The document discusses watershed management, highlighting its importance in protecting and improving water quality and natural resources within a designated area. It outlines the objectives, factors affecting watershed management, various phases of recognition, restoration, protection, and improvement, as well as different management practices and government programs in Pakistan aimed at addressing soil and water conservation. Detailed techniques for soil and water conservation, including structural and agronomic measures, are also presented.

1. “Water shed management”

2. WATER SHED
 The area of land drains or
shed water into a specific
receiving water body such
as lake or river
 As rain water or melted
snow run downhill in the
watershed ,it collects and
transport sediment and
other material and deposit
them into receiving water
bodies

4. WATER CYCLE

5. Water shed management
 The process of creating
and implementing and
use practices and water
management practices to
protect and improve the
quality of water and other
natural resources within a
watershed by managing
the use of those land
and water resources in a
comprehensive manner

6. Objective of water shed
management
 Protecting ,conserving and improving the land resources
for efficient and sustained production
 Protecting and enhancing water resources, moderating
floods, increasing irrigation, and conserving rain water for
crops
 Protecting the fertile top soil
 To manage and utilize the runoff water for useful purpose
 To rehabilitate the deteriorating lands
 To increase infiltration of rainwater
 To enhance the ground water recharge ,whenever
applicable
 Maximizing farm income through agricultural related
activities
 Improve socio-economic status of farmer

7. Factor effecting function of watershed
management
 Size:
Size of watershed determine the
quantity of rainfall can be stored
 Topography:
• Steep slope contribute more
runoff due to less infiltration
• The length of the slope also effect
the runoff
 Soil characteristics:
• Clayey soil absorb less water
and contribute more water to shed
• Sandy soil infiltrate more water
and no watershed structure are
built in this place

9. Hydrological aspects
 Hydrological behavior of water
shed in influenced by
watershed conditions
 These measure effects flood
control ,soil moisture
conservation and land use
Environmental aspect
 Development green foliage
,and reduce erosion to improve
ecosystem

10. ADMINISTRATIVE AND
POLITICAL ASPECT
 Watershed management require close
collaboration of various planning and
implementing agencies to achieve full benefit
of the program me
 Planning should only include those measures
which are acceptable politically
Socio-economic aspect
 In achieving the true objective of water shed
management, the viewpoint of individuals
and communities, who live in the watershed
should be consider
 It also determine the motivation of farmer to
make necessary investment of labor and
capital in watershed development

11. Financial aspects :
 The PROJECTS CAN BE
FOUNDED BY
GOVERNMENT OR NGO’S
 The unit cost of watershed
development normally range
from RS 4500 to 6000 per
hectare depending on nature
and location of water shed

14. STEPS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Recognition phase:
 Recognition of problem
 Analysis of the cause of problem and its effect
 Development of alternate solution of problem
Restoration phase:
 Selection of best solution of the problems identified
 Application of the solution to the problems
Protection phase:
 General health of watershed
 Normal functioning
 Protection against all factors that effect the water shed
condition
Improvement phase:
 Overall improvement
 Agriculture, forest management ,pasture management
 Socio-econimic conditions

15. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SHED
Depend upon size
 Macro watershed (400-1000 Ha)
 Sub-watershed (200 -400 Ha )
 Mini watershed (40-200 Ha)
 Small watershed(10-40 Ha )
 Micro watershed (0-40 Ha)

16. COMPONENT OF WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
1. Soil and water conservation measure:
 Reduce soil erosion
 All water in watershed is drain into to common point
3. water harvesting and water management :
 Direct collection of rain water
 To be use in domestic ,agriculture and in irrigation or
store
3. Alternate land use system:
 same land may be suitable range pasture management
and for tree farming ,dry land horticulture and forestry
system including crops all these system which are
alternate to crop production is called alternate land use

17.  Soil and water conservation with water harvesting
stone bund
Alternate land use

18. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Vegetative measure /Agronomical measure
 Strip cropping
 Pasture cropping
 Grass land cropping
 Woodlands
Engineering measure/structural practices
 Contour budding
 Terracing
 Construction of check dames
 Construction of farm ponds
 Gull controlling structure

