The document summarizes the key components and structure of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. It describes that the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer with embedded and associated proteins. The major constituents are phospholipids that form the bilayer, cholesterol that provides stability, and various types of membrane proteins. The fluid mosaic model and experimental evidence demonstrate that the cell membrane is fluid and dynamic in nature.
Plasma membrane - The Nature protection from the outside worldRohit Mondal
Like as we all know that Cell is the basic unit of life of every living organism present on this earth and if we call it in layman language like a mother protects her child from outside harsh world and fix some barrier or rule for her child that with whom he or she should meet or not similarly the plasma membrane also act like a mother for the cell and its organelle by being selectively permeable for some specific compound and elements ..so in this given PPT you learn about what is plasma membrane and what is its composition and how its work FOR the cell .
Charles Overton was the first one to suggest that cell membrane is made up of lipids. In the last years of the 19th century Overton did experimental work, allowing the distinction to be drawn between the cell wall of plants and their cytoplasmic membrane.He studied the permeability of a range of biological
materials to around 500 chemical compounds. In 1900, Overton proposed a biomembrane model "Overton Biomembrane Model" which stated that biomembranes are made up of lipids. He gave this statement on the basis of observation of transport of lipid soluble substances across the biomembranes.
Plasma membrane - The Nature protection from the outside worldRohit Mondal
Like as we all know that Cell is the basic unit of life of every living organism present on this earth and if we call it in layman language like a mother protects her child from outside harsh world and fix some barrier or rule for her child that with whom he or she should meet or not similarly the plasma membrane also act like a mother for the cell and its organelle by being selectively permeable for some specific compound and elements ..so in this given PPT you learn about what is plasma membrane and what is its composition and how its work FOR the cell .
Charles Overton was the first one to suggest that cell membrane is made up of lipids. In the last years of the 19th century Overton did experimental work, allowing the distinction to be drawn between the cell wall of plants and their cytoplasmic membrane.He studied the permeability of a range of biological
materials to around 500 chemical compounds. In 1900, Overton proposed a biomembrane model "Overton Biomembrane Model" which stated that biomembranes are made up of lipids. He gave this statement on the basis of observation of transport of lipid soluble substances across the biomembranes.
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in:cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
INTRODUCTION
plasma membrane is also known as cell membrane or cytoplasm membrane.
It is the biological membrane, separates interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Selective permeable to Ions and organic molecules.
Its basic function is to protect the cell from its surroundings.
It consists of the phospholipids bilayer with embedded proteins.
Cell membranes are involved in:cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures.
• The membrane enclosing a cell is called cell membrane or plasma membrane (animal cells) and plasma lemma (plant cells).
• It contains proteins and lipids in the ratio of 80 : 20 in bacteria on one extreme and on the other extreme 20 : 80 in some nerve cells.
• The over all composition of most of the cell membranes is 40-50% protein and 50-60% lipids; both the components vary in their composition.
Structure and function of plasma membrane 2ICHHA PURAK
The presentation consists of 72 slides,describes following heads
DEFINITION : STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ( (BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES)
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
CHOLESTEROL
MODELS EXPLAINING STRUCTURE OF BIO MEMBRANE
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOBILITY OF MEMBRANE
GLYCOCALYX : GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
DIVERSITY OF CELL MEMBRANES
SITE OF ATPASE ION CARRIER CHANNELS AND PUMPS-RECEPTORS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. The Cell Membrane
Lecture Outline
• Introduction
• The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane
• Structure of Phospholipids - The Amphipathic Nature of Phospholipids
• Asymmetry of Lipid Bilayer
• Micelles: An Alternative Lipid Conformation
• Liposomes
• Cholesterol: Stabilizes the Membrane
• Membrane Protein Functions
• Association of Proteins with the Membrane
• Glycoproteins Sugar Coat the Cell
• Protein Domains in the Cell Membrane
• Lipid Rafts and Caveolae
• Fluidity of the Cell Membrane
• Membrane Fluidity: Early Work
• Membrane Fluidity: Cell Fusion Experiments
Introduction
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane). This is a biological
membrane or biomembrane consisting of a double layer of lipids in which proteins are located. The cell
membrane keeps the components of the cell isolated from the external environment. It also serves as the
communications interface between the cell and its environment. Biological membranes also
compartmentalize cellular functions. Inside the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes, vesicles and
vacuoles are surrounded by a single biological membrane. Mitochondria and the nucleus are surrounded by
two biomembranes. The cell membrane is involved in regulating the flow of materials into and out of the
cell, mediating intercellular communication and adhesion and a multitude of other functions. The structure
and functions of the cell membrane have been defined by over a half a century of research using
biochemical, physiological, cellular and molecular techniques. In this lecture, our goals are to learn the major
constituents of the biomembranes and to understand how they are organized into a functional cell membrane.
