 5G Summit 2017, presented by Nokia (April 2017) LTE in the lab LTE in the field 6
  • 7.
    5G Key TechnologyComponents 5G New Radio (NR) builds on four main pillars Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 7 New Spectrum Multi-Connectivity Network flexibility - virtualization Massive MIMO & Beamforming ı < 1GHz ı 3.5, 3.7, 4.2 GHz ı 24, 26, 28 GHz ı 39, 44 GHz ı Hybrid beamforming ı > 6GHz also UE is expected to apply beam steering eNB gNB MCG MCG split SCG Initially based on Dual Connectivity with E-UTRA as masterSCG split ı Flexible physical layer numerology ı Network Slicing ı NFV/SDN
  • 8.
    5G New Radio(NR) offers a flexible air interface Summary of key parameters Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 8 Parameter FR1 (450 MHz – 6 GHz) FR2 (24.25 – 52.6 GHz) Carrier aggregation Up to 16 carriers (total aggregated bandwidth of 1 GHz) Bandwidth per carrier 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100MHz 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz Subcarrier spacing 15, 30, 60 kHz 60, 120, 240 (not for data) kHz Max. number of subcarriers 3300 (FFT4096 mandatory) Modulation scheme QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM; uplink also supports π/2-BPSK (only DFT-s-OFDM) Radio frame length 10 ms Subframe duration 1 ms (alignment at symbol boundaries every 1 ms) MIMO scheme Max. 2 codewords mapped to max 8 layers in downlink and to max 4 layers in uplink Duplex mode TDD, FDD TDD Access scheme Downlink: CP-OFDM Uplink: CP-OFDM, DFT-s-OFDM Changed to 7.125 GHz
  • 9.
    FR1 frequency bands– Nothing surprising, or? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 9 Band number UL DL Bandwidth Duplex mode n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz 2x60 MHz FDD n2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 2x60 MHz FDD n3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz 2x75 MHz FDD n5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894 MHz 2x25 MHz FDD n7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz 2x70 MHz FDD n8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz 2x35 MHz FDD n12 699 MHz – 716 MHz 729 MHz – 746 MHz 2x17 MHz FDD n20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz 2x30 MHz FDD n25 1850 MHz – 1915 MHz 1930 MHz – 1995 MHz 2x65 MHz FDD n28 703 MHz – 748 MHz 758 MHz – 803 MHz 2x45 MHz FDD n34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 15 MHz TDD n38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 50 MHz TDD n39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 40 MHz TDD n40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 100 MHz TDD n41 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 2496 MHz – 2690 MHz 194 MHz TDD n50 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 90 MHz TDD n51 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz TDD n66 1710 MHz – 1780 MHz 2110 MHz – 2200 MHz 70 (UL) / 90 (DL) MHz FDD n70 1695 MHz – 1710 MHz 1995 MHz – 2020 MHz 15 (UL) / 25 (DL) MHz FDD n71 663 MHz – 698 MHz 617 MHz – 652 MHz 2x35 MHz FDD n74 1427 MHz – 1470 MHz 1475 MHz – 1518 MHz 2x43 MHz FDD n75 N/A 1432 MHz – 1517 MHz 90 MHz SDL n76 N/A 1427 MHz – 1432 MHz SDL FDD FDD TDD Add capacity in Downlink (Carrier Aggregation)
  • 10.
    New challenges dueto dual-connectivity approach Example: n41 ı EN-DC involves 2 separate non-contiguous transmissions, for LTE and NR, which can create reverse intermodulation products (R-IMD) that may exceed emissions limits ı Usually, FCC and most 3GPP emissions specs assume contiguous allocations, which is not the case for Band 41 EN-DC Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 10 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz frequency e.g. 60 MHz LTE Band 41, 5G NR n41 R-IM3 NR LTE Source: Sprint, 3GPP RAN4 discussions
  • 11.
    New challenges dueto dual-connectivity approach Example: n41 (cont’d.) ı ..there is MPR and A-MPR but… dependent on frequency allocations for LTE and NR different values are applicable Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 11 Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 V15.4.0 (Dec 2018)
  • 12.
    New challenges dueto dual-connectivity approach Example: n41 (cont’d.) ı Questions? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 12 if RBstart ≤ fstart,max,IMD3 / (12SCS) and LCRB ≤ AWmax,IMD3 / (12SCS) and FC - BWChannel/2 < FUL_low + offsetIMD3, then the A-MPR' is defined according to Table 6.2.3.2-2 PC3_A2 for Power Class 3 and PC2 A4 for Power Class 2, else, if RBstart ≤ LCRB/2 + start / (12SCS) and LCRB ≤ AWmax,regrowth / (12SCS) and FC - BWChannel/2 < FUL_low + offsetregrowth, then the A-MPR' is defined according to Table 6.2.3.2-2 PC3_A1 for Power Class 3 and PC2 A3 for Power Class 2, else A-MPR' = 0 dB and apply MPR. Source: 3GPP TS 38.101 V15.4.0 (Dec 2018)
  • 13.
    How to testRF components supporting n41? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 13 R&S®SMW200A Vector Signal Generator R&S®FSW Signal and Spectrum Analyzer
  • 14.
    FR1 frequency bands– Nothing surprising, or? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 14 Band number UL DL Bandwidth Duplex mode n77 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 3300 MHz – 4200 MHz 900 MHz TDD n78 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 3300 MHz – 3800 MHz 500 MHz TDD n79 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 4400 MHz – 5000 MHz 600 MHz TDD n80 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz N/A 1x75 MHz SUL n81 880 MHz – 915 MHz N/A 1x35 MHz SUL n82 832 MHz – 862 MHz N/A 1x30 MHz SUL n83 703 MHz – 748 MHz N/A 1x45 MHz SUL n84 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz N/A 1x60 MHz SUL n86 1710 MHz – 1780MHz N/A 1x70 MHz SUL …more TDD SUL?SUL? Supplemental Uplink! • Remember: as any cellular system also 5G is an uplink limited system! • SUL to overcome uplink coverage problems • NR bands n77, n78, n79 allow power class 2 (+26 dBm) devices
  • 15.
    5G NR coverage @3.5 GHz ı Synchronization Signal Blocks (SSB) are embedded in overall carrier bandwidth and provide UE with PCI (PSS, SSS) and MIB (PBCH)  Only “Always ON” signal component  Scalable periodicity  Dependent on deployment frequency range (FR1, FR2) different number of SSB per SS burst  5G NR coverage determination by measuring RSRP, RSRQ, SINR on SSS Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 15 Same PCI, different SSB indices
  • 16.
    Take away ı ExpectedUE sensitivity: -120 dBm (SS-RSRP) ı Excellent SSB coverage, analog beamforming allows for long radio range ı Can the uplink be closed?  During planning and and deployment network parameters are set in a way that if SS-RSRP drops below a threshold UE is forced to transmit on SUL Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 16 -125dBm SS-RSRP ~ 6.5km distance gNodeB -110dBm SS-RSRP -90dBm SS-RSRP -100dBm SS-RSRP
  • 17.
    5G NR bandwidthutilization 17 FR1 SCS [kHz] Channel bandwidth [MHz] 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB 15 25 52 79 106 133 160 216 270 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 30 11 24 38 51 65 78 106 133 162 189 217 245 273 60 n/a 11 18 24 31 38 51 65 79 93 107 121 135 FR2 SCS [kHz] Channel bandwidth [MHz] 50 100 200 400 NRB NRB NRB NRB 60 66 132 264 n/a 120 32 66 132 264 Source: 3GPP TS 38.104 V1.0.0 ı For FR1  Most FDD bands only allow 20 MHz of bandwidth  100 MHz bandwidth only supported by TDD bands 19.08MHz 380.16MHz Dec 2018 5G - A Test&Measurement perspective COMPANY RESTRICTED
  • 18.
    mmWave – Whatmakes it so challenging? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 18
  • 19.