19. STRIP CROPPING
 Crops are grow in long
narrow strips
 Or when one does not
have an alternative
method of preventing
soil erosion
 Done at slops
 Row crops(corn) are
grown in alternate with
Canopy crop(soya
beans)

20. 1.BROADS BEDS AND FURROWS
 Function:
To control erosion and to conserve soil moisture
in the soil during rainy days
 General information:
.The land level taken and it is laid using either
animal drawn or tractor drawn ridges
Furrow is kept 0.15m and the inter furrow
spacing is kept 1.5 m
 Cost :
Approximate cost for laying beds and furrows is
RS.1800/ha
 Salient feature :
 Conserve soil moisture in dry land
 Control soil erosion
 Acts as a drainage channel during heavy
rainy days

21. 2.CONTOUR BUND
 Function :
 To intercept the run off flowing
down the slop by an embankment
 General information :
 It helps to control run off velocity.
The embankment may be closed or
open, surplus arrangements are
provided wherever necessary.
 COST:
Approximate cost of lying contour
bund is RS.1400/ha
 Salient feature :
 Adopted on all soil
 Retrain moisture in the field

22. GRADED BUNDING
 These are constructed where excess of water in
remove safely to avoid water stagnation
 Constructed in area of medium and high rain fall

23. BENCH TERRACING
 Function:
It help to bring slopping land into
different level strips to enable
cultivation
General informationon:
 It consist of construction of steps
like fields along contours by half
cutting and half filling .original
slop is converted into level fields
.the vertical land horizontal
intervals are decided base on
level slope.
 Cost :
Approximate cost for laying the
terrace is 5000/ha

24.  Salient feature :
 Suitable for hilly regions
 It is adapted to the soil with slopes greater then 6
percent

25. 5.CHECK DAM
 Salient feature :
 A low weir normally constructed
across the gullies
 Constructed on small streams and
long gullies formed by erosive
activity of flood water
 It cuts the velocity and reduce
erosive velocity
 the stored water improves soil
moisture of the adjoining area and
allow percolation recharge aquifer
 Height depend on the bank , height
varies from a meter to 3 meter and
length varies from3 to 10m

26. PERCOLATION POND
 Function “
To augment the ground water
recharge
 Salient feature :
 Shallow depression created at
lower portions in natural or
diverted stream course
 Preferable under gentle sloping
stream where narrow valley exist
with located in the soil of
permeable nature
 Adaptable where 20-30 ground
water wells for irrigation exist

27. WATER SHED PROGRAMM IN PAKISTAN
Government Programs in Watershed Management
 Soil and water conservation in Barani areas(1975)
 Mangla dam watershed management program ( 1967)
 Tarbela Dam watershed management program(1975)
 Rawal dam watershed program (1962)
 Shahpur watershed management program
Sustainable Mountain Development
 Aga Khan Rural Support Program (1982)
 Kalam Integrated Development Project (1981)
 PATA Project (1996).
 Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development Project (1988)
 Shinkiari Tea Research and Development Programme (1986)

28. Soil and water conservation in Barani
areas(1975)
 the growing damage of soil erosion
due to unregulated exploitation of the
forests.
 construction of ponds and mini-dams
dug wells, hand pumps
Mangla dam watershed management
program ( 1967)
 storage capacity of 6.5 billion m3
 costs Rs. 3.172 billion to construct
Terbela dam watershed management
program ( 1967)
 Tarbela dam is the world’s largest
earth-fill dam
 storage capacities are 13.7 and 11.5
billion m3
 The construction cost was Rs. 14
billion

29. Shahpur Dam Watershed Management
 total storage capacity is around 17.7 million
m3
Kalam Integrated Development Project
 The main objective of the project is to
improve the socio-economic conditions of
population in the project area through
people participation in forestry, agriculture
and village development,
PATA project:
 bottom up approach of agricultural
development
Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development
Project1988
 The goal is to improve the income of small
farmers by supporting their fruit and
vegetable related activities
Shinkiari Tea Research and Development
Programme 1986
 A pioneering tea plantation .

30. WATER RECOURSES IN PAKISTAN

31. RAWAL WATER SHED OF PAKISTAN

32. Thank you