Corruption takes many forms from petty to grand and systemic. Common types of corruption discussed include political, police, judicial, union, and non-governmental corruption. India faces significant challenges with corruption, ranking 94th on transparency international's corruption index. Major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Telgi scam, Satyam scam, Bofors scam, fodder scam, and Hawala scandal. Bihar has seen the highest increase in corruption over time periods from 1990-2010 according to state-level data.

1. *corruption

3. *
 Corruption is a broad term covering a wide
range of misuse of entrusted funds and
power for private gain: Theft, fraud,
nepotism, abuse of power etc. A corrupt act
is often - but not necessarily - illegal. In
handling corruption you will often face a
gray zones and dilemmas
 'the abuse of public office for private gain'.

4. *
Petty corruption
Grand corruption
Systemic corruption

5. *
*Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and within
established social frameworks and governing norms.
*Examples include the exchange of small improper gifts
or use of personal connections to obtain favours.
*This form of corruption is particularly common in
developing countries and where public servants are
significantly underpaid.

6. *
*Grand corruption is defined as corruption
occurring at the highest levels of government
in a way that requires significant subversion of
the political, legal and economic systems.
* Such corruption is commonly found in
countries with authoritarian or dictatorial
governments but also in those without
adequate policing of corruption.

7. *
*Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption) is
corruption which is primarily due to the
weaknesses of an organization or process.
* It can be contrasted with individual officials or
agents who act corruptly within the system.

8. Government/Public sector
Political sector
Police sector
Judicial sector
Unions
Non-Government sector
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*Public sector corruption includes corruption of the
political process and of government agencies such as the
police. Recent research by the World Bank suggests that
who makes policy decisions (elected officials or
bureaucrats) can be critical in determining the level of
corruption because of the incentives different policy-
makers face.

10. *
*Political corruption is the abuse of public
power, office, or resources by elected
government officials for personal gain, e.g. by
extortion, soliciting or offering bribes.
*It can also take the form of office holders
maintaining themselves in office by purchasing
votes by enacting laws which use taxpayers'
money

11. *
*Police corruption is a specific form of police
misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other
personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police officer
or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively
pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of
police corruption is soliciting and/or accepting bribes in
exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings
or other illegal activities. Another example is police officers
flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure
convictions of suspects — for example, through the use
of falsified evidence. More rarely, police officers may
deliberately and systematically participate in organized
crime themselves. In most major cities, there are internal
affairs sections to investigate suspected police corruption or
misconduct. Similar entities include the British Independent
Police Complaints Commission

12. *
*Judicial corruption refers to corruption related misconduct of
judges, through receiving or giving bribes, improper sentencing of
convicted criminals, bias in the hearing and judgement of
arguments and other such misconduct.
*Governmental corruption of judiciary is broadly known in many
transitional and developing countries because the budget is
almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter
undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical
financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth
distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is
subject of the constitutional economics.
*It is important to distinguish between the two methods of
corruption of the judiciary: the government (through budget
planning and various privileges), and the private

13. *
*Labour racketeering is the domination, manipulation, and
control of a labour movement in order to affect related
businesses and industries. It can lead to the denial of
workers’ rights and inflicts an economic loss on the
workers, business, industry, insurer, or consumer.
*Labour unions provide a rich source for organized criminal
groups to exploit: their pension, welfare, and health funds.
There are approximately 75,000 union locals in the U.S.,
and many of them maintain their own benefit funds. In the
mid-1980s, the Teamsters controlled more than 1,000 funds
with total assets of more than $9 billion

14. *
*NGOs and other non-profit organizations are not
immune to corruption and may be linked to
political corruption

