The document discusses the extensive impacts of water pollution, covering both natural and anthropogenic sources. It details various pollutants such as heavy metals, nitrates, and pathogenic microorganisms, highlighting their effects on human health and aquatic life. Poor sanitation contributes significantly to water-borne diseases, leading to a high mortality rate, especially among children in developing countries.

1. Impacts of Water pollution

2. Water - Source of life

3. But look at what we are doing to it Photo by Subijoy Dutta Photo by Risab Jain

4. Photo by Sudhanshu Malhotra Do you know it affects us all?

5. Natural Chemical Anthropogenic Microbial WATER POLLUTION

6. Natural pollution Groundwater in certain areas is rich in some inorganic chemical compounds such as fluorides, arsenic etc. These chemicals bio accumulate in the body. They are not excreted out of the body easily and if rate of intake is higher than rate of excretion, they accumulate in the body.

7. Fluorosis ©Ruhani Kaur/UNICEF India http://www.fannz.org.nz 20 states in India have groundwater that is rich in fluoride Dental Fluorosis Skeletal Fluorosis Excess fluoride in the body (above 1.5 – 2 ppm) Natural pollution

8. How does fluorosis impact people Handicapped Social outcastes Lose livelihood Poverty Medical costs that they can’t meet http://gbgm-umc.org/nwo/99ja/india3.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com http://www.heal.co.uk/images/child-labour-3.jpg A young girl living on the streets in India. Photograph: Rob Elliott/AFP/Getty Images

9. Arsenicosis causes Liver damage ( jaundice, cirrhosis) Vascular disease Cancers of the lung kidney bladder skin Natural pollution liver

10. Anthropogenic water pollution Impacts: Health Aquatic life Other impacts Chemical Microbial

11. Nitrates Sources Fertilizers Unsanitary conditions Leaks Unhygienic practices Chemical contamination and its impacts Drinking water contaminated with nitrates can lead to serious, even fatal consequences particularly for infants. In human body, nitrate is converted to nitrite which then combines with haemoglobin to form metheamoglobin which reduces oxygen levels in the blood . This causes cyanosis (blue baby syndrome) and in severe cases it can cause death Anthropogenic pollution

12. Chemical contamination and its impacts Mercury: Widespread use in industrial processes and in various products (e.g. batteries, lamps and thermometers) These compounds bio-accumulate in our bodies and are dangerous to health and life. Many cause cancer, affect various vital organs and can cause death. Anthropogenic pollution Heavy Metals Lead : Industrial effluents from battery manufacturing industries, industries which have a paint shop etc. Cadmium : Marine and aerospace applications; some fertilisers, detergents and refined petroleum products.

13. Chemical contamination and its impacts Anthropogenic pollution Lead : Kidney, nerve and brain damage; anaemia – leads to death. Children most susceptible Cadmium : Kidney damage, genetic mutations Mercury : Damage to brain and central nervous system

14. Chemical contamination and its impacts Anthropogenic pollution Synthetic Organic Chemicals These compounds bio-accumulate in our bodies and are dangerous to health and life. Cause cancers, damage to the nervous system, reproductive system, endocrinal system Dyes Plastics Pesticides

15. Bio-magnification Accumulation of these compounds increases as we go up the food chain. Organisms higher in the food chain are exposed to contamination from different sources.

16. Minamata disease Industrial wastewater from the Chisso corporation (manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan The waste water was rich in methyl mercury Mercury content in shellfish in that region increased People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the leftovers Anthropogenic pollution

17. Minamata disease Strange things started to happen – cats had convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish floated.. Young children had convulsions and difficulty in walking and speaking People died Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning affecting the nervous system First discovered in 1956 Lawsuits and claims continue till today Anthropogenic pollution

18. Health impacts of Microbial contamination of water Water-borne Diseases Water-washed Diseases Water-based Diseases Water-related vector borne Diseases Anthropogenic pollution

19. Water borne diseases (also water-washed and food borne) Diseases caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement, which contain pathogenic microorganisms Cholera Diarrhoeal diseases (dysentry) Typhoid Infective jaundice Polio Roundworm

20. The Faecal-Oral Route of Disease Transmission One gram of human excreta can contain: 10,000,000 viruses 1,000,000 bacteria 1,000 parasite cysts 100 parasite eggs Source: United Nations Children’s Fund, Sanitation for All: Promoting Dignity and Human Rights. UNICEF, New York, 2000. Faeces - the most dangerous pollutant

21. The Faecal-Oral Route of Disease Transmission Food Excreta Hands Water Flies Mouth

22. Diarrhoeal disease Children in developing countries most affected Responsible for the deaths of 7,00,000 million people every year (WHO, 2004) Over 7,00,000 deaths in India in 1999 (works out to abt 1600 per day) (World Bank, 1999)

23. Water washed disease Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and skin and eye contact with contaminated water Scabies Skin sepsis and ulcers Leprosy Lice and typhus Trachoma Conjunctivitis Dysenteries Ascariasis Paratyphoid How Trachoma spreads

24. Water washed diseases Scabies Trachoma Not enough water to keep clean

25. Water based diseases Schistosomiasis Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) Life Cycle of guinea worm infection Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, of whom 88 million are under 15 years of age Water Based Diseases Life cycle of the guinea worm infection (dracunculiasis) Parasitic infections for which aquatic and semi-aquatic snails function as intermediate hosts

26. Water related vector borne diseases Transmission by insects having aquatic immature stages Dengue Filariasis Malaria Onchocerciasis Trypanosomiasis Yellow fever

27. http://www.worldwater.org/drinkwat.gif Populations without access to safe drinking water

28. Affect of anthropogenic water pollution on freshwater aquatic populations Sewage / Organic pollution in lakes – eutrophication (all life in lake dies) Industrial effluents dumped into rivers – fish kills and loss of underwater plants

29. Affect of anthropogenic water pollution on marine biodiversity Oil spills in oceans – huge damage to marine biodiversity Garbage in oceans – mistaken for food and consumed by marine animals. Causes death Chemical pollution – from land based sources, damage marine biodiversity http://sxmprivateeye.com/node/255

30. Acid rain Affects the hatching of fish eggs pHs lower than 5 can kill adult fish. Has eliminated insect life and some fish species Kills microbes in the soil and alters soil chemistry Acid rain – rain in which SO 2 , oxides of nitrogen, chlorine, CO 2 etc. are dissolved

31. Acid rain High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain. Acid rain – rain in which SO 2 and oxides of nitrogen are dissolved Damages buildings and historical monuments Sulphuric acid in the rain reacts chemically with the calcium compounds in the stones - limestone, sandstone, marble and granite - to create gypsum, which then flakes off.