Week 3 (Rivers and Nomads)
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This document provides an overview of ancient Egypt between c. 5000-1200 BC. It discusses the geography of Egypt and the importance of the Nile River. It then outlines the major historical periods and rulers of ancient Egypt, from the Predynastic and Archaic Period to the New Kingdom and Late Period. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization discussed include hieroglyphics, pyramids and funerary architecture, religion, and important pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Ramses II, and Akhenaten.
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This document provides an overview of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000 BC to 1000 BC. It summarizes the geography, urban development, and major rulers and dynasties of early Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia like Uruk and Ur. It also outlines the geography of ancient Egypt centered around the Nile River, and the major dynasties like the Old Kingdom known for constructing pyramids and the New Kingdom including pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. Key developments discussed include the origins of writing in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt.
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Comparison Of Early Mesopotamia and Early Egypt
Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt were both early river valley civilizations that relied heavily on irrigation from major rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates for Mesopotamia, and the Nile for Egypt. Mesopotamia introduced many innovations but saw frequent political changes, while Egypt developed a more centralized divine monarchy under the pharaoh and was able to maintain stability for over 3,000 years. Both civilizations had advanced cultures with writing systems, mathematics, and major architectural achievements like pyramids and ziggurats, but Egypt's stable government allowed it to endure while Mesopotamia suffered repeated invasions.
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Early civilizations developed along major river valleys, where surplus food allowed for other occupations. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China saw advances in irrigation, farming tools, and trade. Egyptian society stratified into social classes led by pharaohs and nobles. Hammurabi established one of the first legal codes, influencing modern law. Egyptians excelled at architecture, art, and trade under Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great. The Kush civilization in Nubia influenced and was influenced by Egypt over centuries.
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Sumer civilization
The Sumer civilization thrived in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It was the first civilization to develop systems of writing, government, religion, economic classes, advanced architecture like ziggurats, science, arts, and literature such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians invented innovations like the wheel, plow, calendar, bronze metallurgy, silver currency, and the first written legal code. However, rivalry among Sumerian city-states led to decline, and the Akkadian Empire later conquered and unified the region under rulers like Sargon I.
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This document provides an overview of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt between 4000 BC to 1000 BC. It summarizes the geography, urban development, and major rulers and dynasties of early Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia like Uruk and Ur. It also outlines the geography of ancient Egypt centered around the Nile River, and the major dynasties like the Old Kingdom known for constructing pyramids and the New Kingdom including pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Ramses II. Key developments discussed include the origins of writing in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt.
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Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt were both early river valley civilizations that relied heavily on irrigation from major rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates for Mesopotamia, and the Nile for Egypt. Mesopotamia introduced many innovations but saw frequent political changes, while Egypt developed a more centralized divine monarchy under the pharaoh and was able to maintain stability for over 3,000 years. Both civilizations had advanced cultures with writing systems, mathematics, and major architectural achievements like pyramids and ziggurats, but Egypt's stable government allowed it to endure while Mesopotamia suffered repeated invasions.
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Early civilizations developed along major river valleys, where surplus food allowed for other occupations. Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China saw advances in irrigation, farming tools, and trade. Egyptian society stratified into social classes led by pharaohs and nobles. Hammurabi established one of the first legal codes, influencing modern law. Egyptians excelled at architecture, art, and trade under Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great. The Kush civilization in Nubia influenced and was influenced by Egypt over centuries.
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The document provides information about ziggurats and Mesopotamian gods and goddesses. It describes ziggurats as pyramidal structures built by ancient Mesopotamian civilizations for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex and had shrines at the top. It also lists and describes many important Mesopotamian gods and goddesses like Enki, Inanna, Marduk, and Shamash that were associated with domains like water, fertility, warfare, and the sun.
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Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. Several early civilizations flourished there between 5000 BCE and 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" as it was one of the earliest places where humans began living in cities and practicing agriculture. Key developments that originated in Mesopotamia include the first written laws, wheeled vehicles, advanced irrigation systems, and the 12-month calendar.
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The Sumerians in Mesopotamia between 3100 BC and 539 BC made important advances in mathematics, astronomy, law, and agriculture. They were the first to use a place-based numeric system and formalize concepts like zero. Significant inventions included the wheel, plow, sailboat, and irrigation systems. Writing also emerged, beginning as pictographs and evolving into a wedge-shaped cuneiform script on clay tablets around 3000 BC. This allowed information to be stored and transmitted over generations, fueling advances in record-keeping, trade, and governance. Religion played a central role in their society, with temples and priests holding influence and gods controlling aspects of nature and human affairs.
