Que don 20 (1 point) C D You discover a heritable trait that is found.pdf
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Que don 20 (1 point) C D You discover a heritable trait that is found in species A and B but not in species E or F which of the folowing statements about the evolution of this trait is MOST likely to be true? The trait is an example of homologous evolution EN The ancestor of E and F had the trait Solution Convergent evolution favours the selection of same structures in different ancestors. The heritable trait seen in species A or B is same as that of E or F but would be in some different form due to the convergent evolution. The convergent evolution arises independently in distantly related species..
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Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from bei.pdf
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from being overridden in C#?
Solution
yes,I can allow a class to be inherited in the following cases
Ican expalin with th following example by writing small code
Example:
class A
{
protected virtual void show()
{
//Statements
}
}
class B : A
{
sealed protected override void shoe()
{
//Statements
}
}.
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER .pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER of the following problem:
Program A
(Check password) Some websites impose certain rules for passwords. Write a method that
checks whether a string is a valid password. Suppose the password rules are as follows:
A password must have at least eight characters.
A password consists of only letters and digits.
A password must contain at least two digits.
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a password and displays Valid Password if the
rules are followed or Invalid Password otherwise.
Program B
(Count the letters in a string ) Write a method that counts the number of letters in a string using
the following header:
public static int countLetters(String s)
Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a string and displays the number of letters in
the string , not counting numbers, spaces, or symbols.
Solution
Program A:
import java.util.Scanner;
class PasswordValidity
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
boolean size;
boolean special;
boolean digit;
int count = 0;
System.out.println(\"Enter password:\");
String password = scanner.nextLine();
size = false;
special = false;
digit = false;
int length = password.length();
count=0;
int digitLen=0;
while (count < length) {
char ch = password.charAt(count);
if (length >= 8) {
size = true;
}
if (!Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch)) {
special = true;
}
if (Character.isDigit(ch)) {
digitLen++;
digit = true;
}
count++;
}
if (size && !special && digit && digitLen>=2) {
System.out.println(\" Valid Password\");
} else {
System.out.println(\"Invalid Password\");
}
}
}
Program B:
import java.util.Scanner;
class LetterCount
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
//String str;
System.out.println(\"Enter String:\");
String str= scanner.nextLine();
int res=countLetters(str);
System.out.println(\"Count: \"+res);
}
public static int countLetters(String s)
{
int length=s.length();
int count=0,c=0;
while(count.
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be package.pdf
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be packaged in a cell?
1) spliceosome proteins
2)histones
3)ribosomal proteins
4)DNA polymerase
5)topoisomerase
Solution
Each chromosome consists of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around
proteins, and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs (DNA building blocks) that make
up your DNA.
The double helix of DNA is highly negatively charged due to all the negatively charged
phosphates in the backbone. All that negative charge must be counterbalanced by a positive
charge, and the cell makes proteins called histones that bind DNA and aid in DNA\'s packaging.
Histones are positively charged proteins that wrap up DNA through interactions between their
positive charges and the negative charges of DNA. Double-stranded DNA loops around 8
histones twice, forming the nucleosome, which is the building block of chromatin packaging.
Nucleosomes stack up against one another in organized arrays with multiple levels of packing.
The first level of packing is thought to produce a fiber about 30 nanometers (nm) wide. These 30
nm fibers then form a series of loops, which fold back on themselves for additional compacting.
The multiple levels of packing that exist within eukaryotic chromosomes not only permit a large
amount of DNA to occupy a very small space, but they also serve several functional roles..
Why is the death of Socrates important How did it underscore or und.pdf
Why is the death of Socrates important? How did it underscore or undermine his theories about
morality and virtue?
Solution
The trial and death sentence Socrates is a crucial milestone in the history of philosophy.
Socrates exemplifies the person who lives in a manner consistent with their beliefs, regardless of
the consequences, in order to defend their convictions, represents an idealistic character who
would not mind dying so as not to give in to his principles.
This event is an icon of virtue, and quecon his death and how he endured, philosophical thought
going to focus on nature, to think of human beings, far from silence their ideas, they harnessed
for centuries and gave a titanic epic sieve.
And philosophy was still something ethereal, now is something relevant for any human being,
the debate about good and evil would not only thinkers but an ethical obligation to anyone, and
also a matter of public interest..
Which of the following was Darwin unaware ofQuestion 2 options.pdf
Which of the following was Darwin unaware of:
Question 2 options:
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships
Biodiversity can be explained without relying on supernatural creation
Change in populations over time in response to the environment
Branching relationships between groups of organisms
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships
Biodiversity can be explained without relying on supernatural creation
Change in populations over time in response to the environment
Branching relationships between groups of organisms
Solution
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships..... darwin worked before
the era of genetics.
When an eye appears bloodshot the vessels that are visible are in wh.pdf
When an eye appears bloodshot the vessels that are visible are in what part of the eye?
a. Scalera
b. Pupil
c. Aqueous Humor
d. Conjunctivia
Solution
The answer is option a.
Sclera is the white part of the eye contains collagen and elastic fiber.
The vessels are visible due to swollen or dialate blood vessels on the sclera.Bloodshot eyes can
develop because of overuse or because of allergies..
What is body fatSolutionBody fat is the total fat content in .pdf
What is body fat?
Solution
Body fat is the total fat content in the body .
Biochemically body fat is adipose tissue, coposed of adipocytes. Humans have two kinds of
adipose tissues, White adipose tissue and Brown adipose tissue
White adipose tissue is mainly composed of Lipids, i.e triglycerides.
Brown tissue is generally negligible.
and are major store houses or energy dumps, provide cushions to your internal organs, and
insulation to the body from heat and cold..
What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity Explain in deta.pdf
What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity? Explain in detail the Fluid Mosaic Model.
Solution
Degree of membrane fluidity is affected by many factors as follows:
Fluid Mosaic model describes the bilayer structure of plasma membrane having various
phospholipids, cholestrols, carbohydrate, and membrane proteins embedded into it. main
composition of the plasma layer is Phospholipid Bilayer Hydrophobic ends of the lipid bilayer
form the skeleton of the membrane whereas hydrophilic ends form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules like water on both sides of the membrane. Middle part of membrane is hydrophobic in
nature.
Other than lipids, proteins and carbohydrate are other main constituents of the membrane.
Proteins are folded and embedded into the membrane. Carbohydrates are found at the outer part
of membrane and generally are found attached to proteins or lipids..
Recommended
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from bei.pdf
Can you allow a class to be inherited, but prevent a method from being overridden in C#?
Solution
yes,I can allow a class to be inherited in the following cases
Ican expalin with th following example by writing small code
Example:
class A
{
protected virtual void show()
{
//Statements
}
}
class B : A
{
sealed protected override void shoe()
{
//Statements
}
}.
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER .pdf
Write the Java source code necessary to build a solution for EITHER of the following problem:
Program A
(Check password) Some websites impose certain rules for passwords. Write a method that
checks whether a string is a valid password. Suppose the password rules are as follows:
A password must have at least eight characters.
A password consists of only letters and digits.
A password must contain at least two digits.
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a password and displays Valid Password if the
rules are followed or Invalid Password otherwise.
Program B
(Count the letters in a string ) Write a method that counts the number of letters in a string using
the following header:
public static int countLetters(String s)
Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a string and displays the number of letters in
the string , not counting numbers, spaces, or symbols.
