What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity Explain in deta.pdf
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What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity? Explain in detail the Fluid Mosaic Model. Solution Degree of membrane fluidity is affected by many factors as follows: Fluid Mosaic model describes the bilayer structure of plasma membrane having various phospholipids, cholestrols, carbohydrate, and membrane proteins embedded into it. main composition of the plasma layer is Phospholipid Bilayer Hydrophobic ends of the lipid bilayer form the skeleton of the membrane whereas hydrophilic ends form hydrogen bonds with other molecules like water on both sides of the membrane. Middle part of membrane is hydrophobic in nature. Other than lipids, proteins and carbohydrate are other main constituents of the membrane. Proteins are folded and embedded into the membrane. Carbohydrates are found at the outer part of membrane and generally are found attached to proteins or lipids..
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Components of plasma membrane
This document discusses the chemical composition and structure of plasma membranes. It notes that membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The major lipid components include fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Membrane proteins can be integral, spanning the entire membrane, or peripheral. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains. Lipids spontaneously form a fluid bilayer structure with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins floating within.
As biology cell membranes colstons
This document provides an overview of cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. It discusses:
- The basic phospholipid bilayer structure of cell membranes, with phospholipids having hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that form a bilayer.
- The fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which describes membranes as a fluid bilayer containing embedded and floating proteins. The average thickness is 7nm.
- Key components of membranes, including phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteins, and their various roles in structure and function.
- Mechanisms by which molecules cross cell membranes, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
Structure of plasma membrane
This presentation includes mainly the history of study of plasma membrane,structural constituents of the membrane, etc.
2membrane
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the plasma membrane and gap junctions. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and describes the key components of membranes, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. It outlines several functions of the plasma membrane, such as forming a selective barrier and anchoring the cytoskeleton. Transport mechanisms like transport proteins are also summarized.
chemical composition of plasma membrane
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in: cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
Biomembranes of cell
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biomembranes. It describes how membranes are made up of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and peripheral proteins. The fluid mosaic model represents membranes as a fluid bilayer with proteins drifting within. Membranes are selectively permeable, using transport proteins and channels to regulate movement of molecules in and out of the cell. Both passive and active transport mechanisms move solutes across membranes, with active transport requiring energy to move substances against their concentration gradients.
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdf
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
1.plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that forms a selectively permeable barrier around cells. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules that spontaneously form the bilayer structure. Cholesterol is also embedded in the membrane and helps maintain fluidity over a range of temperatures. Carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids on the outer surface form identity markers. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane's structure and the ability of its components to move freely within the plane of the bilayer.
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Components of plasma membrane
This document discusses the chemical composition and structure of plasma membranes. It notes that membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The major lipid components include fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Membrane proteins can be integral, spanning the entire membrane, or peripheral. Glycoproteins contain carbohydrate chains. Lipids spontaneously form a fluid bilayer structure with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside. The fluid mosaic model describes membranes as a fluid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins floating within.
As biology cell membranes colstons
This document provides an overview of cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. It discusses:
- The basic phospholipid bilayer structure of cell membranes, with phospholipids having hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that form a bilayer.
- The fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which describes membranes as a fluid bilayer containing embedded and floating proteins. The average thickness is 7nm.
- Key components of membranes, including phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteins, and their various roles in structure and function.
- Mechanisms by which molecules cross cell membranes, including diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
Structure of plasma membrane
This presentation includes mainly the history of study of plasma membrane,structural constituents of the membrane, etc.
2membrane
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the plasma membrane and gap junctions. It discusses the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and describes the key components of membranes, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and integral and peripheral proteins. It outlines several functions of the plasma membrane, such as forming a selective barrier and anchoring the cytoskeleton. Transport mechanisms like transport proteins are also summarized.
chemical composition of plasma membrane
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in: cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
Biomembranes of cell
The document summarizes key aspects of cell biomembranes. It describes how membranes are made up of a phospholipid bilayer with various embedded and peripheral proteins. The fluid mosaic model represents membranes as a fluid bilayer with proteins drifting within. Membranes are selectively permeable, using transport proteins and channels to regulate movement of molecules in and out of the cell. Both passive and active transport mechanisms move solutes across membranes, with active transport requiring energy to move substances against their concentration gradients.
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdf
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
1.plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that forms a selectively permeable barrier around cells. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules that spontaneously form the bilayer structure. Cholesterol is also embedded in the membrane and helps maintain fluidity over a range of temperatures. Carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids on the outer surface form identity markers. The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane's structure and the ability of its components to move freely within the plane of the bilayer.
Structure, composition of plasma membrane by muhammad akmal bhikh
The fluid mosaic model proposes that the plasma membrane is made of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it. The lipid bilayer is made up of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing inward. Cholesterol is also embedded within the bilayer. Integral proteins span or are embedded within the membrane, while peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface. Carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on the outer surface of the membrane. Together, the lipids and proteins give the membrane a fluid structure that allows it to perform various functions for the cell.
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, also known as a cell membrane, divides cells from their surroundings and generates internal compartments. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and integral proteins. The bilayer is asymmetrical, with different compositions between the inner and outer leaflets. This asymmetry enables important cell functions. Biological membranes form through the clustering of phospholipids in water, driven by the hydrophobic effect. Membranes function to selectively permit passage of molecules and ions, and establish enclosed regions to maintain distinct chemical environments for organelles. Membrane fluidity, regulated by lipid composition, is important for membrane and cell functions.
HMP01 02Membrane structure of excitable cell (1).pdf
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Structure and function of plasma membrane 2
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Biomembrane basic
This document discusses the structure and composition of bio-membranes. It states that bio-membranes are composed primarily of phospholipids that spontaneously form a bilayer structure. The phospholipids are amphipathic, with a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. This allows the tails to interact at the membrane interior, separating the hydrophilic exterior into cytosolic and extracytosolic leaflets. Membranes also contain proteins and sterols that modulate membrane properties and functions. Integral membrane proteins span the bilayer, while peripheral proteins are attached to surfaces.