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Rivers in Mesopotamia like the Tigris and Euphrates supported early civilizations through providing fertile soil and aiding trade and travel. The flooding of the rivers was both beneficial, leaving rich soil, and problematic, being unpredictable. Farmers learned to control the flooding through dams and irrigation channels. Key achievements of the Mesopotamians included inventing the wheel, developing the cuneiform writing system, plow, and advances in math including a number system and calendar.
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Sumerians believed in and worshipped multiple gods. They built towering ziggurats, or step pyramid temples, where religious, social, and economic activities took place. Priests would honor the gods through ceremonies that involved washing statues, music, incense, and presenting food to the gods before eating it themselves. Over time conflicts between city-states weakened Sumer and it eventually fell under the control of Babylon in the 1700s BC.
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This document provides background information on several early civilizations that originated in Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions between 3500 BCE and 100 BCE. It summarizes that the Sumerians established the first cities in Mesopotamia and developed cuneiform writing and the wheel. The Babylonians later conquered the Sumerians and made advances in law, astronomy, and astrology under King Hammurabi. Subsequent groups like the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, and Hebrews adopted and expanded upon the cultural and technological foundations laid by earlier Mesopotamian societies.
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This power point is an introductory lesson to Ancient Civilizations. I used micro soft power point to create my slide-show. It was easy to do and fun to create different animations. I had trouble uploading some images because I tried to make them larger. That is the only problem i experienced other than not being able to upload to google doc.
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See GoPokes.org for more information.
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The Harappan civilization flourished along the Indus River valley from around 2600 BC to 1900 BC. Major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had sophisticated urban planning, with structures built from uniform bricks. Residents practiced agriculture and crafts like weaving and metalworking. They developed a system of weights, measures, and an undeciphered writing system. The civilization declined rapidly around 1500 BC possibly due to invading attacks, epidemics, or natural disasters.
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The document provides information on ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It discusses how the Nile River shaped ancient Egypt through fertile soil, yearly floods, and acting as a trade route. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian history and influences like the Hyksos invasion and trade with Nubia. Key figures in Egypt like Tutankhamen, Akhenaten, and Hatshepsut are identified. The document also summarizes the development of Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, including their inventions of writing, the wheel, plow, and walled cities. The Code of Hammurabi and Epic of Gilgamesh are also mentioned.
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The Sumerian civilization was the earliest known civilization located in southern Mesopotamia between approximately 4000-2000 BC. Some of the key aspects of Sumerian civilization included the development of cities like Ur and Uruk centered around temples to gods. Religion played a major role in Sumerian society, with kings seen as agents of the gods. Sumerians also developed systems of writing, agriculture, and a currency system that facilitated extensive trade networks. Their art and architecture featured sculptures and temples made from local materials like clay and wood.
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The document provides information about ziggurats and Mesopotamian gods and goddesses. It describes ziggurats as pyramidal structures built by ancient Mesopotamian civilizations for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex and had shrines at the top. It also lists and describes many important Mesopotamian gods and goddesses like Enki, Inanna, Marduk, and Shamash that were associated with domains like water, fertility, warfare, and the sun.
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The document outlines the major events and developments in ancient Indian civilization from 3000 BCE to 1000 CE. It describes the rise of the Indus Valley civilization between 3000-2500 BCE, including the important sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Between 2000-1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan groups invaded and the Indus Valley civilization declined. From 1500 BCE onward, Vedic religious texts were written in an Indo-European language and Sanskrit literature developed. Major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism emerged between 900-100 BCE.
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This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in a Social Studies III review class, including definitions of history, geography, human evolution and races. It also summarizes the key civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and other ancient regions like Phoenicia, Israel, Persia and more. The summaries include the major rulers, belief systems, advances, and important developments of each civilization.
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Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East. Several early civilizations flourished there between 5000 BCE and 600 BCE, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamia is considered the "cradle of civilization" as it was one of the earliest places where humans began living in cities and practicing agriculture. Key developments that originated in Mesopotamia include the first written laws, wheeled vehicles, advanced irrigation systems, and the 12-month calendar.
