Waste is generated from human activities and comes in various forms. The document discusses different types of wastes like solid, liquid, hazardous, and non-hazardous wastes. It also explains the causes of waste generation like population growth, urbanization, and lack of proper waste management systems. Further, it categorizes wastes based on their properties as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and their potential effects on the environment. The key types discussed are municipal solid waste, clinical waste, hazardous waste, and industrial waste. Proper waste management and disposal is important to address environmental pollution and impacts.

1. Assignment of Environmental Biology
Assignment no #03
Topic:
Waste Types and disposalmanagement
Department of Bs Biotechnology
Submitted to:
Miss MahwishBatoolKazmi
Submitted by:
Rizwan Abbas
BsBT-13-F-043
Date:May 28, 2015
Bahauddin Zakariya University Lahore Campus

2. Waste Types and disposal management
Table of contents
S.no Title Sub titles Page
A
Introduction.  Define Waste
 Explanation 01
B
Generation of waste  Reasons/ Causes
 How waste are produced
03
05
C
Types of wastes  General waste types
 Categories
07
D
Effects of waste  Harms
 Pollution and its impact in
environment
08
10
E
Waste disposal management  Importance
 Methods
11
F
Applications  Waste disposal in different States
 How we reduce waste generation.
 General principal Preserve
Environment
13

3. A. Introduction?
What are wastes?
Waste can be loosely defined as any material that is considered to be of no further
use to the owner and is, hence, discarded. However, most discarded waste can be
reused or recycled. Waste is generated universally and is a direct consequence of
all human activities.
Waste and wastes implies unwanted or unusable materials. The term is often
subjective (because waste to one person is not necessarily waste to another) and
sometimes objectively inaccurate (for example, to send scrap metals to a landfill is
to inaccurately classify them as waste, because they are recyclable).
Wastes are the substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed ofor are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”
Explanation: Waste is defined as any unwanted item or substances resulting from
human activity or process.Wastes are generally classified into solid, liquid and
gaseous. Gaseous waste is normally vented to the atmosphere, either with or
without treatment depending on composition and the specific regulations of the
country involved. Liquid wastes are commonly discharged into sewers or rivers,
which in many countries is subject to legislation governing treatment before
discharge. In many parts of the world such legislation either does not exist or is not
sufficiently implemented
Waste is
defined as any
unwanted item
or substances
resulting from
human activity
or process

4. Waste generation
The availability and quality of annual data are major problems for the waste sector.
Solid waste and wastewater data are lacking for many countries, data quality is
variable, definitions are not uniform, and interannual variability is often not well
quantified. Waste generation is closely linked to population, urbanization and
affluence. In most developed and developing countries with increasing population,
prosperity and urbanization, it remains a major challenge for municipalities to
collect, recycle, treat and dispose of increasing quantities of solid waste and
wastewater. A cornerstone of sustainable development is the establishment of
affordable, effective and truly sustainable waste management practices in
developing countries. It must be further emphasized that multiple public health,
safety and environmental co benefits accrue from effective waste management
practices.
A report on waste generation
Countries Amount /year
Japan 395 M tonnes/year
Germany 104 M tonnes/year
Netherlands 6.1 M tonnes/year
Hungary 102 M tonnes/year
Poland 130 M tonnes/year
Romania 607 M tonnes/year
Bahrain 92,000 tonnes/year
China 6 B tonnes/year
Philippines 1.3 M tonnes/year

5. Causes ofWaste generation
The generation of waste is an inevitable part of human activity. It is produced
either as a by product of production processes, or arises from the domestic or
commercial sector when objects or materials are discarded after use.The natural
environment is the recipient of human waste materials. Many of these are
completely different to natural materials. It would appear that most environmental
problems arise. We therefore need to manage the quantities of waste produced, and
how it is disposed of.
Lack of recycling facilities
 Recycling is often defined to encompass also waste-to-energy activities and
biological treatment. For practical reasons a more narrow definition is used
here: Recycling is defined as recovery of material resources (typically paper,
glass, metals and plastics, sometimes wood and food waste) from the waste
stream.
 Some countries do not use these broad waste categories but a more detailed
classification, e.g., the Regulation of the European Parliament and Council
on waste statistics that does not include municipal solid waste as a category.
 Wet waste is not treated before measuring, while dry weight is estimated
after drying waste under certain temperature, ventilation and time conditions
before measuring. In the conversions in this Volume the assumption is that
no moisture is left in the dry matter
Sludge
 Sludge from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants is
addressed as a separate waste category in this Volume.

