describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
Sub: Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management.
Topic: Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio-morphological characteristics of the plants, Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
Sub: Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management.
Topic: Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio-morphological characteristics of the plants, Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought
In this PPT you will learn about the watershed management of different crops, it types, objectives, different factors,its advantages and its dis-advantages and its sailent features etc.,..
so use it effecctively and efficiently.
Introduction
Hydrology
Water cycle
Watershed Development
Integrated Watershed Management
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
conclusion
references
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Water harvesting structures
1.
2. Planning and design of water harvesting structures in a
watershed
Dr. Pawan Jeet
Scientist, Division of Land and Water Management
ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region
Patna, Bihar-800 014
Presentation
3. ?
• Basin, catchment and watershed
• Hydrologic, hydraulic and structural design of
structure
• Irrigation and drainage
• Infiltration and percolation
• Rainfall and drizzle
• Surface water and ground water
• Groundwater recharge and groundwater extraction
• Conjunctive use and consumptive use
4. • Basin/Catchment/Watershed: Geo-hydrological unit which drain water into a
common point/outlet.
• Surface Runoff: Rainfall in excess to the interception, surface storage and
infiltration flows as overland flow and reaches to the outlets as surface runoff.
• Groundwater recharge: Groundwater recharge is a process by which infiltrated
water moves through the vadose zone and joins the water table. Amount of water
reaching to the water table under specific geo-hydrologic and orographic conditions
can be termed as the groundwater recharge potential.
• Water harvesting: capture, diversion, and storage of water obtained from different
freshwater sources for irrigation, domestic, industrial, groundwater recharge and
other uses.
• Rainwater harvesting : system of collection and concentration of rain water and its
runoff and its productive use for Irrigation of annual crops pastures and trees,
domestic and livestock consumption and groundwater recharge.
5. Introduction
• India commands approx. 4% of the global freshwater
resources for supporting 17% of the world’s population.
• Water is a crucial limiting factor for increased food and fibre
production to supply an ever growing population.
• Rainwater is the major source of water and it’s current use
efficiency for crop production ranges between 30 to 45 per
cent and annually 300 to 800 mm of seasonal rainfall is lost as
surface runoff or deep drainage (Wani et al., 2003).
• Every square mile of developed land causes 60.57 million
litres of rain water to directly enter the rivers on a rainy
day!
• India has been divided into 6 Water Resource Region, 35
Basin, 112 Catchments, 550 Sub catchments and 3257
Watersheds (Watershed Atlas of India, Department of
Agriculture and Cooperation ).
6. Conte...
• A watershed can be symbolized as 1A2B3 where “1” stands
for Water Resource Region, “A” designates the Basin in that
river resource region, “2” indicates the Catchment within the
basin, “B” indicates Sub-catchment and “3” stands for the
watershed number in the sequence of stream hierarchy.
Average size and size ranges for each Hydrological Units
Category of Hydrologic Units Size Range (ha)
Water Resource Region 270,00,000-1130,00,000
Basins 30,00,000-300,00,000
Catchments 10,00,000-50,00,000
Sub-catchments 200,000-10,00,000
Watersheds 20,000-300,000
Sub-watersheds 5,000-9,000
Micro-watersheds 500-1,500
7. Need for efficient storage and utilization of water
Major parts of our country have been facing continuous failure
of monsoon and consequent deficit of rainfall over the last few
years.
Also, due to ever increasing population of India, the use of
ground water has increased drastically leading to lowering the
level of groundwater table causing drying up of ponds, wells and
tubewell.
In some places, excessive heat waves during summer create a
situation similar to drought.
It is imperative to take adequate measures to meet the drinking
water needs of the people in the country besides irrigation and
domestic needs.
Out of 8760 hours in a year, most of the rain in India falls in just
100 hours.
8. Water can be harvested in a variety of ways
Directly from roof tops and stored in tanks.
Monsoon run off and water in swollen streams during
the monsoon and storing it in underground tanks.
Water from flooded rivers can be stored in small
ponds.
Collection and transfer of rainwater into percolation
tanks so as to facilitate discharge into ground.