    Link budget: Canwe close the link at FR2 frequencies? ı 5G NR defines for FR2 carrier bandwidths of 50, 100, 200 and 400 MHz ı What path loss model to use? Just Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)? ABG? 3GPP?  Depends on application scenario: Outdoor? Indoor? Outdoor-to-indoor?  What cell size is required to fulfil business case? 1000m? 500m? 250m? ı What cell edge performance (e.g. throughput) is expected? 100 Mbps? 200 Mbps? Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Receiver sensitivity Bandwidth [MHz] 50 100 200 400 Thermal Noise Level (k*T) -174 dBm/Hz Bandwidth correction [dB] 77 80 83 86 Typ. UE Noise Figure*) 10 dB Receiver limit sensitivity [dBm] -97 -94 -91 -88 *) TR38.803 V14.1.0 for co-existence simulations two sets of NF for UE, BS are used: 9 and 11 dB, but as response to ITU WP5D Noise Figure is 10 dB for UE, BS 1 2 19
  • 20.
    Free space pathloss Higher frequencies = higher attenuation Higher frequencies = smaller antennas 𝑃𝑅𝑥 𝑃 𝑇𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑐 4𝜋𝒇𝑑 γ Friis equation Path Loss 28 GHz @ d [m] γ = 2 Free Space γ = 2.7 to 3.5 Urban Area 1 m - 61,4 dB -92,1 dB (k = 3) 10 m - 81,4 dB -122,1 dB 100 m - 101,4 dB - 151,1 dB 1000 m - 121,4 dB - 181,1 dB γ = path loss exponent 20Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
  • 21.
    Path loss estimation ıPath loss model: Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) vs. Alpha, Beta, Gamma (ABG) model Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Network operator requested Inter Site Distance (ISD) ~124 dB ~145 dB 1 21
  • 22.
    What cell edgethroughput is desired? MCS vs SNR, FEC simulations by Rohde&Schwarz Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 PUSCH PDSCH (64QAM) PDSCH (256QAM) Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) RequiredSNR 5.22 dB 8.56 dB 15.01 dB 2 22
  • 23.
    What cell edgethroughput is desired? Data rate calculation in 5G NR for 200 MHz (Downlink) Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Data rate = 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 * 1 * 1 * 4 * 1 * (0.64) * (132 * 12) * (14 * ) / * (1 - 0.18) = 372.41 Mbps  1.86 bps/Hz Adjustment to Mbps Number of Layers “v” Number of Carriers “J” Bits per Symbol from modulation scheme “Qm” Scaling factor “f” values 1, 0.8, 0.75, 0.4 signaled per band ( Max.) Code rate “Rmax” Overhead “OH” 0.14 for DL frequency range FR1 0.18 for DL frequency range FR2 0.08 for UL frequency range FR1 0.10 for UL frequency range FR2 Source: 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 (2018-06) (Max.) number of RBs “N” 270 for FR1 with 15kHz SCS 273 for FR1 with 30kHz SCS 135 for FR1 with 60kHz SCS 264 for FR2 with 60kHz SCS 264 for FR2 with 120kHz SCS Sub carrier per RB 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 Average OFDM symbol duration “Ts” Numerology “μ“   214 10 3    sT FR2 data rate example for DL, single layer, SCS 120 kHz (µ=3), 200 MHz (132 RB) with 16QAM, RC=0.64 (MCS16): 2 23
  • 24.
    see previous slide… 5GRRH TX power Required TX EIRP 41.56...62.56 dBm Array Size 256 Beamforming/Array gain 24 dB Single element gain (Literature: typ. 5 to 8 dBi) 5 dBi Min. conducted power 10.56…31.56 dBm Link budget: Can we close the link at mmWave frequencies? Downlink ı Assuming Inter-Site Distance (ISD) of 500 m closing the link in Downlink is possible. However, many variables, what is real path loss (= application scenario), real antenna array gain and directivity, total available power etc. Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Link Budget Receiver limit sensitivity 200 MHz -91 dBm Required SNR (e.g. 16QAM, RC 0.64) 8.56 dB RX antenna gain (CPE, e.g. 16 elements)*) typ. 17 dBi**) Estimated path loss ISD 500 m 124…145 dB Required Transmit EIRP (Receiver sensitivity + SNR) – RX antenna gain + path loss 41.56...62.56 dBm *) Assuming a typical patch array the receive antenna gain is calculated as M+10*log10(N), where M is a single antenna element gain and N is the number of elements. **) Theoretical value, doesn’t take coupling loss into account 24
  • 25.