The information is designed to set the stage for the lectures that follow rather than presenting a complete or
historically accurate view of the cell membrane.
The Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane
The most widely accepted model of the cell membrane is the "Fluid Mosaic Model". By this concept the cell
membrane consists of a continuous, fluid, double layer of phospholipids. Proteins either are embedded in the
bilayer or associated with either the cytoplasmic or extracellular face. Carbohydrates are linked to the
proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) only on the extracellular side. The phospholipid profiles of the
cytoplasmic and extracellular layers differ. Cholesterol, in varying amounts depending on the cell type, lies
within the membrane serving to stabilize it.
2. Structure of Phospholipids-The Amphipathic Nature of Phospholipids
The basic structure of biomembranes is defined by their continuous components-the phospholipids. These
molecules have an important attribute that allows them to form membranes. One part of them associates with
water while the other part shuns it. As we see this underlies the basic organization of the biological
membrane.
• Hydrophilic head--"likes" water--polar end
• Hydrophobic tail--"hates water"--non-polar chain of fatty acids
• Tail--length & number double bonds differs in different phospholipids
Asymmetry of Lipid Bilayer
The phospholipid bilayer defines many of the physical attributes of the membrane (e.g., how fluid it is at any
temperature). It also contains lipids that are involved in cell communication (signal transduction) as
discussed in future lectures. Recently, it has been shown that local concentrations or organization of specific
lipids (and other constituents) exist in the membrane as "lipid rafts".
• Outside: more phosphatidylcholine (red)
• Inside: more phosphatidylserine (green)
• Glycolipids: only on outside face (blue)
3. Micelles: An Alternative Lipid Conformation
The structure of phospholipids allows them to form other configurations such as micelles and liposomes. The
role of micelles remains open to discussion. Micelles can form when the lipid amount is low relative to water
ratio.
• Micelles can form at regions of membrane instability (fusion?)
Liposomes
Liposome-like structures underlie such things as LDL-particles and are being used in medicine among other
areas.
• Liposomes are bilayered lipid vesicles
• Form by sonicating lipids in aqueous solution
• Vehicles for drug, nucleic acid, Ab delivery
• Used in cosmetics
Cholesterol: Stabilizes the Membrane
• Steroid lipid
• Flat shape: Interdigitates between phospholipids
• Present in animal cell membranes
• Absent in bacteria; most plants--Cell walls provide stability
Membrane Protein Functions
As we will begin to realize as this course progresses, there are thousands of different membrane proteins.
These points will be elaborated upon in future lectures.
• Define functional characteristics (e.g., membrane transport, cell adhesion, intercellular communication,
etc.)
• Various functional types: enzymes, channels, adhesion molecules, etc.
4. • Some float freely in lipid bilayer
• Many are attached to cytoskeleton
• Types also based upon isolation characteristics: integral or peripheral
Association of Proteins with the Cell Membrane
Membrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer in many different ways. The figure below shows the most
common liaisons that occur.