Interlinking of river project.
Proper planning and hydrological modelling.
9. Conservation of water for it’s efficient use
• Appropriate crops
• Improved varieties
• Cropping systems
• Nutrient and pest management options for increasing
the productivity
• Conserving the natural resources
Results
• Increased productivity is achieved through doubling the
rainwater use efficiency (67 vs 37%) and reducing the soil loss
by 75 per cent as compared to the traditional methods of
cultivation (Wani et al., 2003).
10. Hariyali Guidelines (2003)
• New projects under the area development programmes shall be
implemented in accordance with the Guidelines for Hariyali with effect from
1.4.2003.
Criteria may be used in selection of the watersheds:
• Watersheds where People’s participation is assured through contribution of
labour, cash, material etc. for its development as well as for the operation
and maintenance of the assets created.
• Watershed areas having acute shortage of drinking water.
• Watersheds having large population of scheduled castes/scheduled tribes
dependent on it.
• Watershed having a preponderance of non-forest wastelands/degraded lands
and common land.
• Watersheds where actual wages are significantly lower than the minimum
wages.
• Watershed area may be of an average size of 500 hectares, preferably
covering an entire village.
11. Benefits
• To intercept the runoff and moderate peak
flow and volume of runoff
• To increase the time of concentration
• To provide irrigation potential
• To trap sediment
• To increase groundwater recharge
• Reclamation of additional land in down
stream
12. Water harvesting structures
• Percolation Tank
• Check Dams/ Cement Plug/ Nala Bunds
• Pond/ Tank
• Gabion Structure
• Ground Water Dams or Sub-surface Dykes or
Underground Bandharas
• Nadis
• Khadin
• Tanka/ Kund/ Kundi
• Doba (Developed by ICAR-RCER, Patna)
13. Doba water harvesting technology
• Low cost water harvesting technology in Eastern
Hills and Plateau region.
• Size: 3 x 1.5 x 1 m
• Life: 2-3 years
• Cost of construction (Rs): 1000-1200
• Storage capacity: 4500-5000 litres
• Benefit–cost ratio: 2.3 : 1
• Applicability: provide life-saving irrigation to 10
orchard fruit crops for 6 months.
14. Planning concept
• Check dams
This is constructed across rivulets and gullies to control
erosion, prevent gully formation and to arrest the flow of water
to allow it to go underground.
Inexpensive, temporary structures can be constructed using
vegetation, stone or brushwood, available at the site.
Large numbers can be provided to reduce erosion and
formation of gullies.
Permanent check dams can be located at the junction of one or
two streams or gullies using masonry structures.
15. Conte...
• Percolation ponds
It should not be located in heavy soils or soils with impervious
strata, otherwise the top soil should be porous.
The ideal location of the pond will be on a narrow stream with
high ground on either side of the stream.
Simple, economic and efficient surplus arrangement should be
possible.
Pond size should be decided on the basis of the catchment
area.
• Irrigation tanks/ponds
The location should be such that it should receive water from a
large catchment area.
There should be land below the site suitable for irrigation.
The location should be such that it will be a narrow point with
high ground and wide open space in front of the tank location
so that a large quantity can be stored with minimum cost.
16. Collection of data
Data Type Sources
Land Use Land Cover (LULC) NBSS&LUP/Agriculture Department/ Forest
department/NRSC Bhuvan Centre/NGO/Revenue
department/IWMI
Soil Type Harmonized World Soil database
(HWSD)/NBSS&LUP/NRSC Bhuvan Centre/FAO
Topography Shuttle Radar Topography
Mission (SRTM)/Advanced Spaceborne Thermal
Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)
Groundwater Level, Water quality Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)/National
Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad
Climate (i.e., Rainfall, Temperature,
Humidity, Radiation and wind speed),
Crop information
India Meteorological Department (IMD),
Department of Agriculture, Bihar
River flow gauging, Sediment load Central Water Commission (CWC), India WRIS,
Department of Water Resources, Bihar
River Basin Information Central Water Commission (CWC), India WRIS,
Department of Water Resources, Bihar
17. Land use land
cover
Soil
Set up and run SWAT
model
Hydrologic response
unit (HRU)
Rainfall
Climatic
data
Relative
humidity
Land Slope
Temperature
(Min/max)
Digital elevation
model (DEM)
Solar
radiation
Watershed delineation
Wind Speed
Model output
Calibration/Validation/Sensitivity
analysis
River flow
Results
Flow chart for delineation of HRU and estimation of surface runoff
18. Design criteria for water harvesting structures
• Selection of water harvesting site:
Cost of construction, utility and the life of structures depends
on the site.