Solution
Program A:
import java.util.Scanner;
class PasswordValidity
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
boolean size;
boolean special;
boolean digit;
int count = 0;
System.out.println(\"Enter password:\");
String password = scanner.nextLine();
size = false;
special = false;
digit = false;
int length = password.length();
count=0;
int digitLen=0;
while (count < length) {
char ch = password.charAt(count);
if (length >= 8) {
size = true;
}
if (!Character.isLetterOrDigit(ch)) {
special = true;
}
if (Character.isDigit(ch)) {
digitLen++;
digit = true;
}
count++;
}
if (size && !special && digit && digitLen>=2) {
System.out.println(\" Valid Password\");
} else {
System.out.println(\"Invalid Password\");
}
}
}
Program B:
import java.util.Scanner;
class LetterCount
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
//String str;
System.out.println(\"Enter String:\");
String str= scanner.nextLine();
int res=countLetters(str);
System.out.println(\"Count: \"+res);
}
public static int countLetters(String s)
{
int length=s.length();
int count=0,c=0;
while(count.
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be package.pdf
Which type of protein does DNA wrap around so that it can be packaged in a cell?
1) spliceosome proteins
2)histones
3)ribosomal proteins
4)DNA polymerase
5)topoisomerase
Solution
Each chromosome consists of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around
proteins, and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs (DNA building blocks) that make
up your DNA.
The double helix of DNA is highly negatively charged due to all the negatively charged
phosphates in the backbone. All that negative charge must be counterbalanced by a positive
charge, and the cell makes proteins called histones that bind DNA and aid in DNA\'s packaging.
Histones are positively charged proteins that wrap up DNA through interactions between their
positive charges and the negative charges of DNA. Double-stranded DNA loops around 8
histones twice, forming the nucleosome, which is the building block of chromatin packaging.
Nucleosomes stack up against one another in organized arrays with multiple levels of packing.
The first level of packing is thought to produce a fiber about 30 nanometers (nm) wide. These 30
nm fibers then form a series of loops, which fold back on themselves for additional compacting.
The multiple levels of packing that exist within eukaryotic chromosomes not only permit a large
amount of DNA to occupy a very small space, but they also serve several functional roles..
Why is the death of Socrates important How did it underscore or und.pdf
Why is the death of Socrates important? How did it underscore or undermine his theories about
morality and virtue?
Solution
The trial and death sentence Socrates is a crucial milestone in the history of philosophy.
Socrates exemplifies the person who lives in a manner consistent with their beliefs, regardless of
the consequences, in order to defend their convictions, represents an idealistic character who
would not mind dying so as not to give in to his principles.
This event is an icon of virtue, and quecon his death and how he endured, philosophical thought
going to focus on nature, to think of human beings, far from silence their ideas, they harnessed
for centuries and gave a titanic epic sieve.
And philosophy was still something ethereal, now is something relevant for any human being,
the debate about good and evil would not only thinkers but an ethical obligation to anyone, and
also a matter of public interest..
Which of the following was Darwin unaware ofQuestion 2 options.pdf
Which of the following was Darwin unaware of:
Question 2 options:
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships
Biodiversity can be explained without relying on supernatural creation
Change in populations over time in response to the environment
Branching relationships between groups of organisms
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships
Biodiversity can be explained without relying on supernatural creation
Change in populations over time in response to the environment
Branching relationships between groups of organisms
Solution
Genetic material within cells provides evidence of species relationships..... darwin worked before
the era of genetics.
When an eye appears bloodshot the vessels that are visible are in wh.pdf
When an eye appears bloodshot the vessels that are visible are in what part of the eye?
a. Scalera
b. Pupil
c. Aqueous Humor
d. Conjunctivia
Solution
The answer is option a.
Sclera is the white part of the eye contains collagen and elastic fiber.
The vessels are visible due to swollen or dialate blood vessels on the sclera.Bloodshot eyes can
develop because of overuse or because of allergies..
What is body fatSolutionBody fat is the total fat content in .pdf
What is body fat?
Solution
Body fat is the total fat content in the body .
Biochemically body fat is adipose tissue, coposed of adipocytes. Humans have two kinds of
adipose tissues, White adipose tissue and Brown adipose tissue
White adipose tissue is mainly composed of Lipids, i.e triglycerides.
Brown tissue is generally negligible.
and are major store houses or energy dumps, provide cushions to your internal organs, and
insulation to the body from heat and cold..
What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity Explain in deta.pdf
What factors affect the degree of membrane fluidity? Explain in detail the Fluid Mosaic Model.
Solution
Degree of membrane fluidity is affected by many factors as follows:
Fluid Mosaic model describes the bilayer structure of plasma membrane having various
phospholipids, cholestrols, carbohydrate, and membrane proteins embedded into it. main
composition of the plasma layer is Phospholipid Bilayer Hydrophobic ends of the lipid bilayer
form the skeleton of the membrane whereas hydrophilic ends form hydrogen bonds with other
molecules like water on both sides of the membrane. Middle part of membrane is hydrophobic in
nature.
Other than lipids, proteins and carbohydrate are other main constituents of the membrane.
Proteins are folded and embedded into the membrane. Carbohydrates are found at the outer part
of membrane and generally are found attached to proteins or lipids..
The probability thatapresident of the United States attends Harvard .pdf
The probability thatapresident of the United States attends Harvard is about 18%.The odds that a
president is affiliated with the Democratic Party is roughly 36%. The probability that a president
both attends Harvard and is a democrat isabout 7%. (Harvard=H,Decomcratic=D)
a.What percentage ofpresidents do NOT attend Harvard NOR affiliate with thedemocratic party?
b.Are H and Dmutually exclusive events? Why or why not?
c. Are the two events, H and D, independent? Explain, using probabilities.
d.If we knowa president is affiliated with the Democraticparty, what is the probability that they
attended Harvard?
Solution
a)
P(H U D)\' = 1 - P(H U D) = 1 - [P(H) + P(D) - P(H n D)]
= 1 - (0.18+0.36-0.07)
= 0.53 [answer]
*********************
b)
As
P(H n D) =/= 0
but rather is 0.07, then they are no mutually exclusive. [NO]
*********************
c)
If they are independent,
P(H) = P(H|D)
As
P(H|D) = P(H n D)/P(D) = 0.07/0.36 = 0.194444444
P(H) = 0.18
As they are not equal (although close), they are not independent.
********************
d)
P(H|D) = P(H|D) = P(H n D)/P(D) = 0.07/0.36 = 0.194444444 [ANSWER].
The pentose phosphate cycle has an oxidative and a nonoxidative sect.pdf
The pentose phosphate cycle has an oxidative and a nonoxidative section and these are presented
as both playing important metabolic roles, rather than a coupled role with a single function. How
are the metabolic roles of these two parts of the pathway different from each other? Explain in
terms of biochemistry
Solution
Answer= Function of oxidative and non-oxidative phases of pentose phosphate pathway
Oxidative phase= produces NADPH = it serves as a source of electrons for the reduction of
molecules during biosynthesis
Nonoxidative phase=1] synthesizes 3 & 4 carbon sugars for various purposes
2] The 4 carbon sugar erythrose 4 phosphate is used to synthesize aromatic amino acids &
vitamin B6
3] The pentose ribose 5-phosphate is a major component of nucleic acids, and ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate is the primary CO2 acceptor in photosynthesis.
4] Intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway may be used to produce ATP.
5] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from the pathway can enter three-carbon stage of the glycolytic
pathway and be converted to ATP and pyruvate..
Standpoint theory suggests that our understanding of gender-based co.pdf
Standpoint theory suggests that our understanding of gender-based communications acts is
shaped by our standpoint in life. How does a persons standpoint as a member of one sex (male or
female) shape your experiances and interactions with other? Explain how other standpoints,
besides sex and gender, help you to understand your position or location within our culture.
Solution
Standpoint theory\'s most predominant abstraction is that an independent \'s own prospect are
shaped byher or his political and social experiences. Standpoints are multifaceted rather than
transitive: while Hispanic women may predominantly share some prospect, particularly with
consider to ethnicity or sex, they are not explain simply by their involvement in these group. The
combination of a person\'s many professional dimensions form a standpoint—a point of
perspective—through which that independent sees and understands the world..
select an engineering articlejournal with ethical senerio and justi.pdf
select an engineering article/journal with ethical senerio and justify the case using NSPE CASE,
not more than 500 words.
