This document discusses police-community relations and the attitudes of various communities toward the police. It finds that while most Americans have a positive view of police, racial and ethnic minorities generally have less favorable attitudes. Younger people and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds also tend to rate the police lower. The document examines factors like discrimination, disparities in policing across communities, and the impact of controversial incidents on public perceptions of law enforcement.
This chapter discusses innovations in policing strategies such as community policing, problem-oriented policing, and zero-tolerance policing. It outlines the characteristics and effectiveness of each approach based on case studies. Community policing aims to build partnerships between police and communities through consultation, collaboration, and citizen involvement. Problem-oriented policing uses the SARA model to systematically address the underlying causes of problems. Zero-tolerance policing aggressively enforces laws against minor crimes and disorder based on the broken windows theory. The chapter evaluates successes and challenges of implementing these new policing models.
This document discusses the realities of beginning police work, including encountering hostility from citizens and challenges within the criminal justice system. It also describes the changing demographics of police forces to include more women and minority officers. While this has helped diversify police, it has also introduced new tensions among groups. The document outlines factors like seniority, special assignments, and promotions that influence police officers' careers over time. It also examines sources of job satisfaction and stress for officers.
Police corruption involves criminal or improper behavior by police officers for personal gain. It undermines the criminal justice system and public trust in the police. There are different types of corruption like accepting gratuities, taking bribes, theft, and protecting illegal activities. Corruption can range from a few "rotten apples" to being widespread and organized in a police department. Theories for why it occurs include individual officer explanations, neighborhood factors, and police subculture and organization issues. Controlling corruption requires internal police mechanisms like effective leadership and supervision as well as external oversight like investigations and public scrutiny.
This document discusses police corruption, defining it as misconduct by police officers involving misuse of authority for personal gain. It outlines the costs of corruption, which include undermining the criminal justice system and public confidence in police. Various types of corruption are described, such as accepting gratuities or bribes, theft, and brutality. Theories for why corruption occurs include issues with individual officers, police subculture, lack of oversight and management failures. Controlling corruption requires strong internal policies and leadership within police departments, as well as external oversight and accountability. However, completely eliminating corruption may not be possible.
Police officers have significant discretion in making decisions like arrests, traffic stops, and use of force. This chapter discusses police discretion and efforts to control it. It defines discretion as actions based on an officer's judgment. Discretion is involved in critical decisions and street-level officers act as policymakers through their decisions. Written policies, administrative rulemaking, and oversight aim to structure discretion to prevent abuse and promote consistent, fair policing, though complete control of discretion is impossible.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide background on policing and discuss the goals and realities of police work. It defines law enforcement agencies and police officers, and notes that police have complex roles that involve enforcing laws, investigating crimes, maintaining order, and providing services to citizens. While often portrayed as crime fighters, police work really involves discretion, ambiguity, and balancing many standards like protecting rights and ensuring safety. The chapter introduces alternatives like problem-oriented, community, and zero-tolerance policing that will be explored in later sections.
This chapter introduces the goals of the book, which are to provide background on policing innovations like community policing. It defines law enforcement agencies as preventing crime, investigating crime, maintaining order, and providing services. Police officers have legal peace officer status. Myths about policing focus on it as crime-fighting, but studies show it is complex with ambiguities and discretion. The American Bar Association outlines police functions like aiding those in danger, protecting rights, and maintaining order. Police roles are shaped by responding to citizen calls 24/7 as generalists with authority to use force within the social control system. Future chapters will discuss alternatives like problem-oriented and community policing.
Community policing aims to build partnerships between police and communities to solve neighborhood problems. It stresses cooperation and collaboration over traditional reactive policing methods. While some research shows community policing can reduce crime and improve public perceptions of police, others note it may overstep civil liberties and disproportionately impact poor and minority communities. Effective strategies include problem-oriented policing, which systematically addresses the underlying causes of community issues.
This chapter discusses innovations in policing strategies such as community policing, problem-oriented policing, and zero-tolerance policing. It outlines the characteristics and effectiveness of each approach based on case studies. Community policing aims to build partnerships between police and communities through consultation, collaboration, and citizen involvement. Problem-oriented policing uses the SARA model to systematically address the underlying causes of problems. Zero-tolerance policing aggressively enforces laws against minor crimes and disorder based on the broken windows theory. The chapter evaluates successes and challenges of implementing these new policing models.
This document discusses the realities of beginning police work, including encountering hostility from citizens and challenges within the criminal justice system. It also describes the changing demographics of police forces to include more women and minority officers. While this has helped diversify police, it has also introduced new tensions among groups. The document outlines factors like seniority, special assignments, and promotions that influence police officers' careers over time. It also examines sources of job satisfaction and stress for officers.
Police corruption involves criminal or improper behavior by police officers for personal gain. It undermines the criminal justice system and public trust in the police. There are different types of corruption like accepting gratuities, taking bribes, theft, and protecting illegal activities. Corruption can range from a few "rotten apples" to being widespread and organized in a police department. Theories for why it occurs include individual officer explanations, neighborhood factors, and police subculture and organization issues. Controlling corruption requires internal police mechanisms like effective leadership and supervision as well as external oversight like investigations and public scrutiny.
This document discusses police corruption, defining it as misconduct by police officers involving misuse of authority for personal gain. It outlines the costs of corruption, which include undermining the criminal justice system and public confidence in police. Various types of corruption are described, such as accepting gratuities or bribes, theft, and brutality. Theories for why corruption occurs include issues with individual officers, police subculture, lack of oversight and management failures. Controlling corruption requires strong internal policies and leadership within police departments, as well as external oversight and accountability. However, completely eliminating corruption may not be possible.
Police officers have significant discretion in making decisions like arrests, traffic stops, and use of force. This chapter discusses police discretion and efforts to control it. It defines discretion as actions based on an officer's judgment. Discretion is involved in critical decisions and street-level officers act as policymakers through their decisions. Written policies, administrative rulemaking, and oversight aim to structure discretion to prevent abuse and promote consistent, fair policing, though complete control of discretion is impossible.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide background on policing and discuss the goals and realities of police work. It defines law enforcement agencies and police officers, and notes that police have complex roles that involve enforcing laws, investigating crimes, maintaining order, and providing services to citizens. While often portrayed as crime fighters, police work really involves discretion, ambiguity, and balancing many standards like protecting rights and ensuring safety. The chapter introduces alternatives like problem-oriented, community, and zero-tolerance policing that will be explored in later sections.
This chapter introduces the goals of the book, which are to provide background on policing innovations like community policing. It defines law enforcement agencies as preventing crime, investigating crime, maintaining order, and providing services. Police officers have legal peace officer status. Myths about policing focus on it as crime-fighting, but studies show it is complex with ambiguities and discretion. The American Bar Association outlines police functions like aiding those in danger, protecting rights, and maintaining order. Police roles are shaped by responding to citizen calls 24/7 as generalists with authority to use force within the social control system. Future chapters will discuss alternatives like problem-oriented and community policing.
Community policing aims to build partnerships between police and communities to solve neighborhood problems. It stresses cooperation and collaboration over traditional reactive policing methods. While some research shows community policing can reduce crime and improve public perceptions of police, others note it may overstep civil liberties and disproportionately impact poