WATERSHED MANAGEMENT - INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION, CONCEPTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT, OBJECTIVES, INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES, CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED
What is prioritization?
Prioritization is done to select the area of interest.
Prioritization is a process of identifying areas of main concern based on single or many parameters
Selection of one or few watersheds out of many watersheds by using predefined set of criteria.
What is prioritization?
Prioritization is done to select the area of interest.
Prioritization is a process of identifying areas of main concern based on single or many parameters
Selection of one or few watersheds out of many watersheds by using predefined set of criteria.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED: size, shape; physiography, slope, climate, drainage, land use, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology and hydrogeology, socio-economic characteristics, basic data on watersheds.
Watershed Management
In this presentation I have covered the topics :
1. What is watershed ?
2. Types of Watershed
3. Classification of watershed.
4. Watershed Management
5. Objectives
6. Components
7. Causes of Watershed Deterioration
8. Water management structures
This presentation deals with Watershed Management In India and areas where there is scope of development. It also talks about a solution and our urges that our approach should be based on sustainability.
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation from rain or snowmelt flows over the land surface. Flooding also occurs due to excessive high intensity rainfall over the rate of infiltration of soils. All are natural hazards. Both of these problems are to be solved through water management practices. This module highlights all these aspects.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED: size, shape; physiography, slope, climate, drainage, land use, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology and hydrogeology, socio-economic characteristics, basic data on watersheds.
Watershed Management
In this presentation I have covered the topics :
1. What is watershed ?
2. Types of Watershed
3. Classification of watershed.
4. Watershed Management
5. Objectives
6. Components
7. Causes of Watershed Deterioration
8. Water management structures
This presentation deals with Watershed Management In India and areas where there is scope of development. It also talks about a solution and our urges that our approach should be based on sustainability.
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation from rain or snowmelt flows over the land surface. Flooding also occurs due to excessive high intensity rainfall over the rate of infiltration of soils. All are natural hazards. Both of these problems are to be solved through water management practices. This module highlights all these aspects.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
This presentation highlights the occurrence of floods in India as a part of Environmental Studies. A brief idea about traditional methods of water management and the phenomenon of bio-precipitation is also included. Various sources from the internet were referred during this compilation.
According to the UN report, The population of India expected to surpass China and become the largest country in population size by 2022.
Water-related challenges including water scarcity and water quality deterioration where the pace of urbanization is fastest and the local governments have limited capacity to deal with the rising water supply and sanitation challenges.
Industrial growth is completely related to the addition of a large number of toxic pollutants that are harmful to the environment, hazardous to human health.
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
Hydrology of urban areas and agricultural lands.pptxDrSr6
This slides are based on the hydrology of urban and agricultural areas. It also focuses on urban flood which is one of the most disastrous issues, due to poor and unsustainable hydrology management in urban areas. Furthermore, it shows the water stability in an agricultural system in comparison to urban areas.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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2. What is Watershed?
A watershed is a basin-like landform defined by highpoints and ridgelines
that descend into lower elevations and stream valleys.
In other words, a watershed describes an area of land that contains a
common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of
water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean.
A watershed or catchments is defined as any surface (varying from a few
hectares to several thousand square kilometers) in which rainfall is
collected and conveyed to a common natural waterway
"Watershed is a geo-hydrological unit draining run-off water at a common
point and it could be demarcated based on ridge and gully lines".
3. Streams
Ridgeline
Common Point
Watershed can be defined as a geo-hydrological unit draining to
a common point by a system of drains. All lands on earth are
part of one watershed or other. Watershed is thus the land and
water area, which contributes runoff to a common point.
4.
5.
6.
7. AQUIFERS : Layers of earth that contain water
CONDENSES : Changes from a gas to a liquid
EVAPORATION : Changes from a liquid to a gas
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: The transfer of water to the
atmosphere by evaporation from
the soil and transpiration by land
plants
GROUND WATER : Water contained within an aquifer, i.e.
soil or rock
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE : The earth’s water cycle – movement
of water from the atmosphere to
the earth, its distribution on the
earth and its return to the
atmosphere
IMPERVIOUS : A material that water cannot pass
through
INFILTRATION : Water seeping into the ground
PERMEABILITY : The ease with which water
8. PRECIPITATION : Moisture deposited on the earth as
dew, rain or snow
RUNOFF : Water that travels across the land
surface to rivers, lakes and the
ocean
SATURATED : Unable to hold any more water
TRANSPIRATION : The process by which liquid water
taken into a plant from the
soils is released to the
atmosphere as a gas
WATER TABLE : The top of the water surface in
the saturated part of an aquifer
21. Is the process of managing human activities and natural
resources on a watershed basis, taking into account, social,
economic and environmental issues, as well as community
interests in order to manage water resources sustainably.