Solution
Under facts and circumstances of the present case , it appears that Engineer A’s actions were not
under the letter or spirit of code . Act of Engineer A is a breach of trust , as he got ample
opportunity to disclose his intention and his inability
Some of ethical perspectives considered are
(a) consequences:
4. growth and development of city could be effected .
(b) Care
(c) Duty
He completely overlook Nolan principle of Public life i.e. Selflessness, integrity ,objectivity ,
accountability , openness , Honesty ,leadership
(d) Virtue base thinking
Following NSPE code of ethics for engineer are pertain to this case :
(a)Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees.
Above code is essential for understanding between employer and employee and their future
course of action would be based on faith .
Engineers, when employing other engineers, shall offer a salary according to professional
qualifications.
Code is relevant when:
Engineer hires/employs another engineer
Code is violated when:
Engineer offers a salary that is not commensurate with the hired engineer\'s qualifications
Code is not violated when
Engineer offers a salary that is commensurate with the hired engineer\'s qualifications
(b) Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the
honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
Dignity and reputation of a person is always maintain if he follow some basic rule in his conduct
i.e. reposibility , honour , ethics etc.
(c) Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.
Act of engineer A , left employer in a perplexing situation as they have to wait till 23th April
before outright rejection of joining by Engineer A . His act can be considered as deceptive act .
(d) Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and
integrity.
According to Nolan Honesty and Integrity is basic to any public profession .
Engineer A should had to maintained it .
Engineers shall not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their, or their associates\', academic or
professional qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their degree of
responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments. Brochures or other presentations
incident to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning
employers, employees, associates, joint venturers, or past accomplishments with the intent and
purpose of enhancing their qualifications and their work..
Parthenogenesis has been documented in most vertebrate Classes (e.g. .pdf
Parthenogenesis has been documented in most vertebrate Classes (e.g. birds, fish) but never in
mammals. Genomic imprinting provides one explanation for this observation. Why?
Solution
Parthrnogenesis is the process of reproduction from ovum without fertilization.
It has been documented in most vertebrates but never in mammals because of polyploidy and
hybridisation. On the cellular level, the distinction between parthenogens and sexuals is that,
meiosis is accompanied by fusion of a male and female gamete. In parthenogenesis, meiosis is
changed so that only one unique set of chromosomes is transferred in a non-random fashion.
Germ cell doesn’t have centrioles (they’re lost throughout gametogenesis), the lack of centrioles
is not a restrict to the egg cellular. The genomic imprinting, i.e. that sure genes will no longer
activate unless paternal genes are lacking. That is an trouble with mammals and no longer with
the parthenogenic vertebrates because mammals have an overabundance of a protein referred to
as mos. when absent, automixis occurs (it normally blocks cleavage formation inside the oocyte,
therefore, the oocyte can’t undergo automixis)..
organisms in this domain first produce oxygenSolutionThe three.pdf
organisms in this domain first produce oxygen
Solution
The three major domains in the Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree are,
1). Archaea
2). Bacteria
3). Eukarya
The domain archaea and bacteria include the prokaryotes. The domain eukarya include the
eukaryotes but no prokaryotes. The cyanobacteria are the first oxygen producers on the earth and
they belong to the domain bacteria..
In the cae below identify the subject matter of the controversy, whe.pdf
In the cae below identify the subject matter of the controversy, whether the common law or the
UCC (Artlce 2) would cover the contractual issues, and explain the reasons for your conclusions.
Also, discuss when, in general, the UCC (Article 2) governs contracts and when the common law
governs.
Kurt N. Aslakson, et al., Appellants, v. Home Savings Association, Respondent, Upper
Northwest Payment Plans Co., Respondent
No. C6-87-1497
Court of Appeals of Minnesota
416 N.W.2d 786; 1987 Minn. App. LEXIS 5110; 6 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 2d (Callaghan) 35
December 3, 1987, Decided December 15, 1987, Filed
PRIOR HISTORY: [**1] Appeal from Hennepin County, District Court, Hon. Ann
Montgomery, Judge.
DISPOSITION: Affirmed. CASE SUMMARY:
PROCEDURAL POSTURE: Appellant homeowners sought review of the decision from the
Hennepin County, District Court (Minnesota), which granted summary judgment in favor of
respondents, savings association and payment plan, on the homeowners\' claim of tortious
interference with contract.
OVERVIEW: The homeowners entered into a conditional sales contract to purchase a mobile
home. Subsequently the contract was assigned to the savings associationThe homeowners argued
that thetrial court erred in determining, as a matter of law, that their claims of wrongful
interference with contracts were invalid. The court determined that the trial court had correctly
determined that a contract between the homeowners and a subsequent buyer could not arise
absent performance of a condition precedent, which was the approval of the subsequent buyer\'s
assumption of the loan. Even if this court were to determine that valid contracts existed between
the homeowners and prospective buyers, the issue of justification would have to be addressed
and the savings association and payment plan would have prevailed. Credit checks and equity
interests were commercially reasonable assurances and could not be met by the prospective
buyers. The savings association and payment plan were within their right to refuse the
assignment.
OUTCOME: The court affirmed the decision from the trial court.
CORE TERMS: mobile home, materially, prospective buyer, breach of contract, assignee,
buyer\'s, purchase agreement, assignor, summary judgment, down payment, substantial interest,
conditional, assurances, assigned, inducing, delegate, condition precedent, contractual,
contingent, delegation, tortious interference, credit check, right to refuse, wrongful interference,
contractual duties, equity interest, delegating, purchaser, happening, default
LexisNexis(R) Headnotes
1 of 7 4/4/12 5:11 PM
http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/delivery/PrintDoc.do?jo...
Torts > Business Torts > Commercial Interference > Contracts > General Overview
[HN1] \"Interference with contract\" is somewhat broader than \"inducing breach of contract\" in
that the former includes any act injuring or destroying persons or property which retards, makes
more difficult, or prevents performance, or makes performan.
Listed below are the major steps in protein synthesis and some event.pdf
Listed below are the major steps in protein synthesis and some events that do not occur during
protein synthesis. From the list select those events that do occur in protein synthesis and place
the letters of these steps in the correct chronological order.
A) DNA attaches to ribosomes
B) Amino acids bond to mRNA
C) mRNA processed (introns removed)
D) amino acids carried by tRNA joined together
E) mRNA leaves nucleus
F) DNA replicates itself
G) mRNA replicates itself
H) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
I) mRNA produced using DNA as template
J) tRNA and mRNA become part of finished protein
K) tRNA anticodons bond to mRNA codons
Solution
Translation is the process where synthesis of appropriate amino acid and polypeptide chain takes
place taking mRNA synthesized from the target DNA sequence as a reference. Translation takes
place in the cytoplasm over the ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum by a comprehensive
action of mRNA, tRNA and other accessory ingredients by utilization of energy in the form of
ATP.
The sequential process of translation can be found as below:
F) DNA replicates itself
I) mRNA produced using DNA as template
G) mRNA replicates itself
E) mRNA leaves nucleus
C) mRNA processed (introns removed)
H) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
D) amino acids carried by tRNA joined together
K) tRNA anticodons bond to mRNA codons
B) Amino acids bond to mRNA
From the sequence above, it can be seen that the point A, i.e. DNA binds to ribosomes, is not
included. This is because DNA does not bind directly to the ribosomes during any part of
translation. Conversly, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into amino acid
polypeptide on the ribosomes.
Also, the point J) tRNA and mRNA become part of finished protein, is not included because
tRNA and mRNA are never the part of finished protein. The protein is translated from the
mRNA sequence by utilizing tRNA function..
1.What are 2nd messengers Give specific examples. How are they used.pdf
1.What are 2nd messengers? Give specific examples. How are they used un signal transduction?
