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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Basic phrases for greeting and assisting costumers
The History of the World
1. The Rest of the World
• We do not have that much information about
the rest of the world. The story of civilization
were the Middle East and Aegean, India and
China.
• The Story of Africa or central Eurasia, of the
Pacific peoples, of the Americas and western
Europe is not history but still prehistory.
• none of them had achieved levels of civilization
comparable to those already reached in the
Mediterranean and Asia by 1000 BC .
2. Africa
• That is where the human story first began.
• In several waves of migration, Africans
influenced Europe and Asia. Around 50000
years ago, the period of its greatest influence on
the rest of the world was long over.
• We don’t exactly know why. Maybe climate.
Sahara desert was not actually a desert even in
3000 years ago.
• European met African in Sahara based on cave
paintings. European had horses. Horses need
grazing.
• Today, the Sahara is the fastest growing desert
in the world.
3. Africa
• Rock painting and engraving very
different from the earlier cave art
of Europe which depicted little
but animal life and only an
occasional human.
(~2000 people)
5. Herodotus
It is climate which drives us back upon Egypt as the beginning of African history.
~500 BC Herodotus came to write about Africa, he found little to say about what went on outside Egypt.
His Africa (which he called Libya) was a land defined by the Nile.
He could obtain no information about it, though a travelers' tale spoke of a dwarfish people who were sorcerers.
6. Africa
• Africa is a mosaic of genetic
diversity.
• Hamitic or proto-Hamitic peoples
seem at most times to have been
the most advanced in Africa before
the coming of farming.
• This was, except in Egypt, a slow
evolution and in Africa the hunting
and gathering cultures of prehistory
have coexisted with agriculture
right down to modern times.
7. Kush
• The kingdom of Kush, high up the
Nile, in the region of what is now
Sudan.
• was garrisoned by the Egyptians,
but in about 1000 BC it emerged
as an independent kingdom.
• By 730 BC Kush was strong
enough to conquer Egypt, and
five of its kings ruled as the
Pharaohs known to history as the
Twenty-Fifth or ‘Ethiopian’
Dynasty.
8. Kush
• None the less, they could not
arrest the Egyptian decline.
• When the Assyrians fell on
Egypt, the Kushite dynasty
ended.
• Two Changes:
• 1. It became more African
• 2. Iron (Kushite capital at
Meroe became the
metallurgical center of
Africa.)
13. Americas
• Asian went t America 20000 BC
• 15000 BC cave dwellers in Andes in
Peru
• some of these cultures arrived at the
invention of agriculture independently
of the Old World. It happened later
than Fertile Crescent.
• 2700 Maize (Corn) in Mesoamerica
• Further south potato (40 types)
• It was slow. Not an agricultural
revolution like in Middle East
• Farming, villages, weaving and pottery
all appear in Central America before
the second millennium BC
14. Olmec
• first recognized American civilization
• For several centuries
• after 800 BC it seems to have
prevailed right across Central
America as far south as what is now
El Salvador
• Why civilization should in America
have sprung from such unpromising
soil.
• It may also be that the early
hieroglyphic systems of Central
America originate in Olmec times.
• Disappeared in about 400 BC
15. Chavin
• Peru
• When the Spanish landed in the New
World nearly 2 , 000 years after the
disappearance of Olmec culture they
would still find most of its inhabitants
working with stone tools.
16. Western Europe
• To the great civilizations which rose and fell
in the river valleys of the Middle East,
Europe was largely an irrelevance.
• It was to be a very long time before men
would even be able to conceive that there
existed a geographical, let alone a cultural
unity corresponding to the later idea of
Europe.
• Two Europes:
• 1. Mediterranean (olive, literate, civilization
after Iron Age, contact)
• 2. North and West
• Europe has little of its own to offer the
world except its minerals
• The relative ease of simple agriculture in
Europe may have had a negative effect
on social evolution; Western
Individualism
• Greece had farming communities a little
after 7000 BC .
• By 5000 BC others existed as far west as
northern France and the Netherlands,
and soon after appeared in the British
Isles.
