This document provides information about sentence structure in English. It defines the main types of sentences as simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. It also defines and provides examples of clauses, including independent and dependent clauses. Additional details are given around parts of sentences like subjects, predicates, objects and modifiers. Sentence expansion and combining sentences are also discussed.

1. ENGLISH
SENTENCEBy: Tira Nur Fitria M.Pd
misstira.stieaas@gmail.com

2. SENTENCE
A sentence is a grammatical unit made up of one or
more words.
Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a
full stop, a question mark or an exclamation point.

3. SENTENCE
A sentence may be one of four kinds,
depending upon the number and
type(s) of clauses it contains.

4. CLAUSE
A clause is a group of related
words that contains both a
subject (S) and a verb (V).

5. TYPEOFCLAUSE
1.Independent Clause/Main
Clause (S+Verb)
2.Dependent Clause (Conj.
+S+Verb)

6. NOUN PHRASE can be a SUBJECT
NOUN PHRASE is to modify the NOUN
MODIFIER: otherclass word + NOUN

7. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its
own as a sentence. It has a subject, a verb, and is a complete
thought. An independent clause is also called a “main clause”
because it contains a sentence’s main idea, and as the main part.
That means that all sentences need an independent clause—no
sentence can be complete without one!

8. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
 The conjunctions used are
and, but, for, or, nor, so,
and yet.
 Coordinating conjunction, a
comma (,) is needed before
the coordinating conjunction.
 For example:
Jim studies in his room,
but it is hard to concentrate
because of the noise.
INDEPENDENT MARKER WORD
 A connecting word used are also,
consequently, furthermore, however,
moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.
 When the second independent clause in
a sentence has an independent marker
word, a semicolon (;) is needed before
the independent marker word.
 For example:
Jim studies in his room; ho we ve r, it is
hard to concentrate because of the
noise.
CONNECTOR IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

9. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
I eat rice.
The baby sleeps
They go.
We run
They have
My mother sings a
song.
You should eat this.
I can fly
My name is Lily.
I travel extensively.
I’m visiting China this summer.
We really love pandas.
Pandas eat bamboo!
Some pandas are really giant.
I love you
You and I love each other
The cat catches the mouse

10. PARTS OF INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
a. Subject
Subject is the thing that is “doing” the action. Often it’s just
a single noun (a person, place, thing, or idea), but it can
also be a gerund or a noun phrase that uses other
modifiers. Lily studies ------- Single noun subject
•You work ------ Single noun subject
•Giant pandas chew ------ Noun phrase subject
•Traveling is fun ------- Gerund subject

11. b. Predicate
A predicate is the word or phrase that expresses a
sentence’s action. It may be just a single verb, or it may
be a verb phrase (a verb with its related objects and/or
modifiers). Here are some examples of predicates.
•The panda chewed. Single verb = predicate
•The panda chewed bamboo. Verb + object = predicate
•The panda chewed slowly. Verb + modifier= predicate
•The panda chewed bamboo slowly. Verb + object +
modifier= predicate

12. c. Modifiers
Modifiers are adverbs and adjectives that “modify” another
word by adding more details to it. In independent clauses, they
paint a better picture of the subject or the predicate. Here are
some examples of modifiers.
•Che wing slowly
•The giant, fluffypanda
•Adventurous Lily
•Trave ls extensively

13. d. Objects
An object is a thing in a sentence that receives the
verb’s action. Many independent clauses will include
objects to make ideas more complete. Here are some
examples of objects:
•Pandas e at bam bo o .
•The y have black and white fur.
•Lily trave le d to China.
•She lo ve s pandas

14. DEPENDENT CLAUSE
A dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a
subject and a verb, but it is not a complete thought.
Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause
cannot stand on its own as a sentence; it is dependent on being
attached to an independent clause to form a sentence.

15. De pe nde nt clause s can often be identified by words called
dependent markers, which are usually subordinating
conjunctions. If a clause begins with one of these words, it is
dependent and needs to be attached to an independent clause.
(Common dependent markers: after, as, although, because,
before, even though, if, once, ratherthan, since, that,
though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, while,
among others etc.)