6.  In some countries, sludge from domestic wastewater treatment is included in
MSW and sludge from industrial wastewater treatment in industrial waste.
Countries may also include all sludge in industrial waste.
 When country-specific categorization is used, it should be documented
transparently.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Municipal waste is generally defined as waste collected by municipalities or other
local authorities. However, this definition varies by country. Typically, MSW
includes:
Household waste;
Garden (yard) and park waste; and
Commercial / institutional waste.
Types of Wastes basedonstate of waste
Wastes are the substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed ofor are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”

7. Solid wastes: Domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes. Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers,
bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes:wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds,
manufacturing industries and other sources
Types of waste onbasis of properties
Bio-degradable
Bio-degradable wastes are those wastes which can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits
and others)
Non-biodegradable
Non-biodegradable wastes are those wastes which cannot be degraded (plastics,
bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others)
Type of waste according to effect
Hazardous wastes. Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the
country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the
territory of the Philippines
Non hazardous wastes. Substances safe to use commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the
country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the
territory of the Philippines
House hold Solid waste Industrial waste includes both solid & liquid

8. GeneralCategories
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Hazardous materials are substances that have hazardous characteristics such as:
flammable, corrosive, reactive, toxic, radioactive, poisonous, carcinogenic, or
infectious. In a general sense, wastes that contain these materials are considered
hazardous because they present a potential risk to humans and/or the environment.
Hazardous waste management plans generally separate waste into three broad
groups: radioactive, chemical, and biohazardous.
Radioactive waste is classified as either low-level or high-level waste. Low-level
waste is typical of that found at medical and research institutions (such as
Michigan State University) while high-level waste is typical of that generated at
nuclear reactors. At Michigan State University, a radioactive waste is any waste
with detectable radioactivity that is generated from procedures involving licensed
radioactive material.
Chemical waste includes a wide range of material such as discarded commercial
chemical products (DCCP), process wastes, and wastewater. Some chemicals and
chemical mixtures are hazardous wastes because they are specifically listed by the
EPA. A chemical waste that is not listed by the EPA is still a hazardous waste if it
has one or more of EPA's four hazardous characteristics: ignitablity, corrosivity,
reactivity or toxicity.
Biohazardous waste is a term used to describe different types of waste that might
include infectious agents. Currently, the following waste categories are considered
to be biohazardous waste.
Medical waste means any solid waste which is generated in the diagnosis,
treatment (e.g., provision of medical services), or immunization of human beings
or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of
biologicals, as well as all categories defined by the Michigan Medical Waste
Regulatory Act (MMWRA).
Regulated waste as defined by the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act
(MIOSHA) on Bloodborne Infectious Diseases.
 Clinical, chemical
and industrial
wastes are toxic for
environment
 Animal wastes are
non toxic

9. Laboratory waste and regulated waste as defined in the “Guidelines For
Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules” (NIH) and the CDC/NIH
“Guidelines on Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.”
PathologicalWaste (e.g.,animal carcasses).
Clinical waste: These wastes include materials like plastic syringes, animal
tissues, bandages, cloths, etc. Some countries choose to include these items in the
MSW. Clinical waste is usually incinerated. However, some clinical waste may be
disposed in SWDS. No regional or country-specific default data are given for
clinical waste generation and management. In most countries, the amount of
greenhouse gas emissions due to clinical waste appears to be insignificant.
Hazardous waste:
Waste oil, waste solvents, ash, cinder and other wastes with hazardous nature,
such as flammability, explosiveness, causticity, and toxicity, are included in
hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are generally collected, treated and disposed
separately from non-hazardous MSW and industrial waste streams. Some
hazardous wastes are incinerated and can contribute to the fossil CO2 emissions
from incineration. Neutralization and cement solidification are also treatment
processes for hazardous waste. These processes applied together to organic sludge
or other liquid-like waste with hazardous nature can reduce (or delay) greenhouse
gas emissions at SWDS by isolation.
In many countries it is prohibited to dispose hazardous waste at SWDS without
pre-treatment. Emissions from solid waste disposal of hazardous waste are likely to
be small. No regional or country-specific default data are given for hazardous
waste generation and management.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL WASTE
A chemical waste is considered to be a hazardous waste if it is specifically listed
by the EPA as a hazardous waste or if it meets any of the four hazardous
characteristics below*. If a chemical waste is not on the EPA list of hazardous
wastes, and does not meet any of the hazardous waste characteristics, it is a
nonhazardous waste†.
Hazardous Waste Characteristics
1. Ignitable Waste
A liquid that has a flash point of less than 140° F.
A solid that is capable of causing fire through friction or absorption of
moisture, or can undergo spontaneous chemical change that can result in vigorous
and persistent burning.
A substancethat is an ignitable compressed gas or oxidizer.