Integrated Watershed Management Provides Multiple
Benefits:
Through integrated watershed management (IWM), all
community interests work together to identify what issues and
actions are impacting the watershed’s resources, and then
map out different strategies and plans to address those
issues. These plans and strategies are implemented,
monitored, reported on, and updated —on a regular basis—
in order to adapt to changing land uses, new or increasing
stressors, new information, IWM helps us to focus on
priorities and link strategies and actions leading to smarter,
science-based decisions that ensure a long and healthy
future.
Integrated & Multi Disciplinary
Approach
22. An Integrated Watershed Management approach would
support:
•Improved water quality & quantity
•Flood and erosion management,
•Resilient biodiversity and habitats,
•Sustainable economic and recreation opportunities,
•Improved quality of life and neighborhood desirability,
•Greater ability for Ontario’s watersheds to adapt to the impacts
of climate change, urbanization and other stressors.
23. “Community watersheds are growth engines for the development of
dry land areas. Since the beginning of watershed programs, the
approach is constantly evolving in India. Today watershed projects
do not focus on water conservation solely; integrated watershed
management plays an important role in ensuring food security,
reducing poverty, protecting the environment and addressing
issues such as equity and improved livelihoods.”
Watershed approach invites integrated inputs of various disciplines for the
developments of different minor watersheds or sub-order streams and streamlets
in accordance with their characteristics. The approach may be key to:
24. Protect natural resources
Attain good yields
Coordinate the manpower with limited funds
Community participation
As such, the technical status of the conditions, their present trend,
and resources potential form foundation for integrated approach.
The approach may be broadly outlined as assessing multi-
disciplinary overview for appreciating the conditions and trends
with a view to achieve holistic management of the resources for
maximum productivity while preserving the environment with the
funds available.
26. 1. SIZE:
Size of watershed determines the quantity of rainfall received
retained and disposed off (Runoff). Larger the watershed,
larger is the channel and storage of water in basin. Large
watershed characteristics are topography, geology, soil,
climate and land use and vegetation.
2. SHAPE:
Watershed may have several shapes like, square, triangle,
rectangular, oval, palm, fern leaf shape etc. Shape of
watershed determines the shape index.
{Farm Factor (FP) =Wb / Lb}
Wb = Width of basin
Lb = Travel time of water through a watershed
That is the length: width ratio which in turn has a great effect
on runoff disposal. Larger the watershed, higher is the time of
concentration and more water will infiltrate, evaporate or get
utilized by the vegetation. Reverse is the situation when
watershed is shorter in length as compared to width.
27. 3. PHYSIOGRAPHY:
Type of land, its altitude and physical disposition immensely
speak about a watershed as to the climate and planning the
activities in greening.
For ex: - A hilly track could be useful mainly for forestry and
plains of populated areas could be utilized only for crops.
4. SLOPE:
It controls the rainfall distribution and movement, land
utilization and watershed behavior. The degree of slope
affects the velocity of overland flow and runoff, infiltration rate
and thus soil transportation.
5. CLIMATE:
Meteorological parameters like precipitation, temperature,
wind velocity, humidity and evaporation decide a quantitative
approach for arriving at water availability in a watershed.
Climate is a determining factor for the management of all
aspects of watershed.
For ex: - The entire planning of greenery depends on
28. Climate parameters affect watershed functioning and its
manipulation in two ways.
A. Rain provides incoming precipitation along with its various
characteristic like intensity, frequency and amount of rainfall.
B. Parameters like rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind
velocity, etc. regulates factors like soil and vegetation.
6. DRAINAGE:
The order, pattern and density of drainage have a profound
influence on watershed as to runoff, infiltration, land
management etc. It determines the flow characteristics and
thus erosional behavior.
Topography regulates drainage. Drainage density [length of
all drainage channels – unit area], length, width depth of main
and subsidiary channel, main outlet and its size depend on
photography. Drainage pattern affect time of concentration.
29. 7. LAND USE:
Land use pattern is vital for planning, programming and
implementing a management project on a watershed. It is an
important statistic for ascertaining the background, appreciating
the status and planning the programs in management. It portrays
man’s impact on the specific watershed and forms a basis for
categorizing the land for the formulation of a pragmatically action
plan.
