This document provides an overview of key concepts related to water quality parameters and perspectives. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
- Only 3% of the total water on Earth is fresh water that is consumable for human use, and less than 0.003% of total water is accessible to humans in an unpolluted state. Water sustainability is essential to human civilization and development. Various human activities contribute to water contamination through the hydrologic cycle.
- Chemical parameters related to water quality include total suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, metals, nutrients, and other factors. The chemical properties of water are determined by the dissolution of substances and the formation of ions, and concepts like moles,
This features the types of chemical reactions: Combustion, Neutralization, Precipitation and RedOx Reactions.
There are sample in each of the type of reaction that can help the learners understand more about each type.
Basics of Chemistry: Chemical stoichiometryRAJEEVBAYAN1
This material presents quantitative method of numerical measurements involved in a chemical reaction.
this involves quantities such as the measures of mass in grams and the amount of substance in moles.
I am hoping that this material will help to make the concept easier.
This features the types of chemical reactions: Combustion, Neutralization, Precipitation and RedOx Reactions.
There are sample in each of the type of reaction that can help the learners understand more about each type.
Basics of Chemistry: Chemical stoichiometryRAJEEVBAYAN1
This material presents quantitative method of numerical measurements involved in a chemical reaction.
this involves quantities such as the measures of mass in grams and the amount of substance in moles.
I am hoping that this material will help to make the concept easier.
This presentation discusses the various uses of chemical kinetics involved in the unit processes involved in most of the industries these days. I have discussed all the basics and also included 4 examples with detailed description.
Mechanism of the Reaction of Plasma Albumin with Formaldehyde in Ethanol - Wa...IOSR Journals
The Spectrophotometric determination of the acid dissociation/ionisation constant (pKa) of plasma albumin-formaldehyde adduct in both water solution and Ethanol solutions was carried out in this study. The pKa values obtained in both media were used to establish the Bronsted-linear type constants from plots of pKa against logarithm of second order rate constants obtained at varying pHs in the study. The result of the pKa values obtained in both water solution and ethanol-water mixtures were found to be in the range of 5.0 - 8.0. This pointed to the fact that only lysine residue with pKa value 8.3 that might have possibly reacted with formaldehyde in this reaction of all the known amino acid residues in plasma albumin. The corresponding Brønsted-type plots proportionality constants (β) for the reaction in water and ethanol-water mixtures were found to be β = 0.059 and 0.0057 respectively. The reaction mechanisms that have low values for proportionality constants α or β are considered to have a transition state closely resembling the reactant with little proton transfer (Cox et al, 1988). Thus, one would suggest that the cross-linking of formaldehyde with plasma albumin in water and ethanol-water mixtures proceeds through little proton transfer
This presentation discusses the various uses of chemical kinetics involved in the unit processes involved in most of the industries these days. I have discussed all the basics and also included 4 examples with detailed description.
Mechanism of the Reaction of Plasma Albumin with Formaldehyde in Ethanol - Wa...IOSR Journals
The Spectrophotometric determination of the acid dissociation/ionisation constant (pKa) of plasma albumin-formaldehyde adduct in both water solution and Ethanol solutions was carried out in this study. The pKa values obtained in both media were used to establish the Bronsted-linear type constants from plots of pKa against logarithm of second order rate constants obtained at varying pHs in the study. The result of the pKa values obtained in both water solution and ethanol-water mixtures were found to be in the range of 5.0 - 8.0. This pointed to the fact that only lysine residue with pKa value 8.3 that might have possibly reacted with formaldehyde in this reaction of all the known amino acid residues in plasma albumin. The corresponding Brønsted-type plots proportionality constants (β) for the reaction in water and ethanol-water mixtures were found to be β = 0.059 and 0.0057 respectively. The reaction mechanisms that have low values for proportionality constants α or β are considered to have a transition state closely resembling the reactant with little proton transfer (Cox et al, 1988). Thus, one would suggest that the cross-linking of formaldehyde with plasma albumin in water and ethanol-water mixtures proceeds through little proton transfer
Solubility is the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solution at a particular temperature (in grams or moles)
•
The molar solubility (mol/L) is the number of moles of solute that will dissolve in 1L of a saturated solution.
•
The molarity of the dissolved solute in a saturated solution.
•
Solubility (g/L) is the number of grams of solute dissolved in 1 L of a saturated solution.
•
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature in equilibrium with an undissolved excess of the substance.
DETERMINATION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR THE FORMATION OF TRI-IODIDE IONAugustine Adu
A LABORATORY WORK THAT WILL HELP ANYONE TO DETERMINE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT OF TRI-IODIDE ION.
THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT IS NOT DIRECTLY DETERMINED, THIS PIECE WILL GIVE A WAY TO HOW IT IS DONE.