16. DEPENDENT MARKER WORDS
Dependent marker words are after,
although, as, as if, because, before, even
though, in orderto, since, though, unless,
until, whatever, when, whenever, whether,
while.
For example: Whe n Jim studies in bedroom for
his English quiz…

17. Dependent clause can beanoun clause, adjectiveclause, or
adverb clause.
Exam ple :
1.We can do whateverwewant. (noun clause)
2.The house that mysisterbought is beautiful.
(adjective clause)
3.My brother used to scare me when wewerekids.
(adverb clause)
4.I still remember where Ilived20years ago.
(adverb clause)

18. Because I get up late … (what happened?)
When we arrived in class… (what occurred?)
If my parents arrive … (what will happen?)
When I was young, …
… since the last time I see you
… before you leave.
….after I have breakfast
….where I live now
….how I dress tonight
DEPENDENT CLAUSE

21. TYPE OF SENTENCE
1.Simple Sentence
2.Compound Sentence
3.Complex Sentence
4.Compound-Complex sentence

22. SIMPLESENTENCE
A simple sentence is a sentence
with one independent clause, which
means only one subject and one
predicate.
A simple sentence is also the
shortest possible sentence;
it can have as little as two words!
Punctuatio n no te : NO commas separate two compound elements (subject, verb,
direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, etc.) in a simple sentence.

23. 5 ENGLISHSENTENCE BASIC STRUCTURE

24. SIMPLESENTENCE
1. Joe goes to the store.
2. Sarah and Jessie are going swimming.
3. The frog jumped and landed in the pond.
4. Can I have some juice to drink?
5. The pizza smells delicious.
6. There is a fly in the car with us.
7. Look on top of the refrigerator for the key.
8. I am out of paper for the printer.
9. Will you help me with the math homework?
10. The music is too loud for my ears.

25. EXPANDING SIMPLESENTENCE
1. SUBJECT-VERB
 Jackeats.
This is the basic subject-verb pattern.
 Jackquickly eats.
An adverb is added (quickly) to tell how Jack eats.
 Jackquickly eats carrots.
An object is added (carrots) to tell what Jack eats.
 Jackquickly eats carrots at home.
Another adverb is added (at home) to tell where Jack eats.
 Jackquickly eats fresh carrots at home.
An adjective is added (fresh) to tell what kind of carrots Jack eats.

26. 2. SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT
Bill kicks the ball.
This is a basic subject-verb-object pattern.
Bill kicks the red ball.
An adjective is added (red) to tell the color of the ball.
Bill kicks the red ball hard.
An adverb is added (hard) to tell how Bill kicks the ball.
Bill kicks the red ball hard every day.

27. 3. SUBJECT-VERB-ADJECTIVE
She looks pretty.
This is the basic subject-verb-adjective pattern.
She looks pretty tonight.
An adverb is added (tonight) to tell when she
looks pretty.
Lisa looks pretty tonight.

28. 4. SUBJECT-VERB-ADVERB
Apples are everywhere.
This is the basic subject-verb-adverb pattern.
Green apples are everywhere.
An adjective is added (green) to describe the
apples.
Ripe, green apples are everywhere.
A series of adjectives are added (ripe and green) to

29. 5. SUBJECT-VERB-NOUN
The boy is a student.
This is the basic subject-verb-noun sentence pattern.
Jon is a student.
The subject is identified with a name (Jon).
Jon is a smart student.
An adjective is added (smart) to tell what kind of student
Jon is.
Jon is a smart student at school.
An adverb is added (at school) to tell where Jon is a smart
student.

30. COMPOUNDSENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two or
more independent clauses.
Sometimes longer linking words can be
used.
A compound sentence is joined by a
coordinating conjunction (fo r, and, no r,
but, o r, ye t, so ) a conjunctive adverb
(e.g. ho we ve r, the re fo re )

31. COMPOUNDSENTENCE
Joe waits for the train, but the train is late.
I looked for Mary and Joe at the bus station
I love you but I hate you

32. COMPOUNDSENTENCE
Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I
arrived, so I did not see them at the bus
station.
Pandas eat bamboo leaves, but they don’t
eat fruit.
The boy saw the wolf and ran away.
I ran to the window and looked down into the
street

33. My family went to the park yesterday, and we had a
wonderful time.
Larry’s family went to the zoo, but they didn’t enjoy it.
His children were scared of the lions; they left right
away.
Your children are older, so they probably wouldn’t be
scared.
Do you want to take them to the zoo, or would it be
wiser to go to the park?
COMPOUNDSENTENCE

34. COMPOUNDSENTENCE
We were exhausted, but we arrived in time for my
father's birthday party.
My teacher gave me some good advice for making
my essay better, and the tutor also solved it and
provided many suggestions.
I had trouble finding sources for my essay, so I
went to the writing centre for help.
Our class started later than it was supposed to, but
the teacher made it interactive.