Cell Membranes!
The cell membrane has a fluid mosaic structure, comprising a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipid tails face each other at the center of the bilayer to be protected from the watery environments inside and outside the cell, while the phosphate heads face outwards. Transmembrane and peripheral proteins embedded in the bilayer form channels to regulate what passes in and out of the cell. Cholesterol maintains the fluidity and stability of the membrane. The membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier and facilitates cell structure, communication, recognition, mobility, and chemical reactions.
cell membrane supriya
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It describes the membrane as having a lipid bilayer structure composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins are embedded within or attached to this bilayer. The fluid mosaic model represents membranes as a fluid structure containing phospholipids that move freely and proteins that diffuse laterally. Key functions of the membrane include selectively regulating what passes in and out of cells and serving as anchors and mediators of cell communication.
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich molecular mosaic fluid
mosaic plasma membrane Which characteristic apply to the phospholipid membrane? It is
primarily a hydrophobic bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic Proteins are imbedded within
the phospholipids. The imbedded molecules can move freely within the membrane All are
important characteristics of the Cholesterol molecules in the membrane act to modulate
temperature dependent viscosity and fluidity of the membrane. moderate the effects of a high fat
diet promote fluidity in the membrane. allow for better membrane compaction and integrity.
allow transport across the membrane. One important feature of membranes in the
endomembrane system is that they can move freely from cell to cell. freely bleb off of and then
onto other components of this network. they contain small pieces of independently replicating
DNA. they move from the trans side of the membrane to the cis side. t
Solution
1. Fluid mosaic model.
Fluid mosaic model for plasma membrane proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson is
universally acceoted model for plasma membrane.
2. All are important characteristics.
Phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic and amphipathic. Which means that posess polar head
and non polar tails.
Some of the protien molecules are embedded in the phospholipid layer and these moelcules are
free to move due to fluid nature of plasma membrane.
3. Allows better membrane compaction and integrity.
Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule like phospholipids. It contains a hydrophilic and a
hydrophobic portion. Cholesterol\'s hydroxyl (OH) group aligns with the phosphate heads of the
phospholipids. The remaining portion of it tucks into the fatty acid portion of the membrane.
Because of the way cholesterol is shaped, part of the steroid ring (the four hydrocarbon rings in
between the hydroxyl group and the hydrocarbon \"tail\") is closely attracted to part of the fatty
acid chain on the nearest phospholipid. This helps slightly immobilize the outer surface of the
membrane and make it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise
pass through more easily.
4. They contain transport enzymes..
La celula
The document discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. Phospholipids are amphipathic, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers. The bilayer is asymmetric, with different phospholipid compositions on each side. Membrane proteins perform many functions, and associate with the membrane through various domains. Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane. The membrane is fluid, allowing cell fusion, and contains protein and lipid domains like caveolae.
The Cell Membrane
The document summarizes the key components and structure of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. It describes that the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. The major constituents are phospholipids that form the bilayer, cholesterol that provides stability, and various types of membrane proteins. The fluid mosaic model and experimental evidence demonstrate that the cell membrane is fluid and dynamic in nature.
membrane lipids.docx
Biological membranes consist of a lipid bilayer composed primarily of phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. This lipid bilayer forms a fluid structure that can incorporate membrane proteins. Membrane lipids spontaneously assemble into bilayers in water and their composition varies between cell and membrane types. The lipid bilayer forms a barrier that compartmentalizes cellular components and processes.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a thin, flexible bilayer composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. According to the fluid mosaic model, the phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the membrane, with proteins and carbohydrates embedded within it or attached to it. The phospholipids are arranged with their hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward, forming a semi-permeable barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell.
Membrane structure
Presentation on plasma membrane structure,fluid mosaic model, its components and function, and a brief account on membrane transport.
Transport across membrane
The document discusses biological membranes. It states that all living cells are surrounded by a flexible yet viscous structure called the cell membrane or plasma membrane. The cell membrane is 7-10nm thick and acts as a selective barrier, allowing some substances to enter or leave the cell while restricting others. It also contains membrane-bound proteins that serve important functions like transport of substances, signal transduction, and acting as receptors. The major components of biological membranes are lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates organized in a fluid mosaic structure.
1. cell
The human body contains over 200 cell types that all originate from a single fertilized egg cell. Cells differentiate and specialize to perform specific functions. The basic components of cells are the nucleus, which houses the DNA, and the cytoplasm, which contains organelles. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. Cells communicate through signaling molecules that bind receptors and trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to be transported into and out of cells while maintaining membrane integrity. The nucleus contains DNA and directs cellular activities through gene expression.
Plasma membrne
The document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. It describes the plasma membrane as a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and membrane proteins. Key points include:
- The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol that encloses the cell.
- The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a fluid structure with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.
- Membrane proteins perform important functions like transport, signaling, and cell recognition. Transport proteins include channel and carrier proteins.
- The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and plays a critical role in cell function. Dysfunctions can lead to diseases.
Fluid mosaic model By H.A.Galib.pptx
Habibullah Al Galib presents information on the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes. The fluid mosaic model proposes that cell membranes are composed of phospholipid molecules embedded with proteins that allow for fluidity and mosaic-like structure. Specifically, the model states that 40% of the membrane is lipid, 55% is protein, and 5% is carbohydrate. Lipid molecules are amphipathic with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. There are two types of membrane proteins - integral proteins embedded in the membrane and peripheral proteins on the surface. In addition, cholesterol is an essential lipid component that modulates membrane fluidity. The cell membrane functions to protect the cell, facilitate selective transport, and allow for cell adhesion through membrane
AS Biology - CELL MEMBRANES
The document discusses cell membranes, including their structure and functions. It describes the fluid mosaic model, which states that membranes are fluid structures composed of phospholipids and various embedded proteins. Phospholipids form a bilayer, with hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. Membrane proteins have various roles like transport, signaling, and attaching to other structures. The fluid mosaic model improved upon earlier models and best explains the observed properties of cell membranes.
