This presentation contains the introduction to the structure of plasma membrane. This gives an insight into the biochemistry of the plasma membrane and the singer and nicholsan model.
This presentation contains the introduction to the structure of plasma membrane. This gives an insight into the biochemistry of the plasma membrane and the singer and nicholsan model.
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich.pdfbhim1213
The current model of cellular membranes is called PB and J sandwich molecular mosaic fluid
mosaic plasma membrane Which characteristic apply to the phospholipid membrane? It is
primarily a hydrophobic bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic Proteins are imbedded within
the phospholipids. The imbedded molecules can move freely within the membrane All are
important characteristics of the Cholesterol molecules in the membrane act to modulate
temperature dependent viscosity and fluidity of the membrane. moderate the effects of a high fat
diet promote fluidity in the membrane. allow for better membrane compaction and integrity.
allow transport across the membrane. One important feature of membranes in the
endomembrane system is that they can move freely from cell to cell. freely bleb off of and then
onto other components of this network. they contain small pieces of independently replicating
DNA. they move from the trans side of the membrane to the cis side. t
Solution
1. Fluid mosaic model.
Fluid mosaic model for plasma membrane proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson is
universally acceoted model for plasma membrane.
2. All are important characteristics.
Phospholipid molecules are hydrophobic and amphipathic. Which means that posess polar head
and non polar tails.
Some of the protien molecules are embedded in the phospholipid layer and these moelcules are
free to move due to fluid nature of plasma membrane.
3. Allows better membrane compaction and integrity.
Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule like phospholipids. It contains a hydrophilic and a
hydrophobic portion. Cholesterol\'s hydroxyl (OH) group aligns with the phosphate heads of the
phospholipids. The remaining portion of it tucks into the fatty acid portion of the membrane.
Because of the way cholesterol is shaped, part of the steroid ring (the four hydrocarbon rings in
between the hydroxyl group and the hydrocarbon \"tail\") is closely attracted to part of the fatty
acid chain on the nearest phospholipid. This helps slightly immobilize the outer surface of the
membrane and make it less soluble to very small water-soluble molecules that could otherwise
pass through more easily.
4. They contain transport enzymes..
Chapter Cellular Structure and Function Wor which consist of fatty ac.pdfarjunenterprises1978
Chapter Cellular Structure and Function Wor which consist of fatty acids and alcohol. The phos-
The plasma membrane composed mainly of phospholipids, d bilayer As shown in the figure and
the tails pholipids in the plasma membrane are tails. bead \"loves\" water the head and two the
membrane. whereas below, each a on the interior of ne cell because water aydophobic). The
water-hating tails are tars are hand, point outwards, either the cytoplusm or dhe nuid surrounds if
they the other of heads pass the plasma hydrophilic, on exterior Mtolecules that are b can easily
membrane. Molecule that are water-loving like the hating like the interior the cause they are
through de plasma least rot without help pass Phospholipid molecule Phospholipld bilayer
Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails hydrophobic, or waterhating, interior The phospholipid
bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids 0eft), with a depicted on the and a hydrophilic, or
water-loving, esterior, Asingle phospholipid molecule is Other Molecules in the Plasma
Membrane molecules in The plasma membrane also contains other molecules primarily other
lipids and proteins. The green the figure above, for example, are the lipid Molecules of
cholesterol belp the plasma membrane keep its shape. Many of the proteins in the plasma
membrane assist other substances in crossing the membrane. Euensions of the Plasma Membrane
plasma membrane may haveextensions, such as whip like nagelt or ke cilia. In single-celled
organisms. the membrane estensions may belp organisms move. In multicellular organisms, the
extensions have other For example, the cilia the particles the mouth and Dose. Mung cells sweep
foreign and mucustoward What is the plasma membrane? 2. What is the meaning of semipen
nneabiliry?
Solution
1). What is the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is a membrane that encloses the cell organelles of a cell. It separates the
cell interior and the outside environment. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable membrane
that allows selective entry and exit to charged ions and organic molecules. It provides protection
to the cell.
2). What is the meaning of semi-permeability?
