Water Conservation Engineering

1. WEL COME TO ALL
WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING
BY
………Prof. BORDE K.S.

2. COURSE TITLE- WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE- 6C511
COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of studying this course students will be able to: -
1. Explain the concept of watershed and its different characteristics.
2. Calculate runoff from a watershed by different method.
3. Describe problem caused by erosion, factors affecting soil erosion, types
of Erosion
4. Explain the use and construction of water conversion agronomic and
engineering
measure for a water shed.
5. Prepare plan and design the roof rainwater harvesting for buildings.

3. Unit – I
Watershed Management and Planning
Prof. K. S. BORDE

4. Major Learning Outcomes:
• 1a.Describe the Importance, classification, availability and
use of water Resources.
• 1b.Explain Principles of soil conservation
• 1c.Explain the concept of watershed and its different
characteristics

5. Topics and Sub-topics
1.1 Water resources- types & its availability, its use and
importance.
1.2 Classification of water resources
1.3 Principles of soil conservation.
1.4 Approaches to Soil conservation.
1.5 Concept of water shed, characteristics of watershed

6. 1.1 Water resources- types & its availability, its use and
importance

7. Global Overview Availability of water
• While @72% of Earth’s surface is covered by water,
• 97.2% Water is salty
• Only less than 2.8% of global water is freshwater.
• 2.2% is available as Surface & 0.6% is Ground water
• 0.3 % can be extracted economically
• 1% of world’s fresh water is accessible for direct human use
• Most of the freshwater (2.15%) are locked in ice caps and glaciers.
• 0.0001% in stream, 0.001% vapour, 0.002 Soil moisture
• Only less than 0.7% is available for human use.

8. Volume of water stored in the water cycle's reservoirs
Reservoir Volume of water
(106 km³)
Percent
of total
Ocean 1370 97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

9. Water Uses
• Domestic purposes –drinking, cooking, washing, bathing etc.
• Agriculture & Industrial production
• Power generation, construction
• Cattle , animals, birds
• Sanitation , Gardens, cleaning
• Recreation-Water parks, boating, swimming pool etc.
• Transportation
• Fishing,
• Fire protection

10. Importance of Water Resource
• Drinking of human, animals, birds & wildlife
• Satisfy domestic, industrial, agriculture need
• Inland navigation, transportation, recreation, gardens
• Power generation, construction,
• Increase prosperity of people
• Aids civilization, social stability, decentralization
• Improvement in ground water storages
• Protection from famine
• Fishing, dairy, cultivation of cash crops etc.
• Fire fighting

11. Why Scarcity of fresh water?
• On a global basis, fresh water scarcity is a increasingly.
• It is partially caused by increasing population
• Due to change of consumption pattern, habits of
peoples and urbanization
• Climate changes.
• Industrialization

12. 1.2 Classification of water resources

13. 1.3 Principles of soil conservation:
(i) Watershed should be in natural form, protect from impact
of rain drops
(ii) To slow down the water concentration and moving in a
narrow path,
(iii) To slow down the water movement when it flows along
the slope,
(iv) To encourage more water to enter into the soil,
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14. 1.4 Approaches of Soil Conservation
The soil conservation measures can be broadly grouped
into three categories namely,
• Biological or Agronomic: Mulching, Agro Forestry,
Reforestation/Afforestation, Crop Rotation, Mixed Cropping, Cover Cropping,
Contouring, strip cropping mulching, tillage practices
• Mechanical: Bunding,Contour trenching-graded
trenches,Terraces, Gully control measures-Nala bunding;
check dams structures.
• Bio-engineering etc.
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15. 1.5 Concept of Watershed :
 Watershed is defined as a unit of area which covers all the land which
contribute run-off to a common point.

 Watershed is the geographic area from where the entire rainwater off the
land gets drain to a single outlet.
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16. TYPES OF WATERSHED
Watersheds are classified depending upon the size,
drainage, shape and land use pattern.
1) Macro watershed (> 50,000 Ha.)
2) Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Ha.)
3) Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Ha.)
4) Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Ha.)
5) Mini watershed (1 to 100 Ha.)

17. Water Conservation Measures
C) Gully / Nalla Treatments
I) Upper Reaches
1) Brush wood dam
2) Gully plugs
II) Middle Reaches
1) Loose Boulder Structure
2) Earthen Gully Plug
3) Gabion
III) Lower reaches
1) Earthen Nalla Bund
2) Cement Nalla Bund
3) Underground Bund
4) Sunken Pond
5) Recharging trench
A) Waste Land Treatment
1) CCT and Plantation
2) Pasture Development
3) Forest pond
4) Plantation
5) Dry land horticulture
B) Area Treatment
1) Contour Bunding
2) Graded Bunding
3) Farm Bunding
4) Vegetative Bunding
5) Agro Horticulture
6) Farm Pond

18. Characteristics of watershed.
WATERSHEDS
1. SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained,
drained off.
2. SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and
structure, eg. pear, elongated etc.
3. PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition.
4. SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement:
5. CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach.
6. DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior.
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19. Cont……Characteristics of watershed.
7. VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and
crops.
8. GEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage
and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery
9. HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. It helps in
quantification of water available.
10. HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater.
11. SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wants and
wishes are important in managing water.
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20. What we learn today......?
1.1 Water resources- types & its availability, its use and
importance.
1.2 Classification of water resources
1.3 Principles of soil conservation.
1.4 Approaches to Soil conservation.
1.5 Concept of water shed, characteristics of watershed

21. Thanks