Proteins may contain a single lipid-spanning domain (single pass) or several (multipass). They may be linked
to the membrane by a glycolipid or phospholipid anchor. Proteins that are linked to or embedded in the cell
membrane may associate with other proteins (protein-protein interactions) either on the inner or outer face of
the membrane. Proteins may interact directly with lipids in the bilayer. Each of these associations will be
discussed as we progress through the course.
Glycoproteins Sugar Coat the Cell
Many of the membrane proteins are covalently linked to sugar residues. They may consist of a few sugars or
extend into long carbohydrate moieties. The sugar groups are always oriented towards the external
environment, never the cytoplasm. The following shows an example of an integral membrane glycoprotein.
When the carbohydrate component of the glycoprotein is extensive, typically interacting with extracellular
matrix components it can be seen in the electron microscope. The extensive "sugar coating" of the intestinal
epithelium is called the glycocalyx.
5. Protein Domains in Cell Membranes
In most cells, the membrane proteins are not randomly localized but exist in complexes that are localized to
specific domains. This is an exciting area of cell biology that is growing rapidly. For example, RACK1
(Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) organizes many constituents involved in cellular signaling as discussed
in a future lecture. One of the first cell types where protein membrane domains were identified was the
sperm cell as shown in the next figure. Whole sperm were injected into rabbits to induce antibody formation.
Three rabbit antibodies that were produced identified three different regions of the surface (i.e., proteins in
the membrane) of the sperm.
This work showed:
• Some proteins are restricted to certain sites in the membrane
• It's common for specific regions to serve special functions (e.g. sperm's receptor for egg binding & fusion;
junctional adhesion molecules)
Lipid Rafts and Caveolae
Thus proteins are known to exist in domains. But the membrane isn't just made up of a continuous bilayer in
which proteins and protein domains reside. There are discontinuities within it. lipid domains or "rafts" have
been shown to exist which contain difference concentrations of certain lipids such as cholesterol and
sphingolipids. These are considered to be sites where other specific molecules group for specific functions.
Caveolae ("little caves") first seen in the electron microscope as distinct invaginations (infoldings) of the cell
membrane are a special type of lipid raft that have small caveolin protein molecules localized on their
6. cytoplasmic side (Review: Razani & Lisanti, 2001. Exp. Cell Research 271: 36-44). It is likely that the
accumulation of many proteins makes the caveolae lipid rafts become evident in the electron microscope.
The caveolae have been implicated in the uptake of cholesterol by endocytosis and in the accumulation of
signal transduction and other components prior to their endocytosis by receptor mediated endocytosis (see
future lectures). While caveolae are known to be stable, cholesterol-rich membrane domains containing the
structure-specific protein caveolin, their potentially diverse roles in cell function are under analysis. The
membrane components are formed in the golgi and inserted into the cell membrane but much remains to be
learned about their biogenesis (Parton et al, 2006. J. Cell Science 119: 787-786). For us, lipid rafts and
caveolae reveal that there is much more to be learned about the structure and function of the cell membrane.
The following picture shows the ultrastructural appearance of caveolae with the dark areas representing the
caveolin protein.
Fluidity of the Cell Membrane
As the "fluid mosaic model" emphasizes the cell membrane is fluid. But this wasn't always appreciated by
earlier scientists.
• Lipid phase is fluid
• Fluidity depends upon types of lipids, temperature, etc.
• Membranes fuse during cytokinesis (cell division after mitosis), exocytosis, phagocytosis, etc.
• Some membranes are designed for fusion: e.g., sperm-egg, myoblasts
• Specificity of fusion is defined by protein receptors
Membrane Fluidity: Early Work
• Cut Amoebae proteus in half with glass needle: both halves crawl away
• Stick glass needle into a frogs egg: it seals up and egg is normal
• Treat cells with certain viruses or electricity: cells that don't normally fuse will fuse together.