Semi-permeability is the quality of a membrane to allow passage of some particles through it
while restricting the flow of others. The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of
phospholipid molecules which have polar phosphate head on the either sides and two non-polar
lipid tails embedded inside. Due to this structure, the hydrophilic molecules can not pass through
the membrane. Besides, the membrane has transmembrane proteins that may act as channels to
allow the passage of specific molecules through them with or without any expense of energy..
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3. Learning Objectives
1.
Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and explain the underlying
reasons for this structure.
2.
Outline the roles of phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins and
glycoproteins in membranes.
3.
Outline the roles of the plasma membrane, and the roles of membranes within
cells.
4.
Describe and explain how molecules can get in and out of cells (cross cell
membranes) by the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
5.
Describe the effects on animal and plant cells of immersion in solutions of different
water potential.
6.
Describe the features of the gaseous exchange surface of mammalian lung.
7.
Describe the features of root hairs that enable the uptake of ions by active
transport.
3
4. Key words you should know
Phospholipids
Polar
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Micelles
Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
Glycoproteins
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Transport proteins
Enzymes
Receptor molecules
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Partially permeable
Water potential
Solute Potential
Pressure Potential
Turgid
Plasmolysis
Plasmolysed
Incipient plasmolysis
Active transport
Carrier protein
Bulk transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Phagocytes
Phagocytic vacuoles
Pinocytosis
Micropinocytosis
Exocytosis
Gaseous exchange
Alveoli
Root hair
Surface area
Epidermis
Passive transport
4
5. Cell membrane
All living things are surrounded by a membrane.
A cell membrane is also known as plasma membrane.
Controls
exchange of materials such as nutrients and
waste between cells and their environment.
Has
other important functions for example to enable
cells to receive hormones.
To
understand the function of anything in biology, you
must study the structure first!
5
6. Cell Membranes from Opposing
Neurons (TEM x436,740).
Nerve cell
Cell membrane {
Gap between cells
}
cell membrane
7nm wide
Nerve cell
6
7. Cell membranes are made of
PHOSPHOLIPIDs
HYDROPHILIC heads
(water liking)
-Attracted to the water
called POLAR
HYDROPHOBIC tails
(water fearing)
-Not attracted to the
water
called NON-POLAR
A Phospholipid
7
8. Phospholipids are important structural components
of cell membranes. Phospholipids are modified so
that a phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the
three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The
addition of this group makes a polar "head" and
two nonpolar "tails".
8
9. HYDROPHILIC HEAD
At the other end of the phospholipid
is a phosphate group and several
double bonded oxygens. The
atoms at this end of the molecule
are not shared equally. This end
of the molecule has a charge and
is attracted to water. It is POLAR
A phospholipid
HYDROPHOBIC TAILS
The two long chains coming off of the
bottom of this molecule are made
up of carbon and hydrogen.
Because both of these elements
share their electrons evenly these
chains have no charge. They are
NON POLAR. Molecules with no
charge are not attracted to water;
as a result water molecules tend
to push them out of the way as
they are attracted to each other.
This causes molecules with no
charge not to dissolve in water.
3D model of a
Phospholipid
9
10. A Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipids can form:
BILAYERS
-2 layers of phospholipids
with
hydrophobic tails
protected inside by the
hydrophilic heads.
The PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER is the basic
structure of membranes.
10
12. Phospholipids
Structure of the cell membrane
Cell membranes are made mainly of
phospholipids. They have:
HYDROPHILIC heads (water liking)
-Attracted to the water POLAR
HYDROPHOBIC tails (water fearing)
-Not attracted to the water NONPOLAR
Phospholipids can form BILAYERS
-2 layers of phospholipids with
hydrophobic tails protected
inside by the hydrophilic
heads.
The PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER is
the basic structure of membranes.
12
14. Fluid mosaic model
Cell membranes also contain proteins within the phospholipid bilayer.
This ‘model’ for the structure of the membrane is called the:
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
FLUID- because individual phospholipids and proteins can move
around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid.
MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein
molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.