2.Signal transduction by RTK signaling pathways
3.Explainhow RTK are activated and inactivated
4.Explainhow signaling pathway mutants are used to dissect the functions of signaling molecul
Solution
1).
Receptors are the protienious structures that act as “signal transducing molecules.” There are
three kinds of membrane receptors namely, ligand gated receptors, G-protein coupled receptors
and kinase linked receptors.
Primary messengers receive the stimulus information from the external environment and passes
into the cell. If the primary messenger cannot pass through the cell membrane, receptors use
second messenger for communication between the receptor and intracellular environment.
Secondary messengers relay the signal information from the receptor-ligand complex, to the
interior of the cell.
G-protein coupled receptors are also known as heptahelical (seven transmembrane-spanning)
receptors. They are connected to the intracellular system through G-protein molecules that
activate secondary messengers.
The three important secondary messengers are cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), IP3
(ionositol 1,4,5-triphosphate), and DAG (diacyl glycerol).
Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) into cAMP. cAMP
is one of the important secondary messengers of G-protein receptors. Phopholipase C is an
enzyme that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second messengers
namely, ionositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) into cAMP. cAMP
is one of the important secondary messengers of G-protein receptors. Phospholipase C is an
enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two-second messengers
namely, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
IP3 increases the calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum by acting through IP3 receptors.
DAG diffuses through the plasma membrane and activates protein kinase C. PKC is present in
many isoforms, which is activated by raised intracellular calcium levels .
Calcium activates calmodulin protein by allosteric binding and thus activates calcium-
calmodulin dependent kinases. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates the myosin light chain
kinases by phosphorylation, which causes muscle contraction.
In contrast, the cAMP acts through Gs type of GPCRs, IP3 acts through Gq type of GPCRs. The
secondary effector in cAMP pathway is PKA (protein kinase A), the secondary effector in IP3
and Calcium-mediated pathways is PKC and calmodulin (calcium directly acts on calmodulin)..
In a Pp heterozygous organisms, one of the chromosomes carrying the .pdf
In a Pp heterozygous organisms, one of the chromosomes carrying the P locus is moving towards
the pole at anaphase I of meiosis. In the absense of crossing overs, the P locus on this
chromosome is represented by _____ dsDNA molecules with genotype ______. (name every
complete allelic copy) (2, either PP or pp)
I have included the answers in the parenthesis after the question. Please explain how to get the
answers in details please :)
Solution
The organism is Pp. It will enter Meiosis I after completion of interphase. So, the genome will be
‘4n’, when entering Meiosis I, i.e. “PPpp”.
Crossing over will result in formation of “PpPp”. But there is no crossing- over in Prophase I.
So, “PPpp” will go into metaphase I and subsequently into Anaphase I.
At anaphase I, \'PP\' will go towards one end and \'pp\' will go towards another end.
So, genotypes of the two dsDNA molecules should be either \'PP\' or \'pp\'. Both will be
homozygous..
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane? by
diffusion They swim with flagella. a long microtubules They swim with cilia a long actin The
diagram to the right shows a cell and many sucrose molecules. If the cell membrane is
permeable to sucrose, in which direction will the sucrose move? Into the cell Out of the cell
There isn\'t enough information to let Both into rod out of the cell. The success worst move If
you wanted to separated cells from a plant tissue into individual cell you would need to ?
adherens junctions Primary cell walls plasmodesmata hemidemosomes middle lamella The
fluid material located outside of nucleus is the nucleoplasm cytosol vacuole endoplasm
protoplasm
Solution
1. Vesicles carrying proteins molecules destined for secretion move along with microtubules and
reach to the plasma membrane. Vesicles are carried by two motor proteins, namely kinesin and
dynein.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) along microtubules..
Hi everyoneI need to help me in this case studyI want summary in.pdf
Hi everyone
I need to help me in this case study
I want summary introduction and solving problems in case and conclusion and answer the
questions in case Case 1-2 Kim Fuller* In the early fall of 2010, Kim Fuller was employed as a
of this material was available. All that was needed was an district sales engineer for a large
chemical firm. During organization to tap that bottle supply, grind the bottles, a routine
discussion with plant chemists, Fuller learned and deliver the pulverized plastic to the chemical
comp- that the company had developed a use for the recycled any. It was an opportunity Fuller
had long awaited-a material, in pulverized form, made from plastic soft chance to start a
business. drink bottles. Because the state had mandatory deposits on all beverage bottles, Fuller
realized that a ready supply costs involved in setting up a plastic bottle grinding In November
2010, Fuller began checking into the business. A used truck and three trailers were acquired to
pick up the empty bottles. Fuller purchased one © Professor Robert N. Anthony.
Solution
Fuller would require accounting information regarding the incomes and expenses done for the
operations of his business. And also Fuller would be required to keep proper check and recording
of the assets and liabilities held by the business and the flow of funds and cash through the
business day in day out. Non-accounting information will include making cost analysis. Keeping
a check on the expenses and arriving at proper alternatives to minimize the overall cost.
Technology information to be competitive as new players may enter the market with
technological advantage. Searching for new opportunities to grab and increase the sales and the
overall market and total revenue.
Fuller purchased one used truck and three trailers and one used grinding machine and a new one.
He also purchased the maintenance equipment and a personal computer with software for
accounting and financial information storage. All this sums up the assets of Fuller’s business
with the warehouse purchased being the last one. The $75000 invested by Fuller and the $90000
invested by his brothers and sisters and the mortgage for warehouse are all his Liabilities. Fuller
must value the assets on cost and decide on a depreciation method to be implemented for
depreciating the fixed assets purchased over the time. The company’s opening owner’s equity is
$75000 invested by Fuller and $90000 invested by his brothers and sisters.
Information regarding all the expenses incurred for sales and other expenses relating to business
should be recorded and reported accurately and on a timely basis. Fuller should also keep a track
of the taxation policies governing the business. Subtracting the expenses total from the Income
total will give fuller his profit or loss and even the break-even point from where he will start
making profits. Fuller should analyze the profit and loss statement on a weekly or half monthly
basis, as he is new in th.
Explain why a gallstone located in the bile duct at a point distal t.pdf
Explain why a gallstone located in the bile duct at a point distal to the entry of the pancreatic
duct might result in elevations of serum amylase and serum lipase (perhaps as high as three times
the normal values) and abdominal pain.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), also known as “islet cell tumors” are relatively rare cancers for
which the majority (85%) function to produce hormones. NETs include Insulinomas,
Gastrinomas, and Glucagonomas. In fact Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is the cause of a
form of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) resulting from neoplastic duodenal or pancreatic G cells.
Describe how a gastrinoma causing ZES might cause PUD and
discuss the extent to which H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors would be effective
in reducing the symptoms associated with ZES.
Solution
Ques-1: Explain why a gallstone located in the bile duct at a point distal to the entry of the
pancreatic duct might result in elevations of serum amylase and serum lipase (perhaps as high as
three times the normal values) and abdominal pain.
Answer:
The bile duct is a vessel, which drains the bile juices into the digestive tract. These bile juices
help in emulsifying fats and enhance their breakdown in body. A gallstone located in the bile
duct at a point distal to the entry of the pancreatic duct might result in elevations of serum
amylase and serum lipase because acute pancreatitis in which \"lower acinar cell mass\" may be
observed along with macroamylasemia and under severe conditions, it leads to Jaundice (due to
block of pancreatic duct)
Ques-2:
Neuroendocrine tumors also referred as islet cell tumors are relatively rare cancers for which the
majority (85%) functions to produce hormones. These tumors are also a precursor for generation
of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or peptic ulcer disease. The major gastrinoma causing zollinger-
ellison syndrome is due to chronic carcinoma developed from peptic ulcer. This peptic ulcer
formation is due to either stress or due to Helicobacterium pylori. Gastrinoma is mainly
associated with gastric parietal cell apoptosis and leading to caspase mediated gastric cell
necrosis & apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic mechanisms. This apoptosis is
leading to gastrinoma with peptic ulcer disease due to severe acid secretion through histamine-
mediated activity. This is also due to the following infection inside gastric area.