Type of land use, its extent and management are the key factors
which affect watershed behavior. Judicious land use by users
[human beings] is of vital importance to watershed management
and functioning.
8. VEGETATION:
Detailed information on vegetation helps in choosing type,
mode and manner of greening the watershed. Information on
local species gives a sure ground for selecting plants and
crops. It confirms authoritatively what greenery can be grown
where, with care, soil capabilities could be analyzed,
compared and profitably confirmed for management.
Depending upon the type of vegetation and its extent, this
factor regulates the functioning of watershed
For ex: - Infiltration, water retention, runoff production,
30. 9. GEOLOGY AND SOILS:
Rocks and their structure control the formation of a watershed
itself because their nature determines size, shape,
physiography, drainage and ground water conditions. Soils,
derivative of rock, are basic to greening. Soil parameters as to
depth, nature, moisture and fertility determine crops. Rocks and
soils, together influence water storage, movement and
infiltration.
Geological formation and rock types affect extent of water
erosion, erodibility of channels and hill faces, sediment
production. Rocks like shale’s, phyllites erode easily where as
igneous rocks do not erode.
Physical and chemical properties of soil, specially texture, and
structure and soil depth influence disposition of water by way of
infiltration, storage and runoff.
10. HYDROLOGY:
Availability, quality and distribution of surface water is basic to
the final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. Hydrological
parameters help in quantification of water available, utilized and
31. 11. HYDROGEOLOGY:
The demand for ground water is ever on the increase, as
such the appreciation of ground water resources for
determining their further availability in the context of
conjunctive use of water resources for greening the specific
watershed is a logical prelude.
The information should not only include nature, thickness and
characteristics of aquifers but also contain quantity available
for additional exploitation through specific number of wells.
12. SOCIO – ECONOMICS:
Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wealth, wants,
wishes, cattle and farming practices and share of participation
are equally important in managing a watershed.
32. WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS
•Bio physical and socio economic features prevalent in a
watershed
•It’s need to be identified for management and planning of
watershed
Watershed can be broadly categorized into:
a. Climate
b. Geology and Physiography
c. Soils
d. Land use and cover conditions
e. Watershed hydrology
f. Socio- Economic features in watershed
33. a. Climate:
Precipitation
Evaporation
Wind
Relative humidity etc.,
b. Physiography:
Size and Shape of watershed
Elevation
Slope and aspect
Geology:
Drainage features (Pattern, Density, etc.,)
Parent rock types (Igneous, Sedimentary, etc.,)
c. Soils:
Soil Depth
Soil Type
Soil Infiltration capacity
Soil Erosiveness etc.,
34. d. Land Use and Cover Condition:
Land use types (Forest, Grass land, Agriculture, Urban,
etc.,)
Ownership pattern (Govt., Private, Industrial)
Agricultural Practices
Recreational use (Resort, Wild life, Fish resources etc.,)
e. Watershed Hydrology:
Erosion conditions along streams
Floods
Stream flow (Quantity and Quality)
f. Socio – Economic features / Watershed Use:
Water use and needs (Source of water, Domestic use,
Irrigation, Industrial, Power generation etc.,)
Water use problems (Erosion, Flooding, Siltation, Water
supply, Water quality etc.,)
Income generation activities associated with Watershed
Management
35. Topography:
Slope, length, degree and uniformity of slope affect both
disposal of water and soil loss. Degree and length of slope
also affect time of concentration [TC] and infiltration of water.
Drainage: Topography regulates drainage. Drainage density
[length of all drainage channels – unit area], length, width
depth of main and subsidiary channel, main outlet and its size
depend on photography. Drainage pattern affect time of
concentration.
Drainage area {A}:
Most important for hydrologic design
Reflects volume of water
Generated from rainfall
The volume of water available for runoff may be assumed as
product of rainfall depth & drainage area
Drainage area input to all models.
36. BASIC DATA ON WATERSHEDS
Proforma for basic data on Watersheds:
37.
38.
39. Sl. No Feature No / Quantity
1 Milch Animals
Cows
Buffaloes
Goats
Sheep’s
2 Draught Animals
Ox
He Buffalo
3 Others
Poultry
- Back Yard
-Commercial
Piggery
Live Stock Details:
40. Sl. No Feature No / Quantity
4
Total Milk Production from Milch
Animals ( Liters / Day)
Cows
She Buffaloes
5 Fodder Availability
Existing Area under green fodder (Ha)
Dry Fodder ( Tons / Year)
No. of silage pits
6 Supplementary feed ( Kg / day)
7 Fuel Wood Availability
Existing Area under Fuel wood (Ha)