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in waterAnas Maghayreh
Environmental lab
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in water
experiment at JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
by: ANAS MAGHAYREH
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Biotechnology is deemed as the field for the future with a lot of potential for medicine, healthcare, agricultural engineering and energy. To plan for the future, we need to look back at historical perspectives of ownership and, imperialism to examine our roles and duties in this endeavor. Big data, artificial intelligence and internet of things are of course cool things of the future - we need to look at the bigger picture and perspectives to determine the direction of this technology.
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The moral argument and ethical challenges and framework for sustainability through holistic water management in Malaysia. Should we confine to standard approach that only measures cost benefit analysis of social policies to serve the majority of the public and deprive basic rights (water, food, air and life) of the indigenous and rural communities.This lecture combines technical approaches in sustainable water management and philosophical views - to address problems and challenges in climate change and global warming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
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One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Water Quality and System in Environmental Engineering
1. CHAPTER 2. WATER QUALITY:
DEFINITIONS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND PERSPECTIVES
DR. MUNIRA SHAHBUDDIN
Introduction to
Environmental Engineering
IIUM, Malaysia.
2. WORLD WATER
DISTRIBUTION
The earth is covered by 70% water
Only 3% (fresh water) of the total water
are consumable for drink, household,
industrial, domestic purposes.
From the 3%, less than 0.003% is
accessible to human for use (which is
unpolluted).
3. WATER SUSTAINABILITY
Water sustainability is essential to human existence. Civilization
developed around water bodies that could support agriculture,
domestic, transportation and as source for food.
Water is in a constant state of motion, as depicted in the hydrologic
cycle. Human activities contribute to contamination from industrial,
agriculture, domestic use, waste.
The impurities accumulated by water throughout the hydrologic cycle
may be in both suspended and dissolved form – causing pollution in
water reservoir.
4.
5.
6. NUTRIENT LOADING INTO
THE WATER RESERVOIR
Abundance of nutrient –
eutrophication – good, bad
or should be balanced?
7.
8. FORMATION OF ACID RAIN
PRESENCE OF VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUND IN
THE ATMOSPHERE
24. CHEMICAL WATER – QUALITY
PARAMETERS
Water is an essential, universal solvent.
Chemical parameters are related to the solvent capabilities of water.
Chemical parameters:
- Total suspended solid
- Alkalinity
- Hardness
- Flouride
- Metal, organics and nutrients.
25. CHEMISTRY OF SOLUTIONS
Atom is the smallest unit of each of the elements. Atoms are building
blocks from which molecules of elements and compounds are
constructed.
Two hydrogen atoms combine to form a molecule of hydrogen gas
H + H → H2
A mole of an element or compound is its molecular mass expressed
in common mass per unit, usually grams.
One mole of a substance dissolved in sufficient water to make one
liter of solution is called one molar solution.
26. Bonding of elements into compounds sometimes accomplished by
electrical forces resulting from transferred electrons. Dissociation in
water produces species with opposite charges. E.g. NaCl
NaCl ↔ Na + + Cl -
The charged species are called ions, positively charged ions are called
cations and negatively charged ions are called anions.
When ions or radicals react with each other to form new compounds,
the reaction may not always proceed on a one to one basis as was the
case with sodium chloride. They do, however, proceed on an
equivalence basis that can be related to electroneutrality.
The equivalence of an element or radical is its gram molecular mass
divided by its equivalence. A miliequivalence us the molecular mass
expressed in miligrams divided by its equivalence.
27. CALCULATING EQUIVALENCE
HOW MANY GRAMS OF CALCIUM WILL BE REQUIRED TO COMBINE WITH 90G OF
CARBONATE TO FORM CALCIUM CARBONATE
SOLUTION
1. Carbonate (CO3
2-) is a radical composed of carbon and oxygen. In this particular
combination, carbon has an atomic mass of 12 and a valance of 4+, while oxygen
has an atomic mass of 16 and valance of -2. Therefore, the radical has a total
valance of -2 and an equivalence of 2. One equivalence of carbonate is
12+3 (16)
2
= 30 g/equiv
2. The calcium ion has an atomic mass of 40 and a valance of +2; therefore, one
equivalent of calcium is
40
2
= 20 g/equiv
28. 3. The number of equivalents of calcium must be equal the number of equivalents of
carbonate, therefore
90𝑔
30 𝑔/𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
= 3 equiv of carbonate
Therefore, 3 equiv x 20 g/equiv = 60g of calcium, and that amount will be required
to react with 90 g of carbonate.
Equivalents are very important in water chemistry to calculate the measurement of
chemical quantities for desired reaction in water and waste water treatment.
The concentration of A can be expressed as an equivalent concentration of substrate
B by the following method.