Plasma membrane.pptx
• The membrane enclosing a cell is called cell membrane or plasma membrane (animal cells) and plasma lemma (plant cells).
• It contains proteins and lipids in the ratio of 80 : 20 in bacteria on one extreme and on the other extreme 20 : 80 in some nerve cells.
• The over all composition of most of the cell membranes is 40-50% protein and 50-60% lipids; both the components vary in their composition.
plasma membrane.pptx
The document discusses the structure and composition of plasma membranes, describing the phospholipid bilayer and various integral and peripheral proteins that make up the fluid mosaic model. It explains the functions of cell membranes, including transport, signaling, and cell-cell interactions, and how different proteins are involved in processes like transport, reception, enzymatic activity, and adhesion. The fluidity and dynamics of the membrane are influenced by the phospholipids and cholesterol that make up the bilayer.
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from bei.pdf
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from being overridden in C#?
Solution
yes,I can allow a class to be inherited in the following cases
Ican expalin with th following example by writing small code
Example:
class A
{
protected virtual void show()
{
//Statements
}
}
class B : A
{
sealed protected override void shoe()
{
//Statements
}
}.
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER .pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER of the following problem:
Program A
(Check password) Some websites impose certain rules for passwords. Write a method that
checks whether a string is a valid password. Suppose the password rules are as follows:
A password must have at least eight characters.
A password consists of only letters and digits.
A password must contain at least two digits.
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a password and displays Valid Password if the
rules are followed or Invalid Password otherwise.
Program B
(Count the letters in a string ) Write a method that counts the number of letters in a string using
the following header:
public static int countLetters(String s)
Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a string and displays the number of letters in
the string , not counting numbers, spaces, or symbols.
Solution
Program A:
import java.util.Scanner;
class PasswordValidity
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
boolean size;
boolean special;
boolean digit;
int count = 0;
System.out.println(\"Enter password:\");
String password = scanner.nextLine();
size = false;
special = false;
digit = false;
int length = password.length();
count=0;
int digitLen=0;
while (count < length) {
char ch = password.charAt(count);
if (length >= 8) {
size = true;
}
if (!Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch)) {
special = true;
}
if (Character.isDigit(ch)) {
digitLen++;
digit = true;
}
count++;
}
if (size && !special && digit && digitLen>=2) {
System.out.println(\" Valid Password\");
} else {
System.out.println(\"Invalid Password\");
}
}
}
Program B:
import java.util.Scanner;
class LetterCount
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
//String str;
System.out.println(\"Enter String:\");
String str= scanner.nextLine();
int res=countLetters(str);
System.out.println(\"Count: \"+res);
}
public static int countLetters(String s)
{
int length=s.length();
int count=0,c=0;
while(count.
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Similar to What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity Explain in deta.pdf
Structure, composition of plasma membrane by muhammad akmal bhikh
The fluid mosaic model proposes that the plasma membrane is made of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it. The lipid bilayer is made up of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing inward. Cholesterol is also embedded within the bilayer. Integral proteins span or are embedded within the membrane, while peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface. Carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on the outer surface of the membrane. Together, the lipids and proteins give the membrane a fluid structure that allows it to perform various functions for the cell.
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, also known as a cell membrane, divides cells from their surroundings and generates internal compartments. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and integral proteins. The bilayer is asymmetrical, with different compositions between the inner and outer leaflets. This asymmetry enables important cell functions. Biological membranes form through the clustering of phospholipids in water, driven by the hydrophobic effect. Membranes function to selectively permit passage of molecules and ions, and establish enclosed regions to maintain distinct chemical environments for organelles. Membrane fluidity, regulated by lipid composition, is important for membrane and cell functions.
HMP01 02Membrane structure of excitable cell (1).pdf
The document discusses the structure and function of excitable cell membranes. It begins by describing the cell membrane as a 7.5-10 nm thick biological membrane separating the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The membrane consists mainly of a phospholipid bilayer with large numbers of embedded and peripheral protein molecules. The fluid mosaic model is presented as the widely accepted structure of cell membranes, with phospholipids and proteins able to laterally diffuse in the membrane plane. Key functions of the membrane include regulation of exchanges with the environment and providing structure and protection to the cell.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Biomembrane basic
This document discusses the structure and composition of bio-membranes. It states that bio-membranes are composed primarily of phospholipids that spontaneously form a bilayer structure. The phospholipids are amphipathic, with a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. This allows the tails to interact at the membrane interior, separating the hydrophilic exterior into cytosolic and extracytosolic leaflets. Membranes also contain proteins and sterols that modulate membrane properties and functions. Integral membrane proteins span the bilayer, while peripheral proteins are attached to surfaces.
Cell Membranes!
The cell membrane has a fluid mosaic structure, comprising a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The phospholipid tails face each other at the center of the bilayer to be protected from the watery environments inside and outside the cell, while the phosphate heads face outwards. Transmembrane and peripheral proteins embedded in the bilayer form channels to regulate what passes in and out of the cell. Cholesterol maintains the fluidity and stability of the membrane. The membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier and facilitates cell structure, communication, recognition, mobility, and chemical reactions.
cell membrane supriya
The document discusses the structure and functions of the cell membrane. It describes the membrane as having a lipid bilayer structure composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins are embedded within or attached to this bilayer. The fluid mosaic model represents membranes as a fluid structure containing phospholipids that move freely and proteins that diffuse laterally. Key functions of the membrane include selectively regulating what passes in and out of cells and serving as anchors and mediators of cell communication.