Bacteria, Helicobacterium pylori produces, catalase, urease positive tests and showing up biofilm
formation on gastric mucosal layers with several colonies (coccoid forms) on his stomach biopsy
slides. It can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy & confocal microscopy. These
are flagellated & phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide.
Helicobacterium pylori feeds on mucosal cells finally due to the rupture of mucosal layer, the
gastric juices secreted directly attack the abdominal wall. This causes severe pain in the mid of
the abdomen or upper abdominal region. Proton pump inhib.
Family members with eye cataract are shown with a solid left half of .pdf
Family members with eye cataract are shown with a solid left half of the symbol; those with
pituitary dwarfism are indicated by a solid right half. Individual IV-1 and IV-5 decide to have a
child together. What is the probability of their first child having both eye cataracts and
dwarfism?
Solution
If I-1 (mother) is the carrier for eye cataract and 1-2 (father) is a carrier for pituitary dwarfism,
we can see that the first child is unaffected (II-1).
Same case we can also find in III-5 (carrier for eye cataract) and III-6 (carrier for pituitary
dwarfism) are married, their first child will be uneffected (IV-4).
Ans: In the same way if IV-1 (carrier for pituitary dwarfism) marries IV-5 (carrier for eye
cataract), the probability of their first child having both eye cataract and pituitary dwarfism will
be Zero.
Note: Probability is defined as the extent / chance of an event to occur. If the probability is 0 then
it indicates that the event is impossible to occur..
Find the dimension of the space P5 Please explain Find the dimensio.pdf
Find the dimension of the space P5? Please explain Find the dimension of the space P5 (enter the
integer only without a decimal point or spaces).
Solution
P5 will have a dimension of 6.
P5 is basically a 5th order polynomial, so it must contain [1,x,x2,x3,x4,x5]. SInce there are 6
elements in the set, thus the dimension of P5 will be 6..
Do routers have IP addresses If so, how many Please explain answer.pdf
Do routers have IP addresses? If so, how many? Please explain answer
Solution
Answer:
Yes , a router can have as many IPs as you assign to it , but there is only one IP address per
interface. You might be well aware of the routers functionalities. It creates a routing table for IP
addresses. Routing table consists of many ips , with subnet masks. So routers can have as many
ip addresses as you can give to it. It stores the ip addresses into the routing table and forwards
them into different networks they belong to..
discuss the importance of The Age discrimination in employment act (.pdf
discuss the importance of The Age discrimination in employment act (ADEA) and its
applicability in healthcare.
Solution
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act provides the rights to an employee so that the
employer cannot refuse to hire or does not allow the discrimination if the employee is 40 or
older. Through ADEA, the employee will get all the pay benefits and it will not allow the
employer to classify the workers based on their age and to deprive them of their opportunities or
declining them from getting promoted.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act functioning will be found similar to other federal
discrimination laws and through this law who are covering can be known.
In healthcare system also this ADEA law is playing an important role, in understanding the role
of physicians and nurses, and how aged health care workers can provide high-quality health
services in many chronic conditions.
In many cases the ADEA law will protect the rights of the patients, he cannot be denied to offer
any type of treatment by showing his age, and all elderly patients should get similar type of
treatment..
Cocaine sometimes produces extreme alertness and an exaggerated awar.pdf
Cocaine sometimes produces extreme alertness and an exaggerated awareness of environmental
stimuli. This is because one of its effects is to enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter that
helps prepare the body for stressful situations, namely:
A. serotonin
B.endorphins
C.acetylcholine
D.Norepinephrine
Solution
D) NOREPINEPHRINE.....it is the stressful situation harmone ...cocaine blocks neurotransmiter
transportersinthe brain hence increasing the concentration of norepinephrinein the synapse ....
Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given .pdf
Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given reaction. Cells produce their
own catalysts called proteins enzymes cofactors complexes
Solution
Answer : The correct answer is B (Enzymes)
Explanation : Enzymes are the biocatalysts - the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as the as
the substance that increases the velocity or rate of the chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any change in the overall process..
(Match grouping symbols) A Java program contains various pairs of gr.pdf
(Match grouping symbols) A Java program contains various pairs of grouping symbols, such as:
Parentheses: ( and )
Braces: { and }
Brackets: [ and ]
Note that the grouping symbols cannot overlap. For example, (a{b)} is illegal. Write a program
to check whether a Java source-code file has correct pairs of grouping symbols. Pass the source-
code file name as a command-line argument.
Solution
// GroupingSymbols.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class GroupingSymbols
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length != 1)
{
System.out.println(\"Usage: filename\");
System.exit(0);
}
File inputFile = new File(args[0]);
// Check if file exists
if (!inputFile.exists()) {
System.out.println(\"File does not exist!\");
System.exit(1);
}
// Create a stack
Stack charstack = new Stack<>();
// arraylist
ArrayList symbolarray = new ArrayList<>();
// addinng all symbols to collection
Collections.addAll(symbolarray, \"(\", \")\", \"{\", \"}\", \"[\", \"]\");
try(BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new
FileInputStream(inputFile))))
{
String str;
while ((str = bf.readLine()) != null)
{
for (char character : str.toCharArray())
{
String s = character + \"\";
int sIndex = symbolarray.indexOf(s);
if (sIndex == -1)
continue;
if (charstack.size() == 0)
{
charstack.push(s);
}
else
{
int lIndex = symbolarray.indexOf(charstack.peek());
if (sIndex - 1 == lIndex)
{
charstack.pop();
}
else
{
if ((lIndex & 1) == 1)
{
System.out.println(\"ERROR at:\" + str);
}
charstack.push(s);
}
}
}
}
}
catch (FileNotFoundException exception)
{
System.out.println(\"File not found.\");
exception.printStackTrace();
}
catch (IOException exception)
{
System.out.println(\"IO error.\");
exception.printStackTrace();
}
}
}.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
More Related Content
More from wailesalekzydelore94
The probability thatapresident of the United States attends Harvard .pdf
The probability thatapresident of the United States attends Harvard is about 18%.The odds that a
president is affiliated with the Democratic Party is roughly 36%. The probability that a president
both attends Harvard and is a democrat isabout 7%. (Harvard=H,Decomcratic=D)
a.What percentage ofpresidents do NOT attend Harvard NOR affiliate with thedemocratic party?
b.Are H and Dmutually exclusive events? Why or why not?
c. Are the two events, H and D, independent? Explain, using probabilities.
d.If we knowa president is affiliated with the Democraticparty, what is the probability that they
attended Harvard?
Solution
a)
P(H U D)\' = 1 - P(H U D) = 1 - [P(H) + P(D) - P(H n D)]
= 1 - (0.18+0.36-0.07)
= 0.53 [answer]
*********************
b)
As
P(H n D) =/= 0
but rather is 0.07, then they are no mutually exclusive. [NO]
*********************
c)
If they are independent,
P(H) = P(H|D)
As
P(H|D) = P(H n D)/P(D) = 0.07/0.36 = 0.194444444
P(H) = 0.18
As they are not equal (although close), they are not independent.
********************
d)
P(H|D) = P(H|D) = P(H n D)/P(D) = 0.07/0.36 = 0.194444444 [ANSWER].
