Sedimentation And Purification of Water
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Aeration oxidizes organic matter and removes substances like iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and VOCs from water. It increases dissolved oxygen and is often the first major process in water treatment. There are two methods of aeration: passing water through air and passing air through water. Common aerator types include cascade, cone, and spray aerators. Sedimentation is the process where suspended materials settle by gravity in water. It follows coagulation and flocculation to remove floc created by chemicals. There are three main classes of particles that settle at different rates. Sedimentation basins come in rectangular, circular, and hopper-bottomed designs. The case study describes an
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Screening is the first step in wastewater treatment and involves removing coarse materials from incoming wastewater using screens with openings to retain suspended solids. Screens come in different sizes and types, and are either manually or mechanically cleaned, with objectives of reducing load on downstream processes and preventing damage to equipment. Hydraulic considerations for screens include adequate flow velocity through the screen and minimizing head loss, while screenings are typically disposed of in landfills.
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- There are three main types of grit chambers: horizontal flow, aerated, and vortex. Horizontal flow uses gravity settling, aerated uses air to create spiral flow, and vortex uses tangential inflow to induce a vortex.
- Grit chamber design considers the settling velocity and size of grit particles. Parameters like detention time, number of units, flow velocity, and loss of head are also designed.
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The document discusses various physical unit operations used in wastewater treatment - screening, grit removal, and equalization. It provides details on:
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Sedimentation
"SEDIMENTATION"
INTRODUCTION - THE PHENOMENON OF SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the physical process whereby solid particles, of greater density than their suspending medium, will tend to separate into regions of higher concentration under the influence of gravity. As a solids/liquids separation technique it therefore possesses the great advantage of utilizing a natural, and therefore costless, driving force. This section of the suspension processing Guide is Intended to provide an Introduction to the science of the subject, and the means to judge where and how best to exploit sedimentation as a separation (or other processing) technique.
As a scientific discipline the subject of sedimentation is vast with perspectives ranging from the field of chemical engineering through to theoretical physics being covered In the literature [1-11]. Good reviews of the subject, with a bias towards the engineering aspects, have been written by Fitch and Koz [12, 13]. A short summary of some of the more relevant contributions from the literature is also provided in GBHE-SPG-PEG-302 “Basic Principles & Test Methods”, of the Suspensions Processing Guides.
.
The sedimentation process is traditionally divided into ..."
Reservoir
Types, Investigations, Site selection, Zones of storage, Safe yield, Reservoir capacity, Reservoir sedimentation and control.
Design criteria for waste water treatment
Design of racks, screens, grit chamber, aeration units, sedimentation
tanks, activated sludge and trickling filter processes, rotating biological
contactors, sludge digesters and drying beds
Waster water treatment
Physical unit operation-Screening, flow equalization, mixing, flocculation,
sedimentation. Chemical unit processes-Chemical precipitation.
Biological unit processes: Aerobic attached growth and aerobic
suspended growth treatment processes, anaerobic suspended growth
treatment process. Low Cost Sanitation System: septic tanks, soak pit,
stabilization ponds
sedimentation for Engineers
Unit processes* designed to
remove _________________________
remove __________ ___________
inactivate ____________
*Unit process: a process that is used in similar ways in many different applications
Unit Processes Designed to Remove Particulate Matter
Screening
Coagulation/flocculation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Waste Water Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT, Physical unit operation, Chemical unit operation, Biological unit operation, Preliminary Treatment, Screening, Comminution, Flotation, Grit Removal, Preliminary treatment, Primary treatment, Secondary treatment, Tertiary/advanced treatment, Biological treatment Processes (Aerobic Process), Activated Sludge, Oxidation ditch, Trickling filter, Biofilter (Biotower), Rotating biological contactor, Facultative Stabilization ponds, Aerated lagoons, Return Activated Sludge (R.A.S), Waste Activated Sludge (W.A.S),
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Sedimentation And Purification of Water
- 2. • Aeration is the process of bringing water and air into close contact in order to remove dissolved gases, such as carbon dioxide, and to oxidize dissolved metals such as iron. It can also be used to remove volatile organic chemicals (VOC) in the water. • Aeration is often the first major process at the treatment plant. During aeration, constituents are removed or modified before they can interfere with the treatment processes FunctionsOfAeration • Oxidation of organic matter • To increase dissolved oxygen content • To reduce the concentration of taste and odor causing substances, such as hydrogen sulfide and various organic compounds, by volatilization / stripping or oxidation • To oxidize iron and manganese, rendering them insoluble • Flocculation of colloids in sewage influent • To remove those compounds that may in some way interfere with or add to the cost of subsequent water treatment Definition
- 3. Discussion Of Chemical Substances Affected By Aeration • Volatile organic chemicals, such as benzene, found in gasoline, or trichloroethylene, dichloroethylene etc • Carbon dioxide • Hydrogen sulfide (rotten-egg odor) • Methane (flammable) • Iron (will stain clothes and fixtures) • Manganese (black stains) • Various chemicals causing taste and odor
- 4. Methods Of Aeration Passing Water Through Air Passing Air Through Water
- 5. Aerator Types Cascade Aerators Cone Aerators Spray Aerators
- 6. Cascade Aerators How it Works: • With Cascade Aerators, aeration is accomplished by natural draft units that mix cascading water with air that is naturally inducted into the water flow. Cascade water is pumped to the top of the aerator, and cascades over a series of trays. Air is naturally inducted into the water flow to accomplish iron oxidation and some reduction in dissolved gasses. WesTech’s Cascade Aerators are of non-corroding, all aluminum or stainless construction and have no moving parts, making them maintenance free and inexpensive to buy and operate.
- 8. Operational Testing • Three basic control tests are involved in the operation of the aeration process: • Dissolved oxygen • pH • Temperature
- 10. Sedimentation, or clarification, is the process of letting suspended material settle by gravity. Suspended material may be particles, such as clay or silts, originally present in the source water. More commonly, suspended material or floc is created from material in the water and the chemical used in coagulation or in other treatment processes, such as lime softening. (see Coagulation and Flocculation chapter) Sedimentation is accomplished by decreasing the velocity of the water being treated to a point below which the particles will no longer remain in suspension. When the velocity no longer supports the transport of the particles, gravity will remove them from the flow. Definition
- 12. Sedimentation Tank Rectangular Circular Hopper-Bottomed
- 13. Classes Of Particles Settling : Type 1 i) Particles settle discretely at a constant velocity ii) Settle as individual particles and do not flocculate. E.g. : Sand, grit material iii) Occurs during : • Pre‐sedimentation for sand removal • Settling of sand during rapid sand filter cleaning iv) Concentration : very low Type 2 i) Flocculate during sedimentation ii) Size constantly changing iii) Settling velocity is changing iv) Settling velocity increase with depth and extent of flocculation. v) Occurs during : • Alum or iron coagulation vi) Concentration : low Type 3 or Zone i) Settle as mass and form a layer – “blanket ii) Concentration high (greater than 1000 mg/L) iii) Distinct clear zone and sludge zone are present. iv) Occurs during : • Lime‐softening sedimentation • Sludge thickeners in water treatment.
- 14. `
- 15. Case Study • Maximum Capacity: 18mGd • Daily Average: 11mGd • Turbidity: Maximum 7000 ntu (Rainy day) 7000 ntu reduced to 5 ntu On that day 1000 ntu • 2 Aerators- Cascade Aerator • 5 Clarifiers- Circular Clarifiers • 2- 4.5 mG • 3- 2.5 mG • Detention time- 3 hrs • Reservoir- 15ft deep, 100m wide on both sides