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich molecular mosaic fluid
mosaic plasma membrane Which characteristic apply to the phospholipid membrane? It is
primarily a hydrophobic bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic Proteins are imbedded within
the phospholipids. The imbedded molecules can move freely within the membrane All are
important characteristics of the Cholesterol molecules in the membrane act to modulate
temperature dependent viscosity and fluidity of the membrane. moderate the effects of a high fat
diet promote fluidity in the membrane. allow for better membrane compaction and integrity.
allow transport across the membrane. One important feature of membranes in the
endomembrane system is that they can move freely from cell to cell. freely bleb off of and then
onto other components of this network. they contain small pieces of independently replicating
DNA. they move from the trans side of the membrane to the cis side. t
Solution
1. Fluid mosaic model.
Fluid mosaic model for plasma membrane proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson is
universally acceoted model for plasma membrane.
2. All are important characteristics.
Phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic and amphipathic. Which means that posess polar head
and non polar tails.
Some of the protien molecules are embedded in the phospholipid layer and these moelcules are
free to move due to fluid nature of plasma membrane.
3. Allows better membrane compaction and integrity.
Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule like phospholipids. It contains a hydrophilic and a
hydrophobic portion. Cholesterol\'s hydroxyl (OH) group aligns with the phosphate heads of the
phospholipids. The remaining portion of it tucks into the fatty acid portion of the membrane.
Because of the way cholesterol is shaped, part of the steroid ring (the four hydrocarbon rings in
between the hydroxyl group and the hydrocarbon \"tail\") is closely attracted to part of the fatty
acid chain on the nearest phospholipid. This helps slightly immobilize the outer surface of the
membrane and make it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise
pass through more easily.
4. They contain transport enzymes..
La celula
The document discusses the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. Phospholipids are amphipathic, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers. The bilayer is asymmetric, with different phospholipid compositions on each side. Membrane proteins perform many functions, and associate with the membrane through various domains. Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane. The membrane is fluid, allowing cell fusion, and contains protein and lipid domains like caveolae.
The Cell Membrane
The document summarizes the key components and structure of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. It describes that the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. The major constituents are phospholipids that form the bilayer, cholesterol that provides stability, and various types of membrane proteins. The fluid mosaic model and experimental evidence demonstrate that the cell membrane is fluid and dynamic in nature.
membrane lipids.docx
Biological membranes consist of a lipid bilayer composed primarily of phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. This lipid bilayer forms a fluid structure that can incorporate membrane proteins. Membrane lipids spontaneously assemble into bilayers in water and their composition varies between cell and membrane types. The lipid bilayer forms a barrier that compartmentalizes cellular components and processes.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane is a thin, flexible bilayer composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. It separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. According to the fluid mosaic model, the phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the membrane, with proteins and carbohydrates embedded within it or attached to it. The phospholipids are arranged with their hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward, forming a semi-permeable barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell.
Membrane structure
Presentation on plasma membrane structure,fluid mosaic model, its components and function, and a brief account on membrane transport.
Transport across membrane
The document discusses biological membranes. It states that all living cells are surrounded by a flexible yet viscous structure called the cell membrane or plasma membrane. The cell membrane is 7-10nm thick and acts as a selective barrier, allowing some substances to enter or leave the cell while restricting others. It also contains membrane-bound proteins that serve important functions like transport of substances, signal transduction, and acting as receptors. The major components of biological membranes are lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates organized in a fluid mosaic structure.
1. cell
The human body contains over 200 cell types that all originate from a single fertilized egg cell. Cells differentiate and specialize to perform specific functions. The basic components of cells are the nucleus, which houses the DNA, and the cytoplasm, which contains organelles. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. Cells communicate through signaling molecules that bind receptors and trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways. Endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to be transported into and out of cells while maintaining membrane integrity. The nucleus contains DNA and directs cellular activities through gene expression.
Plasma membrne
The document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. It describes the plasma membrane as a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and membrane proteins. Key points include:
- The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol that encloses the cell.
- The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a fluid structure with integral and peripheral proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.
- Membrane proteins perform important functions like transport, signaling, and cell recognition. Transport proteins include channel and carrier proteins.
- The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell and plays a critical role in cell function. Dysfunctions can lead to diseases.
Fluid mosaic model By H.A.Galib.pptx
Habibullah Al Galib presents information on the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes. The fluid mosaic model proposes that cell membranes are composed of phospholipid molecules embedded with proteins that allow for fluidity and mosaic-like structure. Specifically, the model states that 40% of the membrane is lipid, 55% is protein, and 5% is carbohydrate. Lipid molecules are amphipathic with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. There are two types of membrane proteins - integral proteins embedded in the membrane and peripheral proteins on the surface. In addition, cholesterol is an essential lipid component that modulates membrane fluidity. The cell membrane functions to protect the cell, facilitate selective transport, and allow for cell adhesion through membrane
AS Biology - CELL MEMBRANES
The document discusses cell membranes, including their structure and functions. It describes the fluid mosaic model, which states that membranes are fluid structures composed of phospholipids and various embedded proteins. Phospholipids form a bilayer, with hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward. Membrane proteins have various roles like transport, signaling, and attaching to other structures. The fluid mosaic model improved upon earlier models and best explains the observed properties of cell membranes.
Plasma membrane.pptx
• The membrane enclosing a cell is called cell membrane or plasma membrane (animal cells) and plasma lemma (plant cells).
• It contains proteins and lipids in the ratio of 80 : 20 in bacteria on one extreme and on the other extreme 20 : 80 in some nerve cells.
• The over all composition of most of the cell membranes is 40-50% protein and 50-60% lipids; both the components vary in their composition.
plasma membrane.pptx
The document discusses the structure and composition of plasma membranes, describing the phospholipid bilayer and various integral and peripheral proteins that make up the fluid mosaic model. It explains the functions of cell membranes, including transport, signaling, and cell-cell interactions, and how different proteins are involved in processes like transport, reception, enzymatic activity, and adhesion. The fluidity and dynamics of the membrane are influenced by the phospholipids and cholesterol that make up the bilayer.
