1. The document discusses various English language concepts including conjunctions, figures of speech, modifiers, and proofreading. It provides definitions and examples for each. 2. Conjunctions are connecting words that coordinate words or clauses. Figures of speech use creative language to convey meaning through comparisons like similes and metaphors. 3. Modifiers are words or phrases that qualify or describe other words. Proofreading involves carefully reading written work to check for errors and involves multiple stages from brainstorming to final copy.

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Islamia University of Bahawalpur
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Instructor Name: Saniah Saleem
Class: BBA (HONS) First Semester 2018
Department of Management Sciences
Conjunction
Conjunction verb is connected words or group or sentences or to coordinate words in the same
clause. (And, But, If)
Usage
The way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used.
Example:
Lexicography the ways and contexts in which spoken and written words are used, determined by
a lexicographer's intuition or from corpus analysis.
Figures of speech
A figure of speech is a word having different meanings than its original literal meanings. It is
conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to another.
1. Imagery: Descriptive writing that appeals to the senses.
Example:
He or she is can see, feel think, smell.

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2. Simile: comparing two unlike things using like and as that have not something in
common and that often introduced by like or as.
Example:
My heart is like an apple tree whose boughs are bent with thickest fruit.
The sun is like a yellow ball of fire in the sky.
3. Metaphor:
Comparing two things by using one kind of objector using in place of another to suggest
the likeness between them.
Example:
The entire world's a stage.
Her hair was silk.
4. Alliteration:
The repetition of an initial beginning sound as like repetition of usally initial consonant
sound in two or more neighboring words.
Example:
She sells seashells by the seashore.
5. Hyperbole:
A major exaggeration or over statement and humor.
Example:
I have a ton of things to do when I get home.
Mile, high ice cream, cone
6. Onomatopoeia:
A word that sounds like its meaning. Naming a thing or an action by imitating the sound
associate with it.
Example:
The clap of thunder went bang and scared my poor dog.
Buzz, hiss, woof

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7. Personification:
Giving human traits or characteristics to something that isn’t human. Giving something
human qualities
Example:
That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your hand if you don't handle it safely.
Modifier:
It is a word or phrase that qualifies modifies a word, phrase or clause.
1. Adjective: Modify nouns or pronouns.
2. Adverb: Modify Verb.
3. Modifier phrases: Modify an action or an actor.
Proofreading:
Read (printer's proofs or other written or printed material) and mark any errors.
Stages of proofreading:
1. listing ideas (sometimes called brainstorming)
2. writing rough notes
3. first draft
4. proofreading
5. final copy
Common errors to look for when proofreading:
1. Putting the wrong word in the wrong place.
2. Leaving letters out.
3. Mistakes when adding an ending.
4. Using a small i as a pronoun.
5. Missing words out.

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Effective proofreading:
1. Try listening to the sound of your voice.
2. Try writing problem words out several different ways to see which version looks right.
3. Focus on words that you know gives you problems.
4. You could create some kind of record.
5. Make sure that fact.
Strategy for proofreading:

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