The pentose phosphate cycle has an oxidative and a nonoxidative sect.pdf
The pentose phosphate cycle has an oxidative and a nonoxidative section and these are presented
as both playing important metabolic roles, rather than a coupled role with a single function. How
are the metabolic roles of these two parts of the pathway different from each other? Explain in
terms of biochemistry
Solution
Answer= Function of oxidative and non-oxidative phases of pentose phosphate pathway
Oxidative phase= produces NADPH = it serves as a source of electrons for the reduction of
molecules during biosynthesis
Nonoxidative phase=1] synthesizes 3 & 4 carbon sugars for various purposes
2] The 4 carbon sugar erythrose 4 phosphate is used to synthesize aromatic amino acids &
vitamin B6
3] The pentose ribose 5-phosphate is a major component of nucleic acids, and ribulose 1,5-
bisphosphate is the primary CO2 acceptor in photosynthesis.
4] Intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway may be used to produce ATP.
5] Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from the pathway can enter three-carbon stage of the glycolytic
pathway and be converted to ATP and pyruvate..
Standpoint theory suggests that our understanding of gender-based co.pdf
Standpoint theory suggests that our understanding of gender-based communications acts is
shaped by our standpoint in life. How does a persons standpoint as a member of one sex (male or
female) shape your experiances and interactions with other? Explain how other standpoints,
besides sex and gender, help you to understand your position or location within our culture.
Solution
Standpoint theory\'s most predominant abstraction is that an independent \'s own prospect are
shaped byher or his political and social experiences. Standpoints are multifaceted rather than
transitive: while Hispanic women may predominantly share some prospect, particularly with
consider to ethnicity or sex, they are not explain simply by their involvement in these group. The
combination of a person\'s many professional dimensions form a standpoint—a point of
perspective—through which that independent sees and understands the world..
select an engineering articlejournal with ethical senerio and justi.pdf
select an engineering article/journal with ethical senerio and justify the case using NSPE CASE,
not more than 500 words.
Solution
Under facts and circumstances of the present case , it appears that Engineer A’s actions were not
under the letter or spirit of code . Act of Engineer A is a breach of trust , as he got ample
opportunity to disclose his intention and his inability
Some of ethical perspectives considered are
(a) consequences:
4. growth and development of city could be effected .
(b) Care
(c) Duty
He completely overlook Nolan principle of Public life i.e. Selflessness, integrity ,objectivity ,
accountability , openness , Honesty ,leadership
(d) Virtue base thinking
Following NSPE code of ethics for engineer are pertain to this case :
(a)Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees.
Above code is essential for understanding between employer and employee and their future
course of action would be based on faith .
Engineers, when employing other engineers, shall offer a salary according to professional
qualifications.
Code is relevant when:
Engineer hires/employs another engineer
Code is violated when:
Engineer offers a salary that is not commensurate with the hired engineer\'s qualifications
Code is not violated when
Engineer offers a salary that is commensurate with the hired engineer\'s qualifications
(b) Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the
honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession.
Dignity and reputation of a person is always maintain if he follow some basic rule in his conduct
i.e. reposibility , honour , ethics etc.
(c) Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts.
Act of engineer A , left employer in a perplexing situation as they have to wait till 23th April
before outright rejection of joining by Engineer A . His act can be considered as deceptive act .
(d) Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and
integrity.
According to Nolan Honesty and Integrity is basic to any public profession .
Engineer A should had to maintained it .
Engineers shall not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their, or their associates\', academic or
professional qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their degree of
responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments. Brochures or other presentations
incident to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning
employers, employees, associates, joint venturers, or past accomplishments with the intent and
purpose of enhancing their qualifications and their work..
Parthenogenesis has been documented in most vertebrate Classes (e.g. .pdf
Parthenogenesis has been documented in most vertebrate Classes (e.g. birds, fish) but never in
mammals. Genomic imprinting provides one explanation for this observation. Why?
Solution
Parthrnogenesis is the process of reproduction from ovum without fertilization.
It has been documented in most vertebrates but never in mammals because of polyploidy and
hybridisation. On the cellular level, the distinction between parthenogens and sexuals is that,
meiosis is accompanied by fusion of a male and female gamete. In parthenogenesis, meiosis is
changed so that only one unique set of chromosomes is transferred in a non-random fashion.
Germ cell doesn’t have centrioles (they’re lost throughout gametogenesis), the lack of centrioles
is not a restrict to the egg cellular. The genomic imprinting, i.e. that sure genes will no longer
activate unless paternal genes are lacking. That is an trouble with mammals and no longer with
the parthenogenic vertebrates because mammals have an overabundance of a protein referred to
as mos. when absent, automixis occurs (it normally blocks cleavage formation inside the oocyte,
therefore, the oocyte can’t undergo automixis)..
organisms in this domain first produce oxygenSolutionThe three.pdf
organisms in this domain first produce oxygen
Solution
The three major domains in the Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree are,
1). Archaea
2). Bacteria
3). Eukarya
The domain archaea and bacteria include the prokaryotes. The domain eukarya include the
eukaryotes but no prokaryotes. The cyanobacteria are the first oxygen producers on the earth and
they belong to the domain bacteria..
In the cae below identify the subject matter of the controversy, whe.pdf
In the cae below identify the subject matter of the controversy, whether the common law or the
UCC (Artlce 2) would cover the contractual issues, and explain the reasons for your conclusions.
Also, discuss when, in general, the UCC (Article 2) governs contracts and when the common law
governs.
Kurt N. Aslakson, et al., Appellants, v. Home Savings Association, Respondent, Upper
Northwest Payment Plans Co., Respondent
No. C6-87-1497
Court of Appeals of Minnesota
416 N.W.2d 786; 1987 Minn. App. LEXIS 5110; 6 U.C.C. Rep. Serv. 2d (Callaghan) 35
December 3, 1987, Decided December 15, 1987, Filed
PRIOR HISTORY: [**1] Appeal from Hennepin County, District Court, Hon. Ann
Montgomery, Judge.
DISPOSITION: Affirmed. CASE SUMMARY:
PROCEDURAL POSTURE: Appellant homeowners sought review of the decision from the
Hennepin County, District Court (Minnesota), which granted summary judgment in favor of
respondents, savings association and payment plan, on the homeowners\' claim of tortious
interference with contract.
OVERVIEW: The homeowners entered into a conditional sales contract to purchase a mobile
home. Subsequently the contract was assigned to the savings associationThe homeowners argued
that thetrial court erred in determining, as a matter of law, that their claims of wrongful
interference with contracts were invalid. The court determined that the trial court had correctly
determined that a contract between the homeowners and a subsequent buyer could not arise
absent performance of a condition precedent, which was the approval of the subsequent buyer\'s
assumption of the loan. Even if this court were to determine that valid contracts existed between
the homeowners and prospective buyers, the issue of justification would have to be addressed
and the savings association and payment plan would have prevailed. Credit checks and equity
interests were commercially reasonable assurances and could not be met by the prospective
buyers. The savings association and payment plan were within their right to refuse the
assignment.
OUTCOME: The court affirmed the decision from the trial court.
CORE TERMS: mobile home, materially, prospective buyer, breach of contract, assignee,
buyer\'s, purchase agreement, assignor, summary judgment, down payment, substantial interest,
conditional, assurances, assigned, inducing, delegate, condition precedent, contractual,
contingent, delegation, tortious interference, credit check, right to refuse, wrongful interference,
contractual duties, equity interest, delegating, purchaser, happening, default
LexisNexis(R) Headnotes
1 of 7 4/4/12 5:11 PM
http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/delivery/PrintDoc.do?jo...
Torts > Business Torts > Commercial Interference > Contracts > General Overview
[HN1] \"Interference with contract\" is somewhat broader than \"inducing breach of contract\" in
that the former includes any act injuring or destroying persons or property which retards, makes
more difficult, or prevents performance, or makes performan.
Listed below are the major steps in protein synthesis and some event.pdf
Listed below are the major steps in protein synthesis and some events that do not occur during
protein synthesis. From the list select those events that do occur in protein synthesis and place
the letters of these steps in the correct chronological order.