Similar to What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity Explain in deta.pdf (20)
Structure, composition of plasma membrane by muhammad akmal bhikh
Structure, composition of plasma membrane by muhammad akmal bhikh
HMP01 02Membrane structure of excitable cell (1).pdf
HMP01 02Membrane structure of excitable cell (1).pdf
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdf
More from wailesalekzydelore94
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from bei.pdf
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from being overridden in C#?
Solution
yes,I can allow a class to be inherited in the following cases
Ican expalin with th following example by writing small code
Example:
class A
{
protected virtual void show()
{
//Statements
}
}
class B : A
{
sealed protected override void shoe()
{
//Statements
}
}.
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER .pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER of the following problem:
Program A
(Check password) Some websites impose certain rules for passwords. Write a method that
checks whether a string is a valid password. Suppose the password rules are as follows:
A password must have at least eight characters.
A password consists of only letters and digits.
A password must contain at least two digits.
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a password and displays Valid Password if the
rules are followed or Invalid Password otherwise.
Program B
(Count the letters in a string ) Write a method that counts the number of letters in a string using
the following header:
public static int countLetters(String s)
Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a string and displays the number of letters in
the string , not counting numbers, spaces, or symbols.
Solution
Program A:
import java.util.Scanner;
class PasswordValidity
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
boolean size;
boolean special;
boolean digit;
int count = 0;
System.out.println(\"Enter password:\");
String password = scanner.nextLine();
size = false;
special = false;
digit = false;
int length = password.length();
count=0;
int digitLen=0;
while (count < length) {
char ch = password.charAt(count);
if (length >= 8) {
size = true;
}
if (!Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch)) {
special = true;
}
if (Character.isDigit(ch)) {
digitLen++;
digit = true;
}
count++;
}
if (size && !special && digit && digitLen>=2) {
System.out.println(\" Valid Password\");
} else {
System.out.println(\"Invalid Password\");
}
}
}
Program B:
import java.util.Scanner;
class LetterCount
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
//String str;
System.out.println(\"Enter String:\");
String str= scanner.nextLine();
int res=countLetters(str);
System.out.println(\"Count: \"+res);
}
public static int countLetters(String s)
{
int length=s.length();
int count=0,c=0;
while(count.
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be package.pdf
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be packaged in a cell?
1) spliceosome proteins
2)histones
3)ribosomal proteins
4)DNA polymerase
5)topoisomerase
Solution
Each chromosome consists of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around
proteins, and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs (DNA building blocks) that make
up your DNA.
The double helix of DNA is highly negatively charged due to all the negatively charged
phosphates in the backbone. All that negative charge must be counterbalanced by a positive
charge, and the cell makes proteins called histones that bind DNA and aid in DNA\'s packaging.
Histones are positively charged proteins that wrap up DNA through interactions between their
positive charges and the negative charges of DNA. Double-stranded DNA loops around 8
histones twice, forming the nucleosome, which is the building block of chromatin packaging.
Nucleosomes stack up against one another in organized arrays with multiple levels of packing.
The first level of packing is thought to produce a fiber about 30 nanometers (nm) wide. These 30
nm fibers then form a series of loops, which fold back on themselves for additional compacting.
The multiple levels of packing that exist within eukaryotic chromosomes not only permit a large
amount of DNA to occupy a very small space, but they also serve several functional roles..
Why is the death of Socrates important How did it underscore or und.pdf
Why is the death of Socrates important? How did it underscore or undermine his theories about
morality and virtue?
Solution
The trial and death sentence Socrates is a crucial milestone in the history of philosophy.
Socrates exemplifies the person who lives in a manner consistent with their beliefs, regardless of
the consequences, in order to defend their convictions, represents an idealistic character who
would not mind dying so as not to give in to his principles.
This event is an icon of virtue, and quecon his death and how he endured, philosophical thought
going to focus on nature, to think of human beings, far from silence their ideas, they harnessed
for centuries and gave a titanic epic sieve.
And philosophy was still something ethereal, now is something relevant for any human being,
the debate about good and evil would not only thinkers but an ethical obligation to anyone, and
also a matter of public interest..
Which of the following was Darwin unaware ofQuestion 2 options.pdf
Which of the following was Darwin unaware of:
Question 2 options:
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships
Biodiversity can be explained without relying on supernatural creation
Change in populations over time in response to the environment
Branching relationships between groups of organisms
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships
Biodiversity can be explained without relying on supernatural creation
Change in populations over time in response to the environment
Branching relationships between groups of organisms
Solution
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships..... darwin worked before
the era of genetics.
When an eye appears bloodshot the vessels that are visible are in wh.pdf
When an eye appears bloodshot the vessels that are visible are in what part of the eye?
a. Scalera
b. Pupil
c. Aqueous Humor
d. Conjunctivia
Solution
The answer is option a.
Sclera is the white part of the eye contains collagen and elastic fiber.
The vessels are visible due to swollen or dialate blood vessels on the sclera.Bloodshot eyes can
develop because of overuse or because of allergies..
What is body fatSolutionBody fat is the total fat content in .pdf
What is body fat?
Solution
Body fat is the total fat content in the body .
Biochemically body fat is adipose tissue, coposed of adipocytes. Humans have two kinds of
adipose tissues, White adipose tissue and Brown adipose tissue
White adipose tissue is mainly composed of Lipids, i.e triglycerides.
Brown tissue is generally negligible.
and are major store houses or energy dumps, provide cushions to your internal organs, and
insulation to the body from heat and cold..