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The Sumerians in Mesopotamia between 3100 BC and 539 BC made important advances in mathematics, astronomy, law, and agriculture. They were the first to use a place-based numeric system and formalize concepts like zero. Significant inventions included the wheel, plow, sailboat, and irrigation systems. Writing also emerged, beginning as pictographs and evolving into a wedge-shaped cuneiform script on clay tablets around 3000 BC. This allowed information to be stored and transmitted over generations, fueling advances in record-keeping, trade, and governance. Religion played a central role in their society, with temples and priests holding influence and gods controlling aspects of nature and human affairs.
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Rivers in Mesopotamia like the Tigris and Euphrates supported early civilizations through providing fertile soil and aiding trade and travel. The flooding of the rivers was both beneficial, leaving rich soil, and problematic, being unpredictable. Farmers learned to control the flooding through dams and irrigation channels. Key achievements of the Mesopotamians included inventing the wheel, developing the cuneiform writing system, plow, and advances in math including a number system and calendar.
Sumerian Religion
Sumerians believed in and worshipped multiple gods. They built towering ziggurats, or step pyramid temples, where religious, social, and economic activities took place. Priests would honor the gods through ceremonies that involved washing statues, music, incense, and presenting food to the gods before eating it themselves. Over time conflicts between city-states weakened Sumer and it eventually fell under the control of Babylon in the 1700s BC.
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This document provides background information on several early civilizations that originated in Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions between 3500 BCE and 100 BCE. It summarizes that the Sumerians established the first cities in Mesopotamia and developed cuneiform writing and the wheel. The Babylonians later conquered the Sumerians and made advances in law, astronomy, and astrology under King Hammurabi. Subsequent groups like the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Persians, and Hebrews adopted and expanded upon the cultural and technological foundations laid by earlier Mesopotamian societies.
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this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
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The document summarizes four ancient river valley civilizations:
1) Mesopotamian civilization along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians.
2) Egyptian civilization along the Nile river, known for pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphic writing.
3) Harappan civilization in the Indus river valley, known for urban planning and undeciphered writing.
4) Yellow River (Chinese) civilization, including the Shang dynasty known for bronze casting, and later Zhou dynasty known for iron production and silk trade.
The History of the World
The document discusses the state of civilization in different regions of the world before 1000 BC. It notes that most information was known about the Middle East, India, China, and the Mediterranean, while less was documented about places like Africa, Europe, and the Americas. It provides historical context on the rise and fall of early civilizations and kingdoms in these regions. It also examines how contact and knowledge spread gradually over time between different peoples, with major transformations occurring after 1000 BC with the rise of new empires like Persia.
Egyptian civilization
The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley over 6,000 years. Key periods included the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Late Period. Egyptian society was governed by pharaohs and centered around agriculture along the Nile. They made advances in tools, timekeeping, and developed hieroglyphic writing to preserve their history, religion, and ideas. Egyptian art and architecture included temples, tombs, and pyramids. Their golden ages occurred during the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
Ancient History.pdf
The document provides information on the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. It discusses the major sites uncovered, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Dholavira. Key features of the Harappan civilization discussed include its organized city planning with grid layouts and drainage systems, agriculture including crops like wheat and barley, domestication of animals, use of bronze and copper tools, and development of crafts like pottery and seal making. The document also outlines the different phases of the Harappan civilization from early to late periods.
Prehistoric egypt
This document provides an overview of prehistoric Egypt from the Paleolithic period through the Neolithic and into the Predynastic periods. It describes early stone tool industries, notable archaeological sites from different periods including Nabta Playa, Merimda, Omari, Ma'adi, Badarian, and Naqada, and discusses climate changes and the transition to farming and herding societies. Rock art from various periods is also summarized, along with burial practices and artifacts from sites like Hierakonpolis during the Naqada periods.
Iran Doostan Tours presentation
This document provides an overview of Iran, highlighting its rich history, diverse culture, and natural attractions. It describes Iran's location and population, then discusses the many reasons to visit, including its historical sites dating back thousands of years, unique architecture, diverse landscapes and climates, and cultural attractions. It also profiles a major Iranian tour operator, Iran Doostan Tours, established in 1990 to introduce visitors to Iran's heritage and encourage tourism.