10. 2. Corrosive Waste
An aqueous solution which has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or
equal to 12.5 is a corrosive waste.
3. Reactive Waste
A material that is normally unstable or undergoes violent chemical change without
detonating.
A material that can react violently with water to form potentially explosive
mixtures or can generate dangerous or possibly lethal gases (cyanide or sulfide
bearing).
A material capable of detonation or explosive reaction.
4. Toxic Waste
A waste that contains one of the constituents in concentrations equal to or
greater than the values shown in is a toxic waste.
A chemical waste can also be classified as either a process waste or a discarded
commercial chemical product (DCCP). This distinction is important when
manifesting and labeling. A process waste is any waste that, by virtue of some use,
process or procedure, no longer meets the manufacturer’s original product
specifications. Examples of process wastes are chromatography effluents, diluted
chemicals, reaction mixtures, contaminated paper, etc.
A discarded commercial chemical product is the original (virgin) material, in the
original container. Examples of DCCP are small bottles of unused or outdated
chemicals from laboratories, dark rooms, or service areas.
* Most of the chemicals in the Hazardous Materials Table are EPA listed wastes or
common laboratory wastes with a hazardous characteristic.
Agricultural waste:
Manure management and burning of agricultural residues are considered in the
AFOLU Volume. Agricultural waste which will be treated and/or disposed with
other solid waste may however be included in MSW or industrial waste. For
example, such waste may include manure, agricultural residues, dead body of live
stock, plastic film for greenhouse and mulch.
Impact of wastes
 Affects our health
 Affects our socio-economic conditions
 Affects our coastal and marine environment
 Affects our climate

11.  Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change
precipitation and other local climate conditions.
 Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water
supplies.
 This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of
ecosystems.
 Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of
our national parks might be permanently altered.
 Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will
become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward
increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and
drier soils.
 Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for
specific areas.
 Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere:
 Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and
nitrous oxide (N20).
 C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and
wood products, and solid waste.
 CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the
raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas,
and oil.
 N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as
during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US
emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.
What we should do?
• Reduce Waste
• Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all
draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information
available electronically.
• Improve productdesign to use less materials.
• Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.

12. • Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.
• Switch to reusable transport containers.
• Purchase products in bulk.
Reuse
• Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.
• Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file
folders, and paper.
• Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.
• Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.
• Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new
ones.
Waste disposalmethods
As wastes are very harm full to the environment so its disposal has a prime
importance for environmental maintenance.
Some of the waste managing methods includes
 Recycling
 Reuse
 Combustion
 Dumping
Waste
managing
in world
by
different
methods