The probability thatapresident of the United States attends Harvard .pdf
The probability thatapresident of the United States attends Harvard is about 18%.The odds that a
president is affiliated with the Democratic Party is roughly 36%. The probability that a president
both attends Harvard and is a democrat isabout 7%. (Harvard=H,Decomcratic=D)
a.What percentage ofpresidents do NOT attend Harvard NOR affiliate with thedemocratic party?
b.Are H and Dmutually exclusive events? Why or why not?
c. Are the two events, H and D, independent? Explain, using probabilities.
d.If we knowa president is affiliated with the Democraticparty, what is the probability that they
attended Harvard?
Solution
a)
P(H U D)\' = 1 - P(H U D) = 1 - [P(H) + P(D) - P(H n D)]
= 1 - (0.18+0.36-0.07)
= 0.53 [answer]
*********************
b)
As
P(H n D) =/= 0
but rather is 0.07, then they are no mutually exclusive. [NO]
*********************
c)
If they are independent,
P(H) = P(H|D)
As
P(H|D) = P(H n D)/P(D) = 0.07/0.36 = 0.194444444
P(H) = 0.18
As they are not equal (although close), they are not independent.
********************
d)
P(H|D) = P(H|D) = P(H n D)/P(D) = 0.07/0.36 = 0.194444444 [ANSWER].
The pentose phosphate cycle has an oxidative and a nonoxidative sect.pdf
The pentose phosphate cycle has an oxidative and a nonoxidative section and these are presented
as both playing important metabolic roles, rather than a coupled role with a single function. How
are the metabolic roles of these two parts of the pathway different from each other? Explain in
terms of biochemistry
Solution
Answer= Function of oxidative and non-oxidative phases of pentose phosphate pathway
Oxidative phase= produces NADPH = it serves as a source of electrons for the reduction of
molecules during biosynthesis
Nonoxidative phase=1] synthesizes 3 & 4 carbon sugars for various purposes
2] The 4 carbon sugar erythrose 4 phosphate is used to synthesize aromatic amino acids &
vitamin B6
3] The pentose ribose 5-phosphate is a major component of nucleic acids, and ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate is the primary CO2 acceptor in photosynthesis.
4] Intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway may be used to produce ATP.
5] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from the pathway can enter three-carbon stage of the glycolytic
pathway and be converted to ATP and pyruvate..
Standpoint theory suggests that our understanding of gender-based co.pdf
Standpoint theory suggests that our understanding of gender-based communications acts is
shaped by our standpoint in life. How does a persons standpoint as a member of one sex (male or
female) shape your experiances and interactions with other? Explain how other standpoints,
besides sex and gender, help you to understand your position or location within our culture.
Solution
Standpoint theory\'s most predominant abstraction is that an independent \'s own prospect are
shaped byher or his political and social experiences. Standpoints are multifaceted rather than
transitive: while Hispanic women may predominantly share some prospect, particularly with
consider to ethnicity or sex, they are not explain simply by their involvement in these group. The
combination of a person\'s many professional dimensions form a standpoint—a point of
perspective—through which that independent sees and understands the world..
select an engineering articlejournal with ethical senerio and justi.pdf
select an engineering article/journal with ethical senerio and justify the case using NSPE CASE,
not more than 500 words.
Solution
Under facts and circumstances of the present case , it appears that Engineer A’s actions were not
under the letter or spirit of code . Act of Engineer A is a breach of trust , as he got ample
opportunity to disclose his intention and his inability
Some of ethical perspectives considered are
(a) consequences:
4. growth and development of city could be effected .
(b) Care
(c) Duty
He completely overlook Nolan principle of Public life i.e. Selflessness, integrity ,objectivity ,
accountability , openness , Honesty ,leadership
(d) Virtue base thinking
Following NSPE code of ethics for engineer are pertain to this case :
(a)Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees.
Above code is essential for understanding between employer and employee and their future
course of action would be based on faith .
Engineers, when employing other engineers, shall offer a salary according to professional
qualifications.
Code is relevant when:
Engineer hires/employs another engineer
Code is violated when:
Engineer offers a salary that is not commensurate with the hired engineer\'s qualifications
Code is not violated when
Engineer offers a salary that is commensurate with the hired engineer\'s qualifications
(b) Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the
honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
Dignity and reputation of a person is always maintain if he follow some basic rule in his conduct
i.e. reposibility , honour , ethics etc.
(c) Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.
Act of engineer A , left employer in a perplexing situation as they have to wait till 23th April
before outright rejection of joining by Engineer A . His act can be considered as deceptive act .
(d) Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and
integrity.
According to Nolan Honesty and Integrity is basic to any public profession .
Engineer A should had to maintained it .
Engineers shall not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their, or their associates\', academic or
professional qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their degree of
responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments. Brochures or other presentations
incident to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning
employers, employees, associates, joint venturers, or past accomplishments with the intent and
purpose of enhancing their qualifications and their work..
Que don 20 (1 point) C D You discover a heritable trait that is found.pdf
Que don 20 (1 point) C D You discover a heritable trait that is found in species A and B but not
in species E or F which of the folowing statements about the evolution of this trait is MOST
likely to be true? The trait is an example of homologous evolution EN The ancestor of E and F
had the trait
Solution
Convergent evolution favours the selection of same structures in different ancestors.
The heritable trait seen in species A or B is same as that of E or F but would be in some different
form due to the convergent evolution.
The convergent evolution arises independently in distantly related species..
Parthenogenesis has been documented in most vertebrate Classes (e.g. .pdf
Parthenogenesis has been documented in most vertebrate Classes (e.g. birds, fish) but never in
mammals. Genomic imprinting provides one explanation for this observation. Why?
Solution
Parthrnogenesis is the process of reproduction from ovum without fertilization.
It has been documented in most vertebrates but never in mammals because of polyploidy and
hybridisation. On the cellular level, the distinction between parthenogens and sexuals is that,
meiosis is accompanied by fusion of a male and female gamete. In parthenogenesis, meiosis is
changed so that only one unique set of chromosomes is transferred in a non-random fashion.
