Municipal solid waste in Kurdistan is classified and characterized. Solid waste is generated from various domestic, commercial, and industrial sources. The average waste generation in Erbil, Kurdistan is 0.42 kg per person per day. Over 46% of the waste stream is food and garden waste. Integrated solid waste management includes reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. Landfill gas can be captured from decomposing waste and used as an energy source through combustion or energy production. Proper landfill design and operation is needed to collect gas and prevent environmental and health impacts.

1. ENERGY RECOVERY FROM
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN KURDISTAN
(WASTE-TO-ENERGY)
Mahmoud Mahmoud
Assistant Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Cihan University – Erbil
March 04,2020

2. What is Waste?

3. Types
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Gaseous Waste

4. Classification of Waste
 On the basis of Physical State
–Solid Waste
–Liquid Waste
–Gaseous Waste
 According to Original Use
–Food Waste
–Packaging Waste etc.

5. Material
–Glass
–Paper etc.
Physical Properties
–Compostable
–Combustible
–Recyclable
Sources
–Domestic(MSW)
–Commercial
–Industrial
Safety Level
–Hazardous
–Nonhazardous
The classification
on the basis of
source is widely
adopted and is
used.

6. The important parameters
to characterize the waste
are:
 Waste composition
 Moisture content
 Waste particle size
 Waste density
 Temperature and pH

7. Sources of Solid Wastes
 Agricultural Waste : Waste arising from
agricultural practice.
 Mining Waste: Mainly inert material
from mineral extracting industries.
 Energy Production Waste: Waste from
energy production units including ash from
coal burning.
 Industrial Waste: Wastes generated by
various industries.

8. Dredging Waste: Organic and mineral
wastes from dredging operations.
Construction and Demolition Waste:
Bricks, brick bats, concrete, asphaltic material,
pipes etc.
Treatment Plant Waste: Solids from grit
chambers, sedimentation tank, sludge digesters
of waste water treatment plant.
Residential Waste: Garbage including food
waste, paper, crockery and ashes from fires,
furniture.

9. Commercial Waste: Similar to
residential wastes produced from offices,
shops, restaurants etc.
Institutional Waste: Similar to
residential wastes plus hazardous, explosive,
pathological and other wastes which are
institution specific (hospital, research institute
etc.)

10. Municipal Solid Wastes
What is Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ?
The MSW refers to all wastes collected by
local authority or municipality and is the most
diverse category of waste.
MSW comprises all wastes except agricultural,
mining, energy production and dredging
wastes.

13. Waste Quantities
Quantity of solid waste generated (million tons
per year)
Country Agricult
ural
Mining C&D Sewage
sludge
Energy
Producti
on
Industry MSW
UK 260 240 35 27 13 62 110
USA - 1400 31.5 8.4 63 430 133
INDIA - 700-
900
7.2 - 60 - 24
ERBIL 400
Ton/day

14. Quantities of MSW generated in different
countries
Country Kg/person/day
India 0.25 to0.33
Srilanka 0.40
Singapore 0.85
UK 0.95 to 1.0
Japan 1.12
USA 1.25 to 2.25
Erbil 0.420

15. Characteristics of Solid Waste
in Erbil
 The general composition of solid waste being
generated in Erbil is 46% Food & Garden
waste, 5% glass & Ceramics, 3% Metal, 4%
Plastic/ Rubber, 6 % and 36 % Paper.
 recycled or it is potentially recyclable (13.79%
can be recycled, 85.87% is
 Food remains represent the largest

16. Management of Solid waste
There are two
fundamental objectives of
solid waste management.
To minimize the waste.
To manage the waste
still produced.

17. Hierarchy of Integrated SWM
17
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling and
composting
Incineration
Landfill

18. Resource Recovery Through Waste
Processing
 Biological Treatment
 Composting
 Anaerobic digestion/Biogasification
 Thermal Treatment
 Incineration
 Refuse Derived Fuel Burning
 Physical Treatment
 Making building blocks/bricks from inert waste
 Chemical Treatment
 To recover compounds such as glucose, synthetic oil and
cellulose acetate etc.