15.  India ranked on 94th place in
corruption.
India's image on tackling corruption has
not improved with Transparency
International's Corruption Perception
Index (CPI) placing it at 94th rank out of 176
nations.
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* 1) 2G Spectrum Scam
* We have had a number of scams in India; but none bigger than the scam involving the process of allocating unified
access service licenses. At the heart of this Rs.1.76-lakh crore worth of scam is the former Telecom minister A Raja
– who according to the CAG, has evaded norms at every level as he carried out the dubious 2G license awards in
2008 at a throw-away price which were pegged at 2001 prices.
* 2) Commonwealth Games Scam
* Another feather in the cap of Indian scandal list is Commonwealth Games loot. Yes, literally a loot! Even before
the long awaited sporting bonanza could see the day of light, the grand event was soaked in the allegations of
corruption. It is estimated that out of Rs. 70000 crore spent on the Games, only half the said amount was spent on
Indian sportspersons.
* The Central Vigilance Commission, involved in probing the alleged corruption in various Commonwealth Games-
related projects, has found discrepancies in tenders – like payment to non-existent parties, will-ful delays in
execution of contracts, over-inflated price and bungling in purchase of equipment through tendering – and
misappropriation of funds.
* 3) Telgi Scam
* As they say, every scam must have something unique in it to make money out of it in an unscrupulous manner-
and Telgi scam had all the suspense and drama that the scandal needed to thrive and be busted.
* Abdul Karim Telgi had mastered the art of forgery in printing duplicate stamp papers and sold them to banks and
other institutions. The tentacles of the fake stamp and stamp paper case had penetrated 12 states and was
estimated at a whooping Rs. 20000 crore plus. The Telgi clearly had a lot of support from government departments
that were responsible for the production and sale of high security stamps.
* 4) Satyam Scam
* The scam at Satyam Computer Services is something that will shatter the peace and tranquillity of Indian investors
and shareholder community beyond repair. Satyam is the biggest fraud in the corporate history to the tune of
Rs. 14000 crore.

21. *
*5) Bofors Scam
*The Bofors scandal is known as the hallmark of Indian corruption.
The Bofors scam was a major corruption scandal in India in the
1980s; when the then PM Rajiv Gandhi and several others
including a powerful NRI family named the Hindujas, were
accused of receiving kickbacks from Bofors AB for winning a bid
to supply India’s 155 mm field howitzer.
*The Swedish State Radio had broadcast a startling report about
an undercover operation carried out by Bofors, Sweden’s biggest
arms manufacturer, whereby $16 million were allegedly paid to
members of PM Rajiv Gandhi’s Congress.

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* 6) The Fodder Scam
* If you haven’t heard of Bihar’s fodder scam of 1996, you might still be able to
recognize it by the name of “Chara Ghotala ,” as it is popularly known in the
vernacular language.
* In this corruption scandal worth Rs.900 crore, an unholy nexus was traced
involved in fabrication of “vast herds of fictitious livestock” for which fodder,
medicine and animal husbandry equipment was supposedly procured.
* 7) The Hawala Scandal
* The Hawala case to the tune of $18 million bribery scandal, which came in the
open in 1996, involved payments allegedly received by country’s leading
politicians through hawala brokers. From the list of those accused also included
Lal Krishna Advani who was then the Leader of Opposition.
* Thus, for the first time in Indian politics, it gave a feeling of open loot all around
the public, involving all the major political players being accused of having
accepted bribes and also alleged connections about payments being channelled to
Hizbul Mujahideen militants in Kashmir.
* 8) IPL Scam 9,10) Harshad Mehta & Ketan Parekh Stock Market Scam
* Well, I am running out of time and space over here. The list of scandals in India is
just not ending and becoming grave by every decade. Most of us are aware about
the recent scam in IPL and embezzlement with respect to bidding for various
franchisees. The scandal already claimed the portfolios of two big-wigs in the
form of shashi tharoor and lalit modi.

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State 1990–95 1996-00 2001–05 2006–10
Bihar 0.41 0.30 0.43 0.88
Gujarat 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69
Andhra Pradesh 0.53 0.73 0.55 0.61
Punjab 0.32 0.46 0.46 0.60
Jammu & Kashmir 0.13 0.32 0.17 0.40
Haryana 0.33 0.60 0.31 0.37
Himachal Pradesh 0.26 0.14 0.23 0.35
Tamil Nadu 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.29
Madhya Pradesh 0.23 0.22 0.31 0.29
Karnataka 0.24 0.19 0.20 0.29
Rajasthan 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.27
Kerala 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.27
Maharashtra 0.45 0.29 0.27 0.26
Uttar Pradesh 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.21
Orissa 0.22 0.16 0.15 0.19
Assam 0.21 0.02 0.14 0.17
West Bengal 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.01