Germ cell doesn’t have centrioles (they’re lost throughout gametogenesis), the lack of centrioles
is not a restrict to the egg cellular. The genomic imprinting, i.e. that sure genes will no longer
activate unless paternal genes are lacking. That is an trouble with mammals and no longer with
the parthenogenic vertebrates because mammals have an overabundance of a protein referred to
as mos. when absent, automixis occurs (it normally blocks cleavage formation inside the oocyte,
therefore, the oocyte can’t undergo automixis)..
organisms in this domain first produce oxygenSolutionThe three.pdf
organisms in this domain first produce oxygen
Solution
The three major domains in the Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree are,
1). Archaea
2). Bacteria
3). Eukarya
The domain archaea and bacteria include the prokaryotes. The domain eukarya include the
eukaryotes but no prokaryotes. The cyanobacteria are the first oxygen producers on the earth and
they belong to the domain bacteria..
In the cae below identify the subject matter of the controversy, whe.pdf
In the cae below identify the subject matter of the controversy, whether the common law or the
UCC (Artlce 2) would cover the contractual issues, and explain the reasons for your conclusions.
Also, discuss when, in general, the UCC (Article 2) governs contracts and when the common law
governs.
Kurt N. Aslakson, et al., Appellants, v. Home Savings Association, Respondent, Upper
Northwest Payment Plans Co., Respondent
No. C6-87-1497
Court of Appeals of Minnesota
416 N.W.2d 786; 1987 Minn. App. LEXIS 5110; 6 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 2d (Callaghan) 35
December 3, 1987, Decided December 15, 1987, Filed
PRIOR HISTORY: [**1] Appeal from Hennepin County, District Court, Hon. Ann
Montgomery, Judge.
DISPOSITION: Affirmed. CASE SUMMARY:
PROCEDURAL POSTURE: Appellant homeowners sought review of the decision from the
Hennepin County, District Court (Minnesota), which granted summary judgment in favor of
respondents, savings association and payment plan, on the homeowners\' claim of tortious
interference with contract.
OVERVIEW: The homeowners entered into a conditional sales contract to purchase a mobile
home. Subsequently the contract was assigned to the savings associationThe homeowners argued
that thetrial court erred in determining, as a matter of law, that their claims of wrongful
interference with contracts were invalid. The court determined that the trial court had correctly
determined that a contract between the homeowners and a subsequent buyer could not arise
absent performance of a condition precedent, which was the approval of the subsequent buyer\'s
assumption of the loan. Even if this court were to determine that valid contracts existed between
the homeowners and prospective buyers, the issue of justification would have to be addressed
and the savings association and payment plan would have prevailed. Credit checks and equity
interests were commercially reasonable assurances and could not be met by the prospective
buyers. The savings association and payment plan were within their right to refuse the
assignment.
OUTCOME: The court affirmed the decision from the trial court.
CORE TERMS: mobile home, materially, prospective buyer, breach of contract, assignee,
buyer\'s, purchase agreement, assignor, summary judgment, down payment, substantial interest,
conditional, assurances, assigned, inducing, delegate, condition precedent, contractual,
contingent, delegation, tortious interference, credit check, right to refuse, wrongful interference,
contractual duties, equity interest, delegating, purchaser, happening, default
LexisNexis(R) Headnotes
1 of 7 4/4/12 5:11 PM
http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/delivery/PrintDoc.do?jo...
Torts > Business Torts > Commercial Interference > Contracts > General Overview
[HN1] \"Interference with contract\" is somewhat broader than \"inducing breach of contract\" in
that the former includes any act injuring or destroying persons or property which retards, makes
more difficult, or prevents performance, or makes performan.
Listed below are the major steps in protein synthesis and some event.pdf
Listed below are the major steps in protein synthesis and some events that do not occur during
protein synthesis. From the list select those events that do occur in protein synthesis and place
the letters of these steps in the correct chronological order.
A) DNA attaches to ribosomes
B) Amino acids bond to mRNA
C) mRNA processed (introns removed)
D) amino acids carried by tRNA joined together
E) mRNA leaves nucleus
F) DNA replicates itself
G) mRNA replicates itself
H) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
I) mRNA produced using DNA as template
J) tRNA and mRNA become part of finished protein
K) tRNA anticodons bond to mRNA codons
Solution
Translation is the process where synthesis of appropriate amino acid and polypeptide chain takes
place taking mRNA synthesized from the target DNA sequence as a reference. Translation takes
place in the cytoplasm over the ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum by a comprehensive
action of mRNA, tRNA and other accessory ingredients by utilization of energy in the form of
ATP.
The sequential process of translation can be found as below:
F) DNA replicates itself
I) mRNA produced using DNA as template
G) mRNA replicates itself
E) mRNA leaves nucleus
C) mRNA processed (introns removed)
H) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
D) amino acids carried by tRNA joined together
K) tRNA anticodons bond to mRNA codons
B) Amino acids bond to mRNA
From the sequence above, it can be seen that the point A, i.e. DNA binds to ribosomes, is not
included. This is because DNA does not bind directly to the ribosomes during any part of
translation. Conversly, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into amino acid
polypeptide on the ribosomes.
Also, the point J) tRNA and mRNA become part of finished protein, is not included because
tRNA and mRNA are never the part of finished protein. The protein is translated from the
mRNA sequence by utilizing tRNA function..
1.What are 2nd messengers Give specific examples. How are they used.pdf
1.What are 2nd messengers? Give specific examples. How are they used un signal transduction?
2.Signal transduction by RTK signaling pathways
3.Explainhow RTK are activated and inactivated
4.Explainhow signaling pathway mutants are used to dissect the functions of signaling molecul
Solution
1).
Receptors are the protienious structures that act as “signal transducing molecules.” There are
three kinds of membrane receptors namely, ligand gated receptors, G-protein coupled receptors
and kinase linked receptors.