A) DNA attaches to ribosomes
B) Amino acids bond to mRNA
C) mRNA processed (introns removed)
D) amino acids carried by tRNA joined together
E) mRNA leaves nucleus
F) DNA replicates itself
G) mRNA replicates itself
H) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
I) mRNA produced using DNA as template
J) tRNA and mRNA become part of finished protein
K) tRNA anticodons bond to mRNA codons
Solution
Translation is the process where synthesis of appropriate amino acid and polypeptide chain takes
place taking mRNA synthesized from the target DNA sequence as a reference. Translation takes
place in the cytoplasm over the ribosomes of rough endoplasmic reticulum by a comprehensive
action of mRNA, tRNA and other accessory ingredients by utilization of energy in the form of
ATP.
The sequential process of translation can be found as below:
F) DNA replicates itself
I) mRNA produced using DNA as template
G) mRNA replicates itself
E) mRNA leaves nucleus
C) mRNA processed (introns removed)
H) mRNA attaches to ribosomes
D) amino acids carried by tRNA joined together
K) tRNA anticodons bond to mRNA codons
B) Amino acids bond to mRNA
From the sequence above, it can be seen that the point A, i.e. DNA binds to ribosomes, is not
included. This is because DNA does not bind directly to the ribosomes during any part of
translation. Conversly, DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated into amino acid
polypeptide on the ribosomes.
Also, the point J) tRNA and mRNA become part of finished protein, is not included because
tRNA and mRNA are never the part of finished protein. The protein is translated from the
mRNA sequence by utilizing tRNA function..
1.What are 2nd messengers Give specific examples. How are they used.pdf
1.What are 2nd messengers? Give specific examples. How are they used un signal transduction?
2.Signal transduction by RTK signaling pathways
3.Explainhow RTK are activated and inactivated
4.Explainhow signaling pathway mutants are used to dissect the functions of signaling molecul
Solution
1).
Receptors are the protienious structures that act as “signal transducing molecules.” There are
three kinds of membrane receptors namely, ligand gated receptors, G-protein coupled receptors
and kinase linked receptors.
Primary messengers receive the stimulus information from the external environment and passes
into the cell. If the primary messenger cannot pass through the cell membrane, receptors use
second messenger for communication between the receptor and intracellular environment.
Secondary messengers relay the signal information from the receptor-ligand complex, to the
interior of the cell.
G-protein coupled receptors are also known as heptahelical (seven transmembrane-spanning)
receptors. They are connected to the intracellular system through G-protein molecules that
activate secondary messengers.
The three important secondary messengers are cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), IP3
(ionositol 1,4,5-triphosphate), and DAG (diacyl glycerol).
Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) into cAMP. cAMP
is one of the important secondary messengers of G-protein receptors. Phopholipase C is an
enzyme that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second messengers
namely, ionositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that converts ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) into cAMP. cAMP
is one of the important secondary messengers of G-protein receptors. Phospholipase C is an
enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) into two-second messengers
namely, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
IP3 increases the calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum by acting through IP3 receptors.
DAG diffuses through the plasma membrane and activates protein kinase C. PKC is present in
many isoforms, which is activated by raised intracellular calcium levels .
Calcium activates calmodulin protein by allosteric binding and thus activates calcium-
calmodulin dependent kinases. The calcium-calmodulin complex activates the myosin light chain
kinases by phosphorylation, which causes muscle contraction.
In contrast, the cAMP acts through Gs type of GPCRs, IP3 acts through Gq type of GPCRs. The
secondary effector in cAMP pathway is PKA (protein kinase A), the secondary effector in IP3
and Calcium-mediated pathways is PKC and calmodulin (calcium directly acts on calmodulin)..
In a Pp heterozygous organisms, one of the chromosomes carrying the .pdf
In a Pp heterozygous organisms, one of the chromosomes carrying the P locus is moving towards
the pole at anaphase I of meiosis. In the absense of crossing overs, the P locus on this
chromosome is represented by _____ dsDNA molecules with genotype ______. (name every
complete allelic copy) (2, either PP or pp)
I have included the answers in the parenthesis after the question. Please explain how to get the
answers in details please :)
Solution
The organism is Pp. It will enter Meiosis I after completion of interphase. So, the genome will be
‘4n’, when entering Meiosis I, i.e. “PPpp”.
Crossing over will result in formation of “PpPp”. But there is no crossing- over in Prophase I.
So, “PPpp” will go into metaphase I and subsequently into Anaphase I.
At anaphase I, \'PP\' will go towards one end and \'pp\' will go towards another end.
So, genotypes of the two dsDNA molecules should be either \'PP\' or \'pp\'. Both will be
homozygous..
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the .pdf
How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane? by
diffusion They swim with flagella. a long microtubules They swim with cilia a long actin The
diagram to the right shows a cell and many sucrose molecules. If the cell membrane is
permeable to sucrose, in which direction will the sucrose move? Into the cell Out of the cell
There isn\'t enough information to let Both into rod out of the cell. The success worst move If
you wanted to separated cells from a plant tissue into individual cell you would need to ?
adherens junctions Primary cell walls plasmodesmata hemidemosomes middle lamella The
fluid material located outside of nucleus is the nucleoplasm cytosol vacuole endoplasm
protoplasm
Solution
1. Vesicles carrying proteins molecules destined for secretion move along with microtubules and
reach to the plasma membrane. Vesicles are carried by two motor proteins, namely kinesin and
dynein.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) along microtubules..
Hi everyoneI need to help me in this case studyI want summary in.pdf
Hi everyone
I need to help me in this case study
I want summary introduction and solving problems in case and conclusion and answer the
questions in case Case 1-2 Kim Fuller* In the early fall of 2010, Kim Fuller was employed as a
of this material was available. All that was needed was an district sales engineer for a large
chemical firm. During organization to tap that bottle supply, grind the bottles, a routine
discussion with plant chemists, Fuller learned and deliver the pulverized plastic to the chemical
comp- that the company had developed a use for the recycled any. It was an opportunity Fuller
had long awaited-a material, in pulverized form, made from plastic soft chance to start a
business. drink bottles. Because the state had mandatory deposits on all beverage bottles, Fuller
realized that a ready supply costs involved in setting up a plastic bottle grinding In November
2010, Fuller began checking into the business. A used truck and three trailers were acquired to
pick up the empty bottles. Fuller purchased one © Professor Robert N. Anthony.
Solution
Fuller would require accounting information regarding the incomes and expenses done for the
operations of his business. And also Fuller would be required to keep proper check and recording
of the assets and liabilities held by the business and the flow of funds and cash through the
business day in day out. Non-accounting information will include making cost analysis. Keeping
a check on the expenses and arriving at proper alternatives to minimize the overall cost.
Technology information to be competitive as new players may enter the market with
technological advantage. Searching for new opportunities to grab and increase the sales and the
overall market and total revenue.
Fuller purchased one used truck and three trailers and one used grinding machine and a new one.
He also purchased the maintenance equipment and a personal computer with software for
accounting and financial information storage. All this sums up the assets of Fuller’s business
with the warehouse purchased being the last one. The $75000 invested by Fuller and the $90000
invested by his brothers and sisters and the mortgage for warehouse are all his Liabilities. Fuller
must value the assets on cost and decide on a depreciation method to be implemented for
depreciating the fixed assets purchased over the time. The company’s opening owner’s equity is
$75000 invested by Fuller and $90000 invested by his brothers and sisters.
Information regarding all the expenses incurred for sales and other expenses relating to business
should be recorded and reported accurately and on a timely basis. Fuller should also keep a track
of the taxation policies governing the business. Subtracting the expenses total from the Income
total will give fuller his profit or loss and even the break-even point from where he will start
making profits. Fuller should analyze the profit and loss statement on a weekly or half monthly
basis, as he is new in th.