13. Pharmaceuticalwaste managing
Sound management of pharmaceutical products facilitates waste minimization and
is of prime importance to better waste management in general. Disposal of small
amounts of chemical or pharmaceutical waste is easy and relatively cheap; large
amounts require the use of special treatment facilities.
Disposalofsmall quantities of pharmaceuticalwaste
The disposal options for small quantities of pharmaceutical waste include those
outlined in the following paragraphs.
Landfill disposal
Small quantities of pharmaceutical waste produced on a daily basis may be land
filled provided that they are dispersed in large quantities of general waste.
Cytotoxic and narcotic drugs, however, should never be land filled, even in small
quantities.
Encapsulation
Small quantities of pharmaceutical waste may be encapsulated, together with
sharps if appropriate.
Safe burial on hospital premises
Safe burial of small quantities of pharmaceutical waste prevents scavenging and
may be an appropriate disposal method for establishments applying minimal
programmes. Discharge to a sewer Moderate quantities of relatively mild liquid or
semi-liquid pharmaceuticals, such as solutions containing vitamins, cough syrups,
intravenous solutions, eye drops, etc. (but not antibiotics or cytotoxic drugs), may
be diluted in a large ßow of water and discharged into municipal sewers.
It is not acceptable, however, to discharge even small quanti-ties of pharmaceutical
waste into slow-moving or stagnant water bodies.
Incineration
Small quantities of pharmaceutical waste may be incinerated together with
infectious or general waste, provided that they do not form more than 1% of the
total waste (in order to limit potentially toxic emissions to the air).
Disposaloflarge quantities of pharmaceuticalwaste
Large quantities of solid pharmaceutical waste may have to be dealt with if a
pharmacy closes down, for example, or after emergencies
The treatment methods outlined in the following paragraphs are suitable.
Incineration
Incineration is the best way to dispose of pharmaceutical waste. The wastes should
be mixed with their cardboard packaging, and possibly with other combustible
material and infectious waste, to ensure optimal combustion conditions. Low-
temperature incineration (<800°C), however, provides only limited treatment for
this type of waste; it is not recommended unless it is followed by combustion in a

14. second chamber, operating at temperatures about 1000°C, to burn off potentially
toxic exhaust gases that may be produced. Ideally, large amounts of
pharmaceuticals should be treated in incinerators designed for industrial waste
(including rotary kilns), which can operate at high temperatures (>1200°C).
Cement kilns are also particularly suited to the treatment of pharmaceuticals; in
many countries,
Encapsulation
Solid, liquid, and semi-liquid waste can be encapsulated in metal drums Land
filling of large quantities of pharmaceuticals is not recommended unless the waste
is encapsulated and disposed of in sanitary landfill sites, where the risk of
groundwater contamination is minimized. Large amounts of pharmaceutical waste
should not be disposed of with general hospital waste, nor should they be diluted
and discharged into sewers (except for certain very mild solutions, such as vitamin
preparations).
Chemicaldegradation
Chemical degradation methods, which convert cytotoxic compounds into non
toxic/non-genotoxic compounds, can be used not only for drug residues but also
for cleaning of contaminated urinals, spillages, and protective clothing. The
methods are appropriate for developing countries.
Recycling and reuse
Recycling and reuse of radioactive materials should be considered as an alternative
to disposal, if circumstances permit. Possibilities include:
 reuse of sealed sources;
 decontamination and reuse of equipment and protective clothing;
 reuse of dilute waste streams (for rinsing and washing of waste tanks that
contained liquid waste with higher radioactivity content).
 The reuse and/or recycling of radioactive materials should be subject to
approval by the regulatory authority. Special attention should be given both
to the implications of producing secondary waste streams, and to the need to
ensure that sealed sources are in a serviceable condition and suitable for the
intended application.
 Spent sealed sources should not be recycled by the health-care institutions
Discharge/disposal
Although management may involve the concentration and containment of
radioactive waste, it may also involve the discharge of waste (for example, of
liquid and gaseous waste) into the environment. This may be done only within the
limits authorized by the regulatory authority, and should take into account
subsequent dispersion. For all practical purposes this is an irreversible action and is
considered suitable only for limited amounts of certain radioactive wastes. The

15. health-care institution should ensure that radionuclide’s are not released to the
environment unless Disposal is the step in the management of radioactive waste.
Essentially,
It involves the placement of radioactive waste in a disposal facility that provides
reasonable assurance of safety; in general there is no intention of retrieval, and no
long-term surveillance or maintenance of environment.
Recycling

16. REFERENCES
 http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED353915
 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517714001022
 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6783/full/405208a0.html
 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517714001022
 https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9TdcnC98eRwC&oi=fn
d&pg=PP2&dq=Environmental+Ethics&ots=weaTFVbSbA&sig=YHzXcvP
Pp4wdiiHWdrrIGsZuIwA#v=onepage&q=Environmental%20Ethics&f=fals
e
 http://philpapers.org/browse/ecology-and-conservation-biology
 www.wikipedia.com/wastes
 A text bookof Ecology By Dr Haq NAwaz Chap#14

 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/waste/S0265678