14
16. TEM of freeze-fractured cell membrane.
The fracture occurs
between the two
phospholipid
layers.
You can clearly see
the exposed
proteins sticking
out of the two
layers.
Individual
phospholipids are
too small to see.
16
18. Features of the fluid mosaic model
Double layer – BILAYER of phospholipids which can move
about by ………………………… in their own
……………………….
Phospholipid tails point inwards forming a ……. ……….
………………………… interior. The phospholipid heads point
outwards facing the aqueous (water containing) medium
surrounding the membrane.
Some phospholipids fatty acid tails are ………………………..
– straight so fit together tightly. Some are
………………………… – bent so fit together
……………………. The more unsaturated tails there are the
more ……………… the membrane becomes. The lower the
temp, the ……………….fluid.
18
19. Features of the fluid mosaic model
Most protein molecules …………………. like icebergs in the
layers, some are fixed to ………………………. inside the
cell and don’t float.
Some proteins are embedded in the outer layer, some in
the inner layer and some ………………… the two layers.
Hydrophobic and Hyrdophilic parts of the protein molecules
sit next to the …………………………… and
………………………….. portions of the
……………………………… of the membrane. This ensures
the proteins stay in the membrane.
The membrane is ……nm thick on average.
Some phospholipids have carbohydrates attached to them
called- ………………………..
Some of the proteins have carbohydrates attached to them
called– ……………………
The membrane also contains molecules of
………………………………..
19
20. Features of the fluid mosaic model
Double layer – BILAYER of phospholipids which can
move about by DIFFUSION in their own
MONOLAYER
Phospholipid tails point inwards forming a NONPOLAR HYDROPHOBIC interior. The phospholipid
heads point outwards facing the aqueous (water
containing) medium surrounding the membrane.
Some phospholipids fatty acid tails are SATURATED
– straight so fit together tightly. Some are
UNSATURATED – bent so fit together loosely. The
more unsaturated tails there are the more ‘fluid’ the
membrane becomes. The lower the temp, the less
fluid.
20
21. Features of the fluid mosaic model
Most protein molecules float like icebergs in the layers,
some are fixed to structures inside the cell and don’t float.
Some proteins are embedded in the outer layer, some in
the inner layer and some span the two layers. Hydrophobic
and Hyrdophilic parts of the protein molecules sit next to
the Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic portions of the
phospholids of the membrane. This ensures the proteins
stay in the membrane.
The membrane is 7nm thick on average.
Some phospholipids have carbohydrates attached to them
– GLYCOLIPIDS
Some of the proteins have carbohydrates attached to them
– GLYCOPROTEINS
The membrane also contains molecules of
CHOLESTEROL
21
22. Roles of components of cell membranes
Using the following headings produce a table on A4 to summarise roles of t he
different types of molecules found in the cell membrane. Try not to copy, pick
out the relevant information and write it in note form You may want to use
bullet points, different coloured pens etc basically whatever helps you to
remember them.
There will be a short test on this next lesson! Use pages 53-54.
Component
1.
Phospholipids
2.
Cholesterol
3.
Proteins
4.
Function
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
22
23. Summary
Cell membranes have a basic structure composed of a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER.
Phospholipds have HYDROPHOBIC (non-polar) tails and HYDROPHILIC (polar) heads.
The best model of the cell membrane is called the FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
The average thickness of the membrane is 7nm.
The fatty acid tails of phospholipids can be SATURATED (straight) or UNSATURATED (bent)
Proteins can float or be fixed and also have hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions.
Some proteins and phospholipids have carbohydrates attached to them to form
GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS.
Phospholipids form the bilayer, act as barrier to most water soluble substances
Cholesterol regulates the fluidity of the membrane, gives mechanical stability and help to
prevent ions from passing through the membrane.
Proteins act as transport proteins to act as channels for substances to move into or out of the
cell. Some act as membrane enzymes and some have important roles in membranes of
organelles.
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins help to stabilise membrane structure, some act as receptor
molecules eg for hormones and neurotransmitters or as antigens for other cells to recognise
them.
23