Pollution and its types, causes, prevention and treatment. Water pollution, soil pollution, land pollution, air pollution.

1. 1. WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION
2. TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION
3. CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
4. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
5. PREVENTION
Water Pollution
Contents:

2. Water pollution happens when toxic substances enter water bodies such as
lakes, rivers, oceans and so on, getting dissolved in them, lying suspended in
the water or depositing on the bed. This degrades the quality of water.
1. Nutrients pollution
• It is a form of water pollution which refers to contamination
by excessive inputs of nutrients.
• It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters.
What is Water Pollution
Types of Water Pollution
2. Surface water pollution
• It is often caused by nutrients, pathogens, plastics and
chemicals such as antibiotics, heavy metals and pesticides.
• It results in harmful algal blooms and hypoxia.

3. • Oxygen depletion destroys the natural balance of water and
makes bacteria thrive and in the process kill fish and other
wildlife.
• It is caused by the release of biodegradable matter into the
water, such as sewage.
3. Oxygen depletion
• Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made
products such as gasoline, oil and chemicals get into the
groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for
human use.
4. Ground water pollution
• It is usually a natural form of water pollution caused by
microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Many types of
microorganisms live in water and cause fish, land animals and
humans to become ill.
5. Microbiological water pollution

4. • Some pollutants do not dissolve in water as their molecules are
too big to mix between the water molecules. This material is
called particulate matter and can be a cause of water pollution.
• The suspended particles eventually settle and cause a thick silt at
the bottom.
6. Suspended particles
Silt
• Metals and solvents from industrial work can pollute rivers and
lakes. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and
may slow their development, make them infertile or even result
in death.
7. Chemical water pollution
8. Oil spillage
• Oil spills cause a very localized problem but can be terrible to
local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.
• Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in
the water.

5. Causes of Water Pollution
1. Industrial Waste
It is industrial activity which includes any material
that is useless in a manufacturing process such as that of
factories, industries, mills and mining operations. It has
existed since the start of the industrial revolution.
2. Marine Dumping
The garbage produce by each household in the
form of paper and plastic is collected and deposited in
sea. These items take 200 years to decompose. When
such items enters the sea, it harms the animals in the
sea.
3. Accidental Oil Leakage
If large amount of oil enters into the sea, it is a problem for
local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters as
water is not dissolved in oil e.g. a ship carrying large quantity
of oil may spill oil if met with an accident.

6. 4. Urban development
Population has grown, so has the demand for housing, food
and clothes. As more cities and towns are developed, they
have resulted in increase use of fertilizers to produce,
increase in construction activities, inadequate sewer
collection and treatment, landfills as more garbage is
produced, level of chemicals also increase.
5. Animals waste
The waste produce by animals is washed away into the rivers
when it rains. It gets mixed up with other harmful chemicals and
causes various water borne diseases like cholera, diarrhea,
jaundice, dysentery and typhoid.

7. Effects of water pollution
1. Diseases : In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many
disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various
other diseases.
2. Destruction of Ecosystems : Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond
to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause an entire
ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked.
3. Eutrophication : Chemical in a water body, encourage the growth of algae. These
algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed on this algae and this
decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body, severely affecting the aquatic life
there.
4. Effects the food chain : Disturbance in food chains happens when toxins and
pollution in the water are consumed by aquatic animals (fish, shellfish etc) which are
then consumed by humans.

8. Prevention
1. Having a proper Sewage treatment, in which sewage goes through a number of
chambers and chemical processes to reduce the amount and toxicity of the waste.
2. Prevent river water to get polluted, Don't throw paints, oils or other forms of litter
down the drain. Use environmental friendly household products, such as washing
powder, household cleaning agents and toiletries. Don’t overuse pesticides and
fertilizers.
3. Practicing routine cleaning. If you don't have safe bottled water, you should boil
your water to make it safe to drink. Boiling is the surest method to kill disease-causing
organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites which includes take care of self-
hygiene.
4. Keep the pond water clean by using proper filtration, to clean the debris from the
pond before it decays. Avoid over feeding the fishes and maintaining healthy fish
population.
5. Never throw rubbish away, use water wisely, do not keep the top running when not in
use, reduce amount of water you use in washing and bathing, do not throw chemicals
oil.