    5G RRH RX NoiseFigure (NF)***) 6 dB Array Size 256 Beamforming/Array gain 24 dB Single element gain (Literature: typ. 5 to 8 dBi) 5 dBi Let’s check on the uplink… Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 Uplink Link Budget Device type CPE Smartphone Total TX EIRP 36 dBm 26 dBm Path loss 124…145 dB Bandwidth 200 MHz Thermal Noise -91 dBm RX NF 6 dB Minimum detectable signal -85 dBm Required SNR (e.g. 16QAM, RC=0.4) 5.22 dB Total RX beamforming gain 29 dB RX signal 200 MHz (Thermal Noise + NF + req.SNR – RX beamforming gain) -108.78 dBm Link Margin [dB] (Total TX EIRP – path loss - RX signal) -0.22…20.78 -10.22…10.78 UE TX Device type CPE Smartphone Conducted power 17 dBm 17 dBm Array Size (typ.) 32 4 Total Antenna Array gain*) ~19 dBi ~9 dBi Total TX EIRP for UE**) 36 dBm 26 dBm ı Closing the uplink link seems problematic for a smartphone, even a CPE at ISD of 500m; needs a linear, high power amplifier and a high gain antenna system. Antenna and transmitter characterization is important. *) Considers antenna feeder losses **) FCC allows up to +43 dBm for Mobile Stations (FCC Part 30.202) ***) More realistic 5G BTS NF using pre-LNA architecture 25
  • 26.
    Counter measures toovercome higher path loss ı Put directivity into the radiation  Hybrid Beamforming (analog+digital)  Active antenna systems (AAS) 5G: 28 GHz UE Sidelobes Narrow beams with beam steering/tracking RF Lumination 2019 26Feb 2019
  • 27.
    Hybrid beamforming conceptutilized in 5G NR ı Combine the advantages of both analog and digital beamforming architectures ı Reducing the number of complete RF chains ı Number of simultaneously supported streams is reduced compared to full blown digital beamforming Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 27
  • 28.
    Hardware Perspective: MassiveMIMO = Beamforming + MIMO M=4Transceivers x3(t) x1(t) x2(t) x4(t) MIMO Array: M Data Streams Beamforming Array: 1 Data Stream x1(t) TRx + Multi User-MIMO Increase SINR and capacity for each user i.e. UE1: 32 ant BF with 16x2 MIMO UE2: 16 ant BF with 8x2 MIMO Massive arrays of 128-1024 active antenna elements Massive MIMO: Combine Beamforming + MIMO = MU-MIMO with M antennas >> # of UEs 28
  • 29.
    Massive MIMO Characterizing MassiveMIMO / Beamforming Systems 29 RFIC RFIC TRx FPGA Digital IQ Development challenges: Phase shifter tolerances, thermal effects of the PAs, frequency drifts between modules, desired beam patterns, calibration, … Test challenges: OTA testing becomes the default use case, increased measurement uncertainty, 3D channel models, … Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
  • 30.
    What is comingwith 5G NR testing? OTA (TRP/TIS / RSE) Conducted OTA Sub 6GHz (FR1): hybrid test method mmWave (FR2): OTA ONLY 6 GHz 24 GHz Conducted testing Re-use LTE Testing methodology OTA measurements in far field* *Note: Alternative near field methods are not precluded Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 30
  • 31.
  • 32.
    D 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ×ൗ𝐃 𝟑 𝛌 ൗ𝟐𝑫 𝟐 𝝀 Reactive Near Field Radiated Near Field Far Field Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 32
  • 33.
    Big is (notalways) beautiful! Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 33
  • 34.
    Farfield Feb 2019 RFLumination 2019 34
  • 35.
    Rolled edge Knifeedge Maximum Surface Deviation: ρmax = 0.007*λ “Details matter, it's worth waiting to get it right.” Steve Jobs (1955-2011)Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 35
  • 36.
    Feb 2019 RFLumination 2019 36
  • 37.
    Plane Wave Converter(PWC) 200 is a linear device with almost zero contribution to EVM Measurement Parameters Access scheme: OFDMA Five 20 MHz Carriers (100 MHz Total) Output Power: 5 dBm Signal Analyzer: FSW Signal Generator: SMW200A RBW = 10 MHz Span = 200 MHz PWC Weights: 2.4 GHz (same weights applied through entire 100MHz signal) EVM: 2.36 GHz = 0.41% Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019 37
  • 38.