𝑔
𝐿
𝐴
𝑔
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
𝐴
x (g/equiv)B = (g/L) A expressed as B (2-2)
29. DETERMINING EQUIVALENT
CONCENTRATION
WHAT IS THE EQUIVALENT CaCO3 CONCENTRATION OF (A) 117 mg/L OF NaCl AND (B) 2 X10-3
MOL OF NaCl
A)
i) One equivalent of CaCO3
40+12+3(16)
2
= 50 g/equiv = 50,000 mg/equiv = 50 mg/mequiv
ii) One equivalent of NaCl
23+35.5
1
= 58.5 g/equiv = 58.5 mg/mequiv
By equation (2-2)
117 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
58.5 𝑚𝑔/𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
x 50 mg/mequiv = 100 mg/L of NaCl as CaCO3
30. B) 2 x10-3 mol of NaCl
One mole of a substance is divided by its valence is one equivalent
2 x10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
= 2 x10-3 equiv/L
Thus 2 x10-3 x 50,000 mg/equiv = 100 mg/L
31. The solid form NaCl may be dissociating into its ionic components (dissolution) or
recombine to form solid (precipitation)
Conditions of equilibrium can be expressed by the mass action equation. For
generalized reaction
AxBy ↔ xA + yB
Solid compound Ionic compound
The mass action equation is
[𝐴] 𝑥[𝐵] 𝑦
[𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 𝑦]
= K
K value is an equilibrium constant for a given substance in pure water at
a given temperature.
[𝐴 𝑥 𝐵𝑦] = 𝐾𝑠 = constant and [𝐴] 𝑥
[𝐵] 𝑦
= K𝐾𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠𝑝
𝐾𝑠𝑝 is known as solubility product for the ion pair
32. DETERMINING EQUILIBRIUM
CONCENTRATIONS
The solubility product for the dissociation of Mg(OH)2 is shown in Table 2-3 as
9x10-12 Determine the concentration of Mg2+ and OH -at equilibrium, expressed
as miligrams per liter of CaCO3
Solution
1. Write the equation for the reaction
Mg(OH)2 ↔ Mg2+ and 2OH-
2. The solubility of the product equation becomes
[Mg2+ ] [OH- ]2 = 9x10-12
If x is the number of moles of Mg2+ resulting from the dissociation, then OH- is
equal to 2x, Therefore
33. [x] [2x]2 = 9x10-12
4x3 = 9x10-12
X = 1.3𝑥10 − 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 = Mg
2X = 2.6x10-4 mol/L = OH
3.
1.3x10−4 mol/L
0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
x 50,000 mg/equiv = 13.0 mg/L of Mg as CaCO3
4.
2.6x10−4 mol/L
1𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
x 50,000 mg/equiv = 13.0 mg/L of Mg as CaCO3
35. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
The material remaining in the water after filtration for the suspended solids
analysis is considered to be dissolved.
Many dissolved substances are undesirable in water – aesthetically
displeasing color, taste and odor.
It is important to arrange the cation and anions in order to determine
hardness and the quantities of chemicals needed for softening.
Several constituents of dissolved solid necessitate special attention such as
alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, metals, organic and nutrient.
36. TESTING FOR ION BALANCE
TESTS FOR COMMON IONS ARE RUN ON A SAMPLE OF WATER AND THE RESULTS
ARE SHOWN BELOW. IF A 10 PERCENT ERROR IN THE BALANCE IS ACCEPTABLE,
SHOULD THE ANALYSIS BE CONSIDERED COMPLETE.
Constituents
Ca2+ = 55 mg/L HCO3- = 250 mg/L
Mg2+ = 18 mg/L SO42- = 60 mg/L
Na+ = 98 mg/L Cl- = 89 mg/L
Ion Cations Ions Anions
Conc
Mg/L
Equiv
mg/mequ
iv
Equiv
con.
Mg/L
Conc
Mg/L
Equiv
mg/mequ
iv
Equiv
con.
Mg/L
Ca2+ 55 40/2 2.75 HCO3- 250 61/1 4.1
Mg2+ 18 24.3/2 1.48 SO42 60 96/2 1.25
Na+ 98 23/1 4.26 Cl- 89 35.5/1 2.51
Total ions 8.49 7.86
37. Calculate percent of error
8.49−7.89
7.89
X 100 = 8%
Therefore, accept analysis.
38. ALKALINITY
Constituents of alkalinity in natural water systems include CO32-,
HCO3-, OH-, HSiO3, H2BO3, HPO42-, HS- and NH30. These compounds
result from the dissolution of mineral substances in the soil and
atmosphere.
Phosphates may originate from detergents in wastewater discharges
and from fertilizer, insecticides while ammonia and sulphide may be
products of microbial decomposition.
By far the most common constituents of alkalinity are bicarbonate
(HCO3-), carbonate (CO32-) and hydroxide (OH-)
43. HARDNESS
Concentration of multivalent metallic cations in solutions. At
supersaturated conditions, the hardness cations will react with anions
in the water to form a solid precipitate.
Hardness is classified as carbonate hardness and non carbonate
hardness. Depending on the anion with which it associates.
Sources
Multivalent metallic ions – magnesium, calcium, strontium and
aluminium.
45. PROBLEMS WITH
HARDWATER
- Excessive use of detergent
- Abundance of nutrient
- Hardly dissolve chemicals
- How to improve chemical reaction with
hardwater?