• 4000 BC copper was being worked in the
Balkans.
17. Europe
• Celts: the most important of
prehistoric European peoples,
• a society of warriors rather than
traders or prospectors.
• 1800 BC
• The ancestors of the Celts then
occupied most of modern France,
Germany, the Low Countries and
upper Austria.
• Slavs, Scandinavians, Finns
• metallurgical world, Thousands of Megalithic monuments (up to 5000 BC)
18. Stonehenge
• The most complete and striking megalithic site
is Stonehenge
• Southern England,
• whose creation is now thought to have taken
about 900 years to its completion in about
2100 BC .
• about 50 tons apiece and they had to be
brought some 18 miles to the site
• There are some eighty pieces of stone there
weighing about 5 tons which came 150 miles
or so from the mountains of Wales.
• Like its agriculture and metallurgy, prehistoric
Europe’s engineering and architecture arose
independently of the outside world.
19. Villanovans
• 800 BC
• In the next 200 years they
adopted Greek characters for
writing their language.
• Etruscans … One of their cities
becomes Rome
20. How much did these people know about each
other?
• The Mediterranean and Middle Eastern peoples knew hardly
• Anything about China and India.
• Dim perception of a barbarian northern and north-western Europe.
• They knew nothing about what happened beyond Sahara and of the
existence of Americas.
Before 1000 BC
21. How do we know how much they knew?
• At Abu Simbel, sixth-century
Greek mercenaries in the
Egyptian army cut inscriptions
which recorded their pride in
coming that far.
After 1000 BC
• 2500 years later, English county
regiments would leave their
badges and names cut into the
rocks of the Khyber Pass.
22. Transformation
• No clear chronological line.
• Military, economic, iron, literacy, etc.
• An important boundary was crossed
somewhere early in the first
millennium BC .
• The Völkerwanderung in the ancient
Middle East was over (~1000 BC).
• Literally "wandering of peoples". The
term Völkerwanderungszeit is the
German for "Migration Period".
After 1000 BC
• The framework for this was provided
by the great political change of the
middle of the first millennium BC ,
the rise of a new power, Persia, and
the final collapse of the Egyptian and
Babylonian-Assyrian traditions.
23. Decline of Egypt
• Bronze Age Anachronism
• Kings and priests disputed power
• Kushite invaders established its dynasty
(800 BC)
• Ashurbanipal sacked Thebes (671 BC).
• Nebuchadnezzar (588 BC)
• Persians (525 BC)
• ~400 BC to ~20 AD ruled by foreigners
24. Iran
• Settlements in 5000 BC
• the word ‘Iran’ (which does not
appear until about AD 600 )
• Iran = Land of Aryans
• ~1000 BC Aryan tribe from the
north moves to the plateau
• Two tribes moved to the west :
Medes and Persians
25. Achaemendis
• Cyrus, the conqueror of Babylon
• In 540 BC, defeated Medes, Swallowed Babylon, Syria and Palestine, Hundu Kush in the east,
Gandhara
• killed fighting the Scythians
26. The Largest Empire
• Unlike Assyrians times, brutality was
not celebrated
• Cyrus respected the institutions and
ways of his new subjects.
• Protection of Marduk , and
rebuilding of the Temple
• Iron and horse, sheer personal ability
• Provincial governors (later called
satraps)
• Lasted nearly two centuries
• Herodotus: Persians loved flowers
• Cyrus’s Son added Egypt to the
empire
27. Daruis
• From 522 BC to 486 BC
• 20 satraps
• Aramaic, the old lingua franca
of the Assyrian empire, became
the administrative language
• not written in cuneiform but in
the Phoenician alphabet
• Bureaucracy
• Road building
• Persepolis
28. • Language and ideas
• Vedic and Persian
Religion from Gandhara
29. Diversity
• Zoroastrianism spread rapidly through western Asia with
Persian rule, even though it was probably never more than
the cult of a minority.
• It would influence Judaism.
• the angels of Christian tradition and the notion of the
hellfire which awaited the wicked both came from
Zoroaster.