    OTA testing fundamentalsposter – Get your free copy RF Lumination 2019 38 Register for your free copy at www.rohde-schwarz.com/OTA-poster Feb 2019
  • 39.
    Mobility @ mmWave Feb2019 RF Lumination 2019 39 ı Doppler effect: 𝑓𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑣 𝑐 fc = 2 GHz, v = 1 m/s  fd ≈ 6.7 Hz fc = 28 GHz, v = 1 m/s  fd = 93.4 Hz fd@30mph ~ 1.3 kHz 𝑇𝑐𝑜ℎ,28𝐺𝐻𝑧,𝑓𝑑@30𝑚𝑝ℎ ≅ 1 2𝑓 𝑑 ≈ 385 𝜇𝑠 fd: Doppler frequency fc: Carrier frequency v: velocity c: speed of light If I want to drive 100 km/h @ fc = 2.3 GHz I need to estimate the mobile radio channel every 2 ms ~2 ms 𝑇𝑐𝑜ℎ,2𝐺𝐻𝑧,𝑓𝑑@500𝑘𝑚/ℎ ≅ 1 2𝑓 𝑑 ≈ 0.5 𝑚𝑠 Compare LTE 500 km/h@2GHz  fd ~ 926 Hz  2 cell-specific reference signal in a time slot
  • 40.
    Feb 2019 RFLumination 2019 40 What’s next?
  • 41.
    3GPP RAN NRStandardization Overview Status after 3GPP RAN #82 (December 2018) 41 Release 15Rel-14 NR: New Radio SA: Standalone NSA: Non Standalone eMBB: Enhanced Mobile Broadband URLLC: Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication mMTC: Massive Machine Type Communication Rel-15 NR Phase 1: Focus on early NSA / SA deployment scenarios for eMBB/URLLC use cases Rel-15 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (V2X, IoT, …) Dec 2017 / RAN #78 L1/L2 specification for NSA option 3 / eMBB completed March 2020 / RAN #87 Rel-16 completed Now LTE Adv Pro Rel-16 NR Phase 2: Further NR use cases (V2X, NTN) Rel-16 LTE Advanced Pro evolution (IoT, broadcast, …) June 2019 / RAN #84 (“late drop”) L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 4 & 7 completed Sep 2018 / RAN #81 L3 specs (ASN.1) for option 2 & 5 completed June 2020 / RAN #88 L3 specs (Rel-16 ASN.1) completed Rel-15 Milestones Rel-16 Milestones Rel-16 Study-Items / Work-Items (see next slide) 201920182017 March 2019 / RAN #83 (“late drop”) L1/L2 specs for option 4 & 7 incl. NR-NR-DC completed Feb 2019 2020 Mar 2018 / RAN #79 L3 specs. (ASN.1) for option 3 / eMBB completed June 2018 / RAN #80 L1/L2 specs. for SA option 2 & 5 / URLLC completed Dec 2019 / RAN #86 Rel-16 RAN1 PHY specification frozen Rel-17Release 16Rel-15 “Late Drop” RF Lumination 2019
  • 42.
    3GPP RAN Workplanand Priorities Timeframe: July 2018 – Dec 2019 ı Complete NR Rel-15 specifications  Bugfixes and corrections to Rel-15  Specify Option 4 & 7 and NR-NR DC (“late drops”) ı Enhance NR in Rel-16 to support vertical markets and new industries beyond eMBB  V2X (Basic use cases included in LTE Rel-14/15, NR Rel-16 covers advanced use cases)  Industrial IoT (LPWA use cases included in LTE eMTC/NB-IoT, Advanced URLLC use cases such as industry automation in NR Rel-16)  5G in unlicensed spectrum / 5G over satellite  Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) for NR ı Increase NR UE and network efficiency in Rel-16  Reduce 5G UE power consumption  5G location and positioning enhancements  5G Interference mitigation  5G MIMO and beamforming enhancements 42Feb 2019 RF Lumination 2019
  • 43.
    My final comment… ıPre-Release Mobile World Congress 2019, limited number of soft copies ı Hardcover in April 2019 RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 43
  • 44.
    “If you wantto go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!” African proverb RF Lumination 2019Feb 2019 44