Primary messengers receive the stimulus information from the external environment and passes
into the cell. If the primary messenger cannot pass through the cell membrane, receptors use
second messenger for communication between the receptor and intracellular environment.
Secondary messengers relay the signal information from the receptor-ligand complex, to the
interior of the cell.
G-protein coupled receptors are also known as heptahelical (seven transmembrane-spanning)
receptors. They are connected to the intracellular system through G-protein molecules that
activate secondary messengers.
The three important secondary messengers are cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), IP3
(ionositol 1,4,5-triphosphate), and DAG (diacyl glycerol).
Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) into cAMP. cAMP
is one of the important secondary messengers of G-protein receptors. Phopholipase C is an
enzyme that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second messengers
namely, ionositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) into cAMP. cAMP
is one of the important secondary messengers of G-protein receptors. Phospholipase C is an
enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two-second messengers
namely, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
IP3 increases the calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum by acting through IP3 receptors.
DAG diffuses through the plasma membrane and activates protein kinase C. PKC is present in
many isoforms, which is activated by raised intracellular calcium levels .
Calcium activates calmodulin protein by allosteric binding and thus activates calcium-
calmodulin dependent kinases. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates the myosin light chain
kinases by phosphorylation, which causes muscle contraction.
In contrast, the cAMP acts through Gs type of GPCRs, IP3 acts through Gq type of GPCRs. The
secondary effector in cAMP pathway is PKA (protein kinase A), the secondary effector in IP3
and Calcium-mediated pathways is PKC and calmodulin (calcium directly acts on calmodulin)..
In a Pp heterozygous organisms, one of the chromosomes carrying the .pdf
In a Pp heterozygous organisms, one of the chromosomes carrying the P locus is moving towards
the pole at anaphase I of meiosis. In the absense of crossing overs, the P locus on this
chromosome is represented by _____ dsDNA molecules with genotype ______. (name every
complete allelic copy) (2, either PP or pp)
I have included the answers in the parenthesis after the question. Please explain how to get the
answers in details please :)
Solution
The organism is Pp. It will enter Meiosis I after completion of interphase. So, the genome will be
‘4n’, when entering Meiosis I, i.e. “PPpp”.
Crossing over will result in formation of “PpPp”. But there is no crossing- over in Prophase I.
So, “PPpp” will go into metaphase I and subsequently into Anaphase I.
At anaphase I, \'PP\' will go towards one end and \'pp\' will go towards another end.
So, genotypes of the two dsDNA molecules should be either \'PP\' or \'pp\'. Both will be
homozygous..
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane? by
diffusion They swim with flagella. a long microtubules They swim with cilia a long actin The
diagram to the right shows a cell and many sucrose molecules. If the cell membrane is
permeable to sucrose, in which direction will the sucrose move? Into the cell Out of the cell
There isn\'t enough information to let Both into rod out of the cell. The success worst move If
you wanted to separated cells from a plant tissue into individual cell you would need to ?
adherens junctions Primary cell walls plasmodesmata hemidemosomes middle lamella The
fluid material located outside of nucleus is the nucleoplasm cytosol vacuole endoplasm
protoplasm
Solution
1. Vesicles carrying proteins molecules destined for secretion move along with microtubules and
reach to the plasma membrane. Vesicles are carried by two motor proteins, namely kinesin and
dynein.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) along microtubules..
Hi everyoneI need to help me in this case studyI want summary in.pdf
Hi everyone
I need to help me in this case study
I want summary introduction and solving problems in case and conclusion and answer the
questions in case Case 1-2 Kim Fuller* In the early fall of 2010, Kim Fuller was employed as a
of this material was available. All that was needed was an district sales engineer for a large
chemical firm. During organization to tap that bottle supply, grind the bottles, a routine
discussion with plant chemists, Fuller learned and deliver the pulverized plastic to the chemical
comp- that the company had developed a use for the recycled any. It was an opportunity Fuller
had long awaited-a material, in pulverized form, made from plastic soft chance to start a
business. drink bottles. Because the state had mandatory deposits on all beverage bottles, Fuller
realized that a ready supply costs involved in setting up a plastic bottle grinding In November
2010, Fuller began checking into the business. A used truck and three trailers were acquired to
pick up the empty bottles. Fuller purchased one © Professor Robert N. Anthony.
Solution
Fuller would require accounting information regarding the incomes and expenses done for the
operations of his business. And also Fuller would be required to keep proper check and recording
of the assets and liabilities held by the business and the flow of funds and cash through the
business day in day out. Non-accounting information will include making cost analysis. Keeping
a check on the expenses and arriving at proper alternatives to minimize the overall cost.
Technology information to be competitive as new players may enter the market with
technological advantage. Searching for new opportunities to grab and increase the sales and the
overall market and total revenue.
Fuller purchased one used truck and three trailers and one used grinding machine and a new one.
He also purchased the maintenance equipment and a personal computer with software for
accounting and financial information storage. All this sums up the assets of Fuller’s business
with the warehouse purchased being the last one. The $75000 invested by Fuller and the $90000
invested by his brothers and sisters and the mortgage for warehouse are all his Liabilities. Fuller
must value the assets on cost and decide on a depreciation method to be implemented for
depreciating the fixed assets purchased over the time. The company’s opening owner’s equity is
$75000 invested by Fuller and $90000 invested by his brothers and sisters.
Information regarding all the expenses incurred for sales and other expenses relating to business
should be recorded and reported accurately and on a timely basis. Fuller should also keep a track
of the taxation policies governing the business. Subtracting the expenses total from the Income
total will give fuller his profit or loss and even the break-even point from where he will start
making profits. Fuller should analyze the profit and loss statement on a weekly or half monthly
basis, as he is new in th.
More from wailesalekzydelore94 (20)
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from bei.pdf
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from bei.pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER .pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER .pdf
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be package.pdf
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be package.pdf
Why is the death of Socrates important How did it underscore or und.pdf
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