The document discusses watershed management and deterioration. It notes that watershed deterioration occurs due to faulty management practices related to agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, and apathy. This results in less production, increased erosion, reservoir siltation, lowered water tables, and poverty. Watershed development techniques aim to address this through soil and water conservation methods tailored for different land types, like contour trenches, bench terracing, check dams, plantation, and agroforestry. The goal is integrated management of human resources, land, water, crops, livestock, and other components for sustainable watershed development.

1. Dr. Vivek KumarDr. Vivek Kumar
ST. VINCENT PALLOTTI COLLEGE OFST. VINCENT PALLOTTI COLLEGE OF
ENGG. AND TECHENGG. AND TECH..

2. Watershed:
Definition:
“Watershed can be defined as a unit of
area covers all the land which
contributes runoff to a common point
or outlet and surrounded by a ridge
line”.
Deterioration of watershed takes place due
to faulty and bad management through the
activity of man and his animals.

3. Causes of watershed
Deterioration:
These activities are:
Faulty agriculture, forestry and pasture
(Grass land) management leading to
degradation of land.
Unscientific mining and quarrying.
Faulty road alignment and construction.
Industrialization
Forest Fires
 Apathy (less interest) of the people.

4. Results of watershed Deterioration:
Less production from agriculture, forests,
grass lands etc.
Erosion increases and decreases biomass
production
Rapid siltation of reservoirs, lakes and
river beds.
Less storage of water and lowering of
water table.
Poverty as a result of less food production.

5. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
Possible range of treatment measures
Contour bunding
Contour trenching
Contour stone walls
Bench terraces
Land levelling
Summer ploughing

6. Agro forestry with suitable species
Vegetative barriers
Check dams (Temporary and
Permanent)
Retaining walls
Farm ponds and Percolation ponds
Renovation of existing water bodies
and inlet channels

7. COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED
DEVELOPMENT:
• Human Resource Development (Community
Development)
• Soil and Land Management
• Water Management
• Crop Management
• Afforestation
• Pasture/Fodder Development
• Livestock Management
• Rural Energy Management
• Farm and non-farm value addition activities
All these components are interdependent and interactive.

8. DEVELOPED WATERSHED

9. Methods for hill slopes
CONTOUR TRENCHES AND
STONE WALLS
BENCH TERRACING

10. CONTOUR TRENCHES AND STONE
WALLS

13. Suitable erosion control in
hills
Adopted for hill slopes
>20%
Continuous or interrupted

15. BENCH TERRACING

16. It helps to bring sloping land into
different level strips to enable
cultivation.
It consists of construction of step
like fields along contours by half
cutting and half filling.
Original slope is converted into
level fields. The vertical and
horizontal intervals are decided
based land slope.

17. Methods for agricultural land
Check dam
Percolation pond
Micro catchments
Contour bund
Broad beds and furrows
Gully plugs
Tree plantation
Summer ploughing
Agro forestry
Vegetative barriers
Farm ponds

18. Check dam

19. Check Dam

20. A low weir normally constructed across the
gullies
Constructed on small streams and long gullies
formed by erosive activity of flood water
It cuts the velocity and reduces erosive activity
The stored water improves soil moisture of the
adjoining area and allows percolation to
recharge the aquifers
Height depends on the bank height, varies
from a 1 m to 3 m and length varies from less
than 3m to 10m

21. Percolation pond

22. To improve the ground water recharge.
Shallow depression created at lower
portions in a natural or diverted stream
course
Located in soils of permeable nature
Adaptable where 20-30 ground water
wells for irrigation exist with in the
zone of influence about 800 X 900 m

23. Micro catchments

24. To conserve insitu moisture and
reduce soil loss
Circular basin of one meter dia for
level lands depending upon
infiltration and rainfall
Ditches of size 5m x 5m with trees
planted centre
Saucer basins / semi circular bunds
with 2m diameter to a height of 15-
20cm across the slope

25. Broad beds and furrows

26. To control erosion and to conserve
soil moisture in the soil during
rainy days
The broad bed and furrow system
is laid within the field boundaries.
Conserves soil moisture in dry
land.
Controls soil erosion.
Acts as a drainage channel during
heavy rainy days.

27. Contour bund

29. To intercept the runoff flowing
down the slope by an embankment.
It helps to control runoff velocity.
It can be adopted in light and
medium textured soils.
It can be laid up to 6% slopes.
It helps to retain moisture in the
field.

30. Gully plugs

31. Gully plug is one of the simple method of
soil and water conservation. It plays an
important role in soil and water
conservation.
Gullies are formed due to erosion of top
soil by the flow of rain water. In course of
time, a gully assumes a big shape and
erosion goes on increasing. To prevent
erosion, barriers or plugs of different types
of material are put across the gully, at
certain intervals.

32. Tree plantation
Instead of uneconomical agriculture,
farmers can grow grass in this hilly
area and can use that as a fodder for
cattle.
Farmers can go for dairy development
if good quantity and quality of grass is
available.

33. For soil and water conservation
this activity will help. Plantation on
common land will satisfy basic
need of fuel wood.
Cheapest method for soil and
water conservation

34. Summer ploughing

35. Main objective of field
preparation is to control weeds
Facilitate easy sowing and to
establish good seed soil contact
For easy absorption of moisture
To provide sufficient aeration
To improve water holding
capacity

36. Agro forestry
Agroforestry is an integrated
approach of using the interactive
benefits from combining trees and
shrubs with crops and/or livestock.
It combines agricultural and forestry
technologies to create more diverse,
productive, profitable, healthy and
sustainable land-use systems.

38. Vegetative barriers

40. Vegetative barriers are also an
effective inter-terrace land
treatment in place of earthen
barriers.

41. Farm ponds

42. Roof top rainwater harvesting
To recharge the wells (open and
tube wells) particularly abandoned
wells by a runoff collection system.
Direct on-use of collected water if
storage facility is available.

43. RECHARGE TUBE WELL
To directly feed depleted aquifers
to fresh water from ground surface
so that the recharge is fast without
any evaporation loss
Depth of recharge tube well
depends on the present depth of
bore wells in the area

46. Thank you