19. Method of disposal
1. Open Dumping
2.Controlled Sanitary Landfill
3. Incineration
4. Composting

20. The components of the
engineered landfill are
– Liner system
– Leachate collection and treatment
facility
– Gas collection and treatment facility
– Final cover system
– Surface water drainage system
– An environmental monitoring system
– A closure and post closure plan

29. Cell Construction
 All solid wastes received are spread and compacted in cells or
layers within a confined area.
 Cell: compacted wastes and daily cover material (3 m high)
 Lift: a series of adjoining cells, all same height (3~5 m)
 Orderly operations: maintain a narrow working face
 Cover material: function of surface of wastes to be covered,
thickness of the soil needed to perform the particular
functions, and cell configuration
 Cell: rectangular in surface area, its sides sloped as steeply
as practical operation will permit. Optimum: 10%, up to
30% Solid wastes are spread in layers not greater than 2 ft
thick
29

34. Methane Generation
Methane:
 Second most important greenhouse gas (GHG)
after CO2
 Global Warming Potential of 21 (1 tonne CH4 =
21 tonnes CO2)
 Makes up 16% of global GHG emissions from
human activities
 Calorific value = 33.8 MJ/m3 (909 BTU/ft3)

35. Primary reasons for
implementing LFG
controls:
1) Mitigate health hazards
2) Mitigate environmental
impacts
3) Address nuisance odours
4) Generate revenue by utilizing
the gas
5) Reduce GHG emissions

36. COMPOUND CONCENTRATION
Methane (CH4) 30 – 60% (volume)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 20 – 50 % (volume)
Oxygen (O2) <2% (volume)
Nitrogen (N2) <10% (volume)
Moisture (H2O) Saturated
Trace Compounds
e.g. Hydrogen Sulphide,
Mercaptans, Vinyl Chloride,
Hexane, Toluene, etc.
<4000 ppm
Landfill Gas (LFG): produced by the
anaerobic decomposition of
degradable organic wastes in a
landfill

37. Disposal Cell
 Large loads of waste to
the disposal cell (working
face)
 Covered with alternative
daily cover or 6 inches of
soil
37

44. 44
Bioreactor
Traditional
Time, yrs
MethaneProduction
CfmofLFG
Landfill closure

45. 45

47. 47

48. 48
Vertical Gas Well Construction (1)

49. 49
Vertical Gas Well Construction (2)

50. 50
Vertical Gas Well Construction (3)

51. 51
Vertical Gas Well Construction (4)

52. 52
Vertical Gas Well Construction (5)

53. 53
Vertical Gas Well Construction (6)

54. 54

55. At some landfills, gas collection wells are
installed after the facility reaches grade. At
others, the gas collection network is
continuously built and expanded.
55

56. Gas Collection Well
56

57. LFG Collection Pipe Systems
57

58. 58

59. 59

60. 60

61. Perimeter Vertical
LFG Collection
Well
61

62. 62

63. 63

64. 64

65. Leachate collection system
retrofitted for gas collection
65

66. 66

67. Gas outputs of 10 to 20 cum per hour
(corresponding to 50 to 100 KW of
energy) have been recorded in wells of 15
to 20 cm diameter drilled 10 m into waste
at spacing of 30 to 70 m. For 1 MW output
from a landfill site, 15 to 20 such wells are
required. The gas management strategies
should follow one of the following three
plans:
– Controlled passive venting
– Uncontrolled release
– Controlled collection and treatment/reuse

68. 68

69. Recommendations
 The improvement of Environment could
be through improve the efficiency of
solid waste management.
 Public awareness should be created
especially at primary level.
 Littering of solid waste should
prohibited in cities towns and urban
areas.
 More over house to house collecting
solid waste should be .

70. Contd…
 The collection bins must be have a large
enough capacity to accommodate 20%
more than the expected waste generation
in the area.
 Municipal authorities should maintain the
storage facilities to avoid unhygienic &
unsanitary condition.
 It is advisable to move from open
dumping to sanitary land filling in a
phased manner.

71. Potential LFG Impacts