Explain why a gallstone located in the bile duct at a point distal t.pdf
Explain why a gallstone located in the bile duct at a point distal to the entry of the pancreatic
duct might result in elevations of serum amylase and serum lipase (perhaps as high as three times
the normal values) and abdominal pain.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), also known as “islet cell tumors” are relatively rare cancers for
which the majority (85%) function to produce hormones. NETs include Insulinomas,
Gastrinomas, and Glucagonomas. In fact Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is the cause of a
form of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) resulting from neoplastic duodenal or pancreatic G cells.
Describe how a gastrinoma causing ZES might cause PUD and
discuss the extent to which H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors would be effective
in reducing the symptoms associated with ZES.
Solution
Ques-1: Explain why a gallstone located in the bile duct at a point distal to the entry of the
pancreatic duct might result in elevations of serum amylase and serum lipase (perhaps as high as
three times the normal values) and abdominal pain.
Answer:
The bile duct is a vessel, which drains the bile juices into the digestive tract. These bile juices
help in emulsifying fats and enhance their breakdown in body. A gallstone located in the bile
duct at a point distal to the entry of the pancreatic duct might result in elevations of serum
amylase and serum lipase because acute pancreatitis in which \"lower acinar cell mass\" may be
observed along with macroamylasemia and under severe conditions, it leads to Jaundice (due to
block of pancreatic duct)
Ques-2:
Neuroendocrine tumors also referred as islet cell tumors are relatively rare cancers for which the
majority (85%) functions to produce hormones. These tumors are also a precursor for generation
of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or peptic ulcer disease. The major gastrinoma causing zollinger-
ellison syndrome is due to chronic carcinoma developed from peptic ulcer. This peptic ulcer
formation is due to either stress or due to Helicobacterium pylori. Gastrinoma is mainly
associated with gastric parietal cell apoptosis and leading to caspase mediated gastric cell
necrosis & apoptosis through extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic mechanisms. This apoptosis is
leading to gastrinoma with peptic ulcer disease due to severe acid secretion through histamine-
mediated activity. This is also due to the following infection inside gastric area.
Bacteria, Helicobacterium pylori produces, catalase, urease positive tests and showing up biofilm
formation on gastric mucosal layers with several colonies (coccoid forms) on his stomach biopsy
slides. It can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy & confocal microscopy. These
are flagellated & phospholipids and lipopolysaccharide.
Helicobacterium pylori feeds on mucosal cells finally due to the rupture of mucosal layer, the
gastric juices secreted directly attack the abdominal wall. This causes severe pain in the mid of
the abdomen or upper abdominal region. Proton pump inhib.
Family members with eye cataract are shown with a solid left half of .pdf
Family members with eye cataract are shown with a solid left half of the symbol; those with
pituitary dwarfism are indicated by a solid right half. Individual IV-1 and IV-5 decide to have a
child together. What is the probability of their first child having both eye cataracts and
dwarfism?
Solution
If I-1 (mother) is the carrier for eye cataract and 1-2 (father) is a carrier for pituitary dwarfism,
we can see that the first child is unaffected (II-1).
Same case we can also find in III-5 (carrier for eye cataract) and III-6 (carrier for pituitary
dwarfism) are married, their first child will be uneffected (IV-4).
Ans: In the same way if IV-1 (carrier for pituitary dwarfism) marries IV-5 (carrier for eye
cataract), the probability of their first child having both eye cataract and pituitary dwarfism will
be Zero.
Note: Probability is defined as the extent / chance of an event to occur. If the probability is 0 then
it indicates that the event is impossible to occur..
Find the dimension of the space P5 Please explain Find the dimensio.pdf
Find the dimension of the space P5? Please explain Find the dimension of the space P5 (enter the
integer only without a decimal point or spaces).
Solution
P5 will have a dimension of 6.
P5 is basically a 5th order polynomial, so it must contain [1,x,x2,x3,x4,x5]. SInce there are 6
elements in the set, thus the dimension of P5 will be 6..
Do routers have IP addresses If so, how many Please explain answer.pdf
Do routers have IP addresses? If so, how many? Please explain answer
Solution
Answer:
Yes , a router can have as many IPs as you assign to it , but there is only one IP address per
interface. You might be well aware of the routers functionalities. It creates a routing table for IP
addresses. Routing table consists of many ips , with subnet masks. So routers can have as many
ip addresses as you can give to it. It stores the ip addresses into the routing table and forwards
them into different networks they belong to..
discuss the importance of The Age discrimination in employment act (.pdf
discuss the importance of The Age discrimination in employment act (ADEA) and its
applicability in healthcare.
Solution
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act provides the rights to an employee so that the
employer cannot refuse to hire or does not allow the discrimination if the employee is 40 or
older. Through ADEA, the employee will get all the pay benefits and it will not allow the
employer to classify the workers based on their age and to deprive them of their opportunities or
declining them from getting promoted.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act functioning will be found similar to other federal
discrimination laws and through this law who are covering can be known.
In healthcare system also this ADEA law is playing an important role, in understanding the role
of physicians and nurses, and how aged health care workers can provide high-quality health
services in many chronic conditions.
In many cases the ADEA law will protect the rights of the patients, he cannot be denied to offer
any type of treatment by showing his age, and all elderly patients should get similar type of
treatment..
Cocaine sometimes produces extreme alertness and an exaggerated awar.pdf
Cocaine sometimes produces extreme alertness and an exaggerated awareness of environmental
stimuli. This is because one of its effects is to enhance the activity of the neurotransmitter that
helps prepare the body for stressful situations, namely:
A. serotonin
B.endorphins
C.acetylcholine
D.Norepinephrine
Solution
D) NOREPINEPHRINE.....it is the stressful situation harmone ...cocaine blocks neurotransmiter
transportersinthe brain hence increasing the concentration of norepinephrinein the synapse ....
Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given .pdf
Catalysts are molecules that lower the activation energy for a given reaction. Cells produce their
own catalysts called proteins enzymes cofactors complexes
Solution
Answer : The correct answer is B (Enzymes)
Explanation : Enzymes are the biocatalysts - the catalysts of life. A catalyst is defined as the as
the substance that increases the velocity or rate of the chemical reaction without itself
undergoing any change in the overall process..
(Match grouping symbols) A Java program contains various pairs of gr.pdf
(Match grouping symbols) A Java program contains various pairs of grouping symbols, such as:
Parentheses: ( and )
Braces: { and }
Brackets: [ and ]
Note that the grouping symbols cannot overlap. For example, (a{b)} is illegal. Write a program
to check whether a Java source-code file has correct pairs of grouping symbols. Pass the source-
code file name as a command-line argument.
Solution
// GroupingSymbols.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class GroupingSymbols
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length != 1)
{
System.out.println(\"Usage: filename\");
System.exit(0);
}
File inputFile = new File(args[0]);
// Check if file exists
if (!inputFile.exists()) {
System.out.println(\"File does not exist!\");
System.exit(1);
}
// Create a stack
Stack charstack = new Stack<>();
// arraylist
ArrayList symbolarray = new ArrayList<>();
// addinng all symbols to collection
Collections.addAll(symbolarray, \"(\", \")\", \"{\", \"}\", \"[\", \"]\");
try(BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new
FileInputStream(inputFile))))
{
String str;
while ((str = bf.readLine()) != null)
{
for (char character : str.toCharArray())
{
String s = character + \"\";
int sIndex = symbolarray.indexOf(s);
if (sIndex == -1)
continue;
if (charstack.size() == 0)
{
charstack.push(s);
}
else
{
int lIndex = symbolarray.indexOf(charstack.peek());
if (sIndex - 1 == lIndex)
{
charstack.pop();
}
else
{
if ((lIndex & 1) == 1)
{
System.out.println(\"ERROR at:\" + str);
}
charstack.push(s);
}
}
}
}
}
catch (FileNotFoundException exception)
{
System.out.println(\"File not found.\");
exception.printStackTrace();
}
catch (IOException exception)
{
System.out.println(\"IO error.\");
exception.printStackTrace();
}
}
}.
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