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1. Islamia University of Bahawalpur
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
1st
Lecture
Instructor Name: Saniah Saleem
Class: BBA (HONS) First Semester 2018
Department of Management Sciences
Language
Language is a way to communicate language, language is a way of communication in which
communicate with each other. Language is the main highway to build the relation with the
humans.
Part of speech
Part of speech is a term use in traditional grammar for one of the eight main categories into
which words are classified according to their functions in sentences. These are Noun, Pronoun,
Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.
Also knowing as a “word Classes” these are the building block of the grammar.
1. Noun: Name a person, place or thing. A noun is the name of an object, concept, person
or place.
2. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. In common pronoun use these words (I, He, She, It,
Them, Who)
3. Verb: Identifies an action or state of being. (Sing, Dance, Seem, Finish)
4. Adjective: Modifies a noun. (Lazy, Funny, Unique) An adjective describe a noun or
pronoun.
5. Adverb: Modifies a verb adjective or another verb. A verb is modified the verb. (Softly,
Lazily, only, Hopefully)

2. 6. Preposition: shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a
sentence. (Up, Over, Against, By, For, Into, Close to)
7. Conjunction: A word use to connect words, phrase and clauses as like Join words. (And,
But, Yet)
8. Interjection: To express emotions and can usually stand alone. It might show excitement
or surprise. (Hoot, Bullshit, Whoops, Yabba)
Wow! That is a giant pumpkin!
Ouch, you stepped on my toe!
Yippee! We won!
Whoa! Hold your horses!
Bravo, you did a great job!
Part of sentences
A group of words that express a thought. A sentence conveys a statement, question, exclamation
or command. A sentence contains or implies a subject and predicate. In simple term, a sentence
must contain a verb and (usually) a subject. A sentences starts with a capital letter and ends with
a full stop (.), questions mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).
These are major sex classes of sentences is subject, predict, object, complements, phrase and
clauses.
Subject
The subject of a sentence is the noun or word group acting as a noun that performs the action
expressed in the predicate of a sentence or clause. The subject may be one word: Sally loves
chocolate. The subject may be in a noun phrase:
 Seeing the parade was exciting.
 The black and white dog was barking fiercely at the stranger.

3. Predicate
The predicate is the part of the clause or sentence that says something about the subject. In other
words, the part of the sentences that is not the subject and its modifiers is the predicate. A
predicate can be one word or several words, not all of which are verbs.
The principal part of the predicate is the verb.
 The dog sniffed.
 The dog has been sniffing.
Objects
The object of a sentence can be a noun, pronoun, or word group that acts as a noun, and receives
the action of a verb or is influenced by a transitive verb and preposition.
1. Direct object: Receives the action of a verb or verbal and frequently follows it in a
sentence. Direct objects are often needed to complete the thought of a sentence. "Rueben
reads the newspaper” but does not express the complete thoughts.
2. Indirect object: Tells for whom, to whom, or to what something is done. "Reuben reads
his grandmother the newspaper." Grandmother is the indirect object. Pronouns are also used as
indirect objects: "Reuben reads her the newspaper." The sentence could also be: "Reuben reads
the newspaper to his grandmother." The prepositional phrase to his grandmother is the indirect
object of the sentence.
3. Object of Preposition: Objects follow prepositions and are linked by them to the rest of the
sentence.
Complements
A word or word of group that completes the meaning of a subject, an object, or a verb.
1. Subject complement: Follows a linking verb and modifies or refers to the subject.
 Olivia is pretty. The adjective pretty is a subject complement; it describes the
subject, Olivia.

4.  Annie is an English teacher. The noun phrase English teacher is also a subject
complement; it describes Annie.
2. Object complement: Follows and modifies or refers to a direct object.
 Blake considers American television silly. Television is the direct object. Silly describes
television; it is the object complement.
 The judges elected her Miss Brazil, 2002. Miss Brazil is the object complement,
describing the direct object her.
Phrases
A group of related words that lacks a subject, or a predicate, or both and that acts as a single part
of speech.
1. Noun phrase: Noun phrases are composed of a noun or pronoun and its modifiers. They are
used as subjects, objects, or complements.
 The strange, eerie moaning made the dog's hackles rise. (noun phrase as subject)
 Zeke likes a large serving of spicy food for lunch. (noun phrase as object)
 The beach is a great spot for vacations. (noun phrase as complement)
2. Verb phrase: A group of words that include a verb and any auxiliary verbs that serves as the
predicate of a sentence or clause.
 Gary has a toothache.
 Gary was having a toothache.
 Gary has already had a toothache.
 Gary must have been having a toothache.
Clauses
A group of related words containing a subject and a predicate.
1. Main (independent) clause: An independent clause can stand by itself as a complete sentence.

5.  Amos left work early because his mother was ill. (Amos left work early is a complete
sentence.)
 Maggie loves pizza when it has extra cheese. (Maggie loves pizza is a complete thought.)
 Charlie has had a backache because he tried to lift the cow. (Charlie has had a
backache is
2. Subordinate (dependent) clause: A subordinate clause cannot stand by itself as a complete
sentence.
 Amos left work early because his mother was ill. (Because his mother was ill is not a
complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence.)