9. Water born diseases
• These are caused by pathogenic organisms that most commonly are
transmitted in contaminated fresh water.
• According to the World Health (WHO)Organization, such diseases account for an
estimated 3.6% of the total daily global burden of disease, and cause about 1.5
million human deaths annually.
Classification of common water born diseases:
Sr. Name of Diseases Microbial agent Symptoms and causes
1.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
Amebiasis Protozoa, present in sewage, non
treated drinking water
General symptoms are abdominal
discomfort, fatigue, weight loss and fever
2. Cyclosporiasis Protozoan, present in sewage, non
treated drinking water
General symptoms are, muscle aches,
fever, and fatigue

10. 3. Giardiasis Protozoa Diarrhea and abdominal discomfort, "Stomach" cramps. Caused
by Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks,
groundwater contamination.
1.
Bacterial diseases
Cholera Vibrio cholerae
bacteria
Vomiting, and leg cramps
Caused by Contaminated drinking water, rivers and coastal
waters
2. Legionellosis Bacteria belonging to
genus legionella
Severe symptoms such as fever, pneumonia, occasionally
diarrhea and vomiting, muscle aches. Caused by Contaminated
water, the organism thrives in warm aquatic environments
3. Otitis externa Caused by a number
of bacterial and fungal
species
Symptoms include ear canal swells, causing pain and tenderness
to the touch. Caused by Swimming in water contaminated by
the responsible pathogens
4. Typhoid fever salmonella typhi Constant fever up to 40 °C (104 °F), extreme sweating; diarrhea
may occur. In this case it can last up to four weeks and cause
death. Small red spots on the abdomen and chest. Caused by
Ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected
person.
1.
Viral Diseases
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome)
Coronavirus Symptoms include fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, cough, and
sore throat. Can be caused by improperly treated water

11. Sr. Common water born Diseases Microbial agent Symptoms and causes
1. Diarrhea Causes dehydration
2. Hepatitis- A virus (HAV) Symptoms are only acute and include fatigue, fever, abdominal
pain, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, itching, jaundice and
depression
3. Poliomyelitis (polio) Poliovirus Symptoms (comparatively) with, headache, fever, the rest have
serious symptoms resulting in death. Virus enters water through
the feces of infected individuals
Other Diseases
1. Fluorosis It occurs due intake of fluoride
Yellow stained teeth. Brown stained teeth. Pain in small joints. Pain in stiffness in the
back. Deformity of the hips, knees. Deformity of the spine.
2. Arsenicosis Arsenicosis is caused by exposure over a period of time to arsenic in drinking water. It
may also be due to intake of arsenic via food or air. Such as color changes on the skin.
Hard patches on the palms and soles of the feet. It can result in Skin cancer. Cancers of
the bladder. Kidney and lung, and diseases of the blood vessels of the legs and feet.
Possibly also diabetes, high blood pressure and reproductive disorders.
3. Cholera It is a diarrhoeal disease and is results by a massive loss of body fluids
4. Gastroenteritis Vomiting and watery diarrhoea often accompanied by moderate fever and sometimes
stomach cramps. Gastroenteritis can be caused by a wide variety of microorganisms

12. 5. Crptosporidiosis “crypto” It is an infection of the gut caused by the parasite cryptosporidium. . From 1 to 12 days
after infection there is an onset of water diarrhoea and stomach pains.
6. Giardiasis It is an infection of the gut by the parasite . it is usually a mild diarrhoeal disease.
"Stomach" cramps and loose creasy stools accompany it
7. Malaria The symptoms of the disease start appearing after about eight to twenty five days of
infection and include headache, fever, muscular fatigue and pain, back pain, dry cough,
and excessive sweating