• Catchment area/ drainage area:
• Water spread area:
• Height of the structure:
function of the availability of runoff water.
Water harvesting structures of heights 1, 2, and 2.5 m are
suitable for the catchments of less than 10, 10 to 20, and 20 to
30 hectares.
He = height of stored water + settlement allowance + freeboard
Settlement allowance is provided 10% of height.
19. Conte...
• Freeboard:
1.5-2m freeboard is provided depending upon the catchment
area.
• Top width:
Tw = 0.6 x H0.5 + 1 m, where H is the maximum height of dam.
By thumb rule, minimum top width of dam should be 2.5 m.
• Bottom width:
Bw = 4 x H x Tw
• Side slope: depends upon the soil texture of sites.
• Storage capacity: using Prismodial formula/ Trapezoidal
formula
Storage capacity= 1/3 x water spread area x height of stored
water
20. Computation of volume
• It is used when odd number of section
are there.
Trapezoidal formula
21. Conte...
• Design of emergency spillway:
Key component in any water storage structure as it protects the
whole construction in case of surplus runoff.
• Calculation of Peak Runoff:
Peak runoff can be computed by the rational formula.
Qp = (C x I x A)/36
Where, Qp= peak runoff rate (m3/sec);
C=runoff coefficient (dimensionless); I= rainfall intensity (cm/hr)
for the design recurrence interval and for the duration equal to
the time of concentration of the watershed; and
A=catchment size (ha).
The values of runoff coefficient (C) are dependent on the
vegetative cover, soil texture and slope.
• Time of concentration of a watershed: Kirpich formula
22. Extent of savings in water and yield improvement due to the improved
management practices in watershed
Technology/Practice Crop Avg. Water
saving (%)
Avg. Increase in
crop yield (%)
Ridge and furrow method Soyabean, cotton,
maize, cowpea,
colocassia
27 8-24
Broad bed furrow Soyabean - 81
Sowing across the slope Soyabean - 33
Compartmental bunding Sorghum - 52
Conservation furrow Cotton, Pigeon pea - 8-60
Sub soiling Groundnut - 11
Plastic mulching - 4.7-45 7.5-22
Rice straw - 30 -
Trench cum bunding - 15 -
Laser levelling Rice-wheat, rice 25 2-5
23. Emerging Issues
• No starting and end point for watershed activity and
continuous training of the farmers and community need to be
sustained.
• How to institutionalize technical backstopping for the
watersheds?
• How to harmonize existing village institutions with watershed
committees and self-help groups and increase their efficiency?
• Policy options for ground water harvesting; issues like bore
wells, use of working strategies and maintenance.
• Sustainable management of watershed strengthening of village
institutions, policies and increased awareness of communities
need to be achieved.
• Need to study on-site and off-site impacts of watershed
development programs.
24.
25. Problem
• Calculate the runoff from a watershed of 50 Ha for the
following data using SCS-CN method. Depth of
rainfall=150mm; Antecedent Moisture condition, AMC I. Row
crop, good condition in 30 Ha; Woodland, good condition in
20Ha.
• Type of crop CN at AMCII AMCI Row crop, good 82 82x0.8=
65.6 Woodland good Woodland, good 55 55x0 65= 35 75
55x0.65= 35.75 Weighted CN = (65.6 x 30 + 35.75 x 20)/ 50 =
53.66
• Using ; S= 219.35 S CN 254 25400 Q = 34.606 mm; Runoff
in response to 150mm P S rainfall