Engaging the ot 2a
The Old Testament events took place in three key regions of the ancient Near East: Mesopotamia, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt. Within Syria-Palestine, the events occurred in four subregions: the coastal plains, central mountain range, the Jordan Rift, and the Transjordanian highlands. The Old Testament describes Israel's ancestry with the patriarchs, beginnings under Moses and Joshua, statehood period under kings David and Solomon, and later exile and restoration under Ezra and Nehemiah.
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The Civil War began as tensions rose between the North and South over the issues of states' rights and slavery. The Compromise of 1850 attempted to address these tensions but failed to provide a long-term solution. Violence increased throughout the 1850s as the country moved toward civil war. Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, prompting Southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America. The Civil War officially began in April 1861 and resulted in over 600,000 casualties before ending in April 1865 with the Union victory and emancipation of slaves.
Week 12 (The Long 19th Century)
The document summarizes the major events, ideologies, and artistic movements between 1815-1848, known as the Long 19th Century. Key developments included the Congress of Vienna establishing balance of power in Europe after Napoleon's defeat, and the rise of new political ideologies like conservatism, liberalism, socialism, and nationalism. Romanticism grew as an artistic reaction to Enlightenment thinking, emphasizing emotion and nature. Metternich and other conservatives sought to suppress revolutionary ideas, while liberals pushed for constitutional rights and nationalism united people around shared identities and aspirations for nation-states.
Week 13 (Nationalism)
This document discusses the rise of nationalism in Europe between 1815 and 1871. It provides an overview of key events that contributed to nationalism such as the Revolutions of 1848 in response to conservative rule, the development of communist ideas by Marx and Engels, and the establishment of the Second French Republic in 1848. It also describes how nationalism united previously divided states like Italy and Germany through the leadership of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi and Bismarck and the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War.
HIS 102 8 The French Revolution
The French Revolution occurred from 1789 to 1815 and established a republic that underwent several different governmental periods. This included the National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention which established the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety that executed over 10,000 people. Napoleon later rose to power, first becoming Consul and then crowning himself Emperor in 1804, establishing the First French Empire that engaged in numerous military campaigns across Europe until his eventual defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
HIS 102 7 18th century
This document provides an overview of European states and the French Revolution in the late 18th century. It discusses the rise of Enlightened Absolutism among European monarchs, the economic and social changes brought on by the Agricultural and Consumer Revolutions, and the military conflicts including the Seven Years' War. It then focuses on the political and economic crisis in late 18th century France, including the calling of the Estates-General and the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
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The document summarizes the emergence of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, specifically Sumer, between 8000-2000 BC. Key points include:
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Week 1 (Introduction)
This document provides an overview and chronology of the Stone Age period from approximately 10,000 BC to 3000 BC. It discusses early human societies such as nomadic hunter-gatherer bands and the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 BC when humans transitioned to an agricultural lifestyle, domesticating plants and animals. Key developments during this period included the rise of sedentary settlements and the emergence of the first civilizations along major river valleys in the Middle East.
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This document provides an overview of the Middle Ages in Europe from 500-1200 AD. It discusses the political developments in England including the rule of Alfred the Great, William the Conqueror, and the establishment of common law. It also summarizes the Cluny Reforms in the Catholic Church, the East-West Schism, and Urban II's call for the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095 to retake the Holy Land. The Crusades lasted into the late 13th century and involved conflicts between Christians, Muslims, and Byzantines over control of religious sites. Feudalism developed as a political and economic system during this period.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Week 3 (Rivers and Nomads)
- 2. Overview • c. 5000 – 1200 BC • River Basins (cont’d) • Nomads • Egypt • SW Asia • Homework: – Ch. 3 – Online Quiz Ch. 2 (2/16) – Discussion and Quiz (2/18) The Great Sphinx
- 3. River Basins
- 4. Ancient Egypt • Geography – Sahara – Nile River – Cataract – Upper Egypt vs. Lower Egypt – Black Land vs. Red Land • Timeline: – Predynastic and Archaic: 3150- 2770 BC – Old Kingdom: 2770-2200 BC – Middle Kingdom: 2050-1786 BC – New Kingdom: 1560-1075 BC – Late Period: until Roman conquest, 33 BC
- 5. Early Egypt • The Pharaoh – Menes/Narmer – Ma’at • Hieroglyphics (c. 3000 BC) – Demotic – Papyrus • The Old Kingdom – Nomarchs – Bureaucracy • Vizier – Religion – Monumental Architecture Tomb of Kaihap, Saqqara, c. 2450 BC
- 6. The Narmer Palette, c. 3050 BC
- 8. Tuthmosis III, c. 1479-1424 BC, Karnak
- 10. Hieroglyphics Sarcophagus of Ankhnesneferibre, c. 530 BC
- 11. Rosetta Stone, 196 BC
- 12. Rosetta Stone
- 13. Menkaure and his wife, 2548 – 2530 BC
- 15. The Pyramids
- 16. Funerary Architecture • Mastaba • Stepped Pyramid, Djoser, mid 2600s BC – Imhotep • Snefru c. 2600 BC – Meidum Pyramid – Bent Pyramid – Red Pyramid • Pyramids at Giza – Khufu/Cheops, Great Pyramid, c. 2551-2528 BC – Khafre, c. 2520-2494 BC – Menkaure, c. 2490-2472 BC
- 18. Pyramids
- 20. The Great Pyramids at Giza
- 21. India and The Indus
- 22. Early Indus Valley Civilization • India • Geography – Ganges R. – Baluchistan Mtns. – Himalayas • The Indus River Valley • Harappan Civilization, 3000 BC – 1700 BC – Harappa – Mohenjo-daro • Culture • Decline
- 23. Mohenjo Daro
- 24. Harrapan Culture
- 25. River-Basin Peoples in East Asia (5000–2000 BC)
- 26. East Asia • Geography – Yellow and Yangzi Rivers – Rice and Millet • Han – Xia Dynasty, c. 2200 BC • Early China (c. 4000 - 2000 BC) – Yangshao (4000 – 3000 BC) – Longshan (3000 – 2000 BC) • Legacy Yangshao Bowl with Dancing Figures, c. 5000–1700 BC
- 27. Millet
- 28. River Basins
- 29. Nomads
- 30. WORLDS TOGETHER, WORLDS APART, 5TH EDITION Copyright © 2018, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Nomads • Climactic changes • Microsocieties • Pastoral nomads • Transhumant herders • The Chariot
- 31. Ancient Egypt • Middle Kingdom – Nomarchs – Thebes • New Kingdom – Hyksos – Ramses II, r. 1279 – 1212 BC – Battle of Kadesh, 1274 BC
- 32. Ramses II, c. 1270 BC, Ramesseum, Thebes
- 33. Ramses II, Abu Simbel
- 34. Deir el Bahri
- 35. Egyptian Society • Class Structure • Women – Hatshepsut, r. 1490 – 1468 BC • Religion – Pharaoh and Priests – Afterlife – Book of the Dead – Mummies
- 36. Hunefer, Book of the Dead, c. 1275 BC
- 37. Hatshepsut (r. 1490 – 1468 BC)
- 39. Akhenaten: the Heretical Pharaoh • r. 1364 – 1347 BC • Sun worship • Aten • Monotheism • Amarna • Art • Tutankhamen (r. 1347 – 1337 BC)
- 40. Akhenaten
- 41. Akhenaten and Family, c. 1340 BC
- 42. King List of Seti I
- 43. King List of Seti I
Editor's Notes
- War Chariots. Upper left: A large vase typical of Mycenaean art on mainland Greece. The regular banding and presentation of scenes reflect a society that is more formally ordered and rigidly hierarchical than that on Minoan Crete. Note the presence of the horse-drawn chariot. Possessing this more elaborate means of transport and warfare characterized the warrior elites of Mycenaean society and linked them to developments over wide expanses of Afro-Eurasia at the time. Bottom left: This wooden chest covered with stucco and painted on all sides with images of the Egyptian pharaoh in his war chariot was found in the fabulously wealthy tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, in Egypt. The war chariot was introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos. By the reign of Tutankhamun in the New Kingdom, depictions of the pharaoh single-handedly smiting the enemy from a war chariot drawn by two powerful horses were common. Upper right: The Shang fought with neighboring pastoral nomads from the central Asian steppes. To do this, they imported horses from central Asia and copied the chariots of nomads they had encountered. This gave Shang warriors devastating range and speed for further conquest. Credit: (Left) © The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY Credit: (Right) JTB MEDIA CREATION, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo Credit: (bottom) Scala/Art Resource, NY