35. THE WAY TO CREATE COMPOUND SENTENCE
With a semi-colon.
Not a common practice, a
semi-colon is used only where
ideas are very closely related.
 She wanted spinach salad; he wanted
a hamburger.
 He went to the party, but she stayed
home.
With a coordinating conjunction.
Coordinating conjunctions are
sometimes referred to as FANBOYS.
 For – He couldn't go home, for he had no place to go.
 And – I took a taxi, and she drove home.
 Nor – He didn't want help, nor did she offer it.
 But – I wanted to go late, but she wanted to go on time.
 Or – She cooked dinner, or she went out to a
restaurant.
 Yet – She owned a car, yet she didn't know how to
drive it.
 So – She had to go, so she called a friend to drive her.

36. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence is a sentence that
contains one independent clause and
one or more dependent clauses.
•It is headed by a subordinating
conjunction or a relative pronoun)
joined to an independent clause.

37. When she visited China, Lily went to see the
pandas.
Lily sees giant pandas while she is in China.
Although he is now 79 years old, he still
claims to be 65 years old.
Because my alarm did not go off this
morning, I was late to work.
COMPLEX SENTENCE

38. Because people know that I am an English teacher,
they make allowances for how I dress and what I say.
When the boy saw the wolf, he ran away.
I did not see them at the station because Mary and
Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon.
Joe realized that the train was late while he waited at
the train station.
Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at
the train station after they left on the bus.
COMPLEX SENTENCE

39. Before we went very far, we found that we had lost
our way.
Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus
station before noon, I did not see them at the
station.
While he waited at the train station, Joe realized
that the train was late.
After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha
realized that Joe was waiting at the train station.
COMPLEX SENTENCE

40. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
A compound-complex sentence
contains two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Because compound-complex
sentences are normally longer than
other sentences, it is very important to
punctuate them correctly.

41. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
We go to the movie theatre last night and see the
new comedy, which just released at last Friday, and
then we go to dinner at the local steakhouse.
Because I have never written an argument essay
for a college class before, I am worry about my use
of outside sources in this paper, so I hope that I cite
everything correctly.

42. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
Because I am an English teacher, some
people expect me to speak perfectly, and
other people expect me to write perfectly.
Some people tell me that my grading is
poor, and others tell me that my
assignments are bad.

43. Although Mitchell prefers watching
romantic films, he rents the latest spy
thriller, and he enjoys it very much.
Laura forgets her friend's birthday, so
she send her a card when she finally
remember it.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

44. While she was traveling in China,
Lily saw pandas, and they were
amazing!
If you go to China, you can see
pandas in the forest and watch
them eat bamboo.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

45. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
We went to the movie theatre last night and saw
the new comedy, which just released at last Friday,
and then we went to dinner at the local
steakhouse.
Because I have never written an argument essay
for a college class before, I am worried about my
use of outside sources in this paper, so I hope that I
cited everything correctly.

46. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE
Because I am an English teacher, some
people expect me to speak perfectly, and
other people expect me to write perfectly.
Some people tell me that my grading is
too tough, and others tell me that my
assignments are boring.

48. QUIZ ON
SENTENCE TYPES
Aftereach sentence,
select the option that best
describes that sentence.

49. 1. Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every summerover
where they should spend theirsummervacation.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2. Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend herdays
sunbathing.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence

50. 3. Bruno, on the otherhand, likes the view that he gets from
the log cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the
forest.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
4. Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood,
swatting mosquitoes, and cooking overa woodstove.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence

51. 5. Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets a nasty
sunburn.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
6. Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the
waves, getting sand in his swimsuit, and reading detective novels for
a week.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence

52. 7. This year, aftera lengthy, noisy debate, they decided to take
separate vacations.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
8. Bruno went to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and
Pauline went to Cape Cod.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence

53. 9. Although they are 250 miles apart, they keep in constant
contact on the internet.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
10. Bruno tookthe desktop computerthat he uses at work, and
Pauline sits on the beach with herlaptop computer, which she
connects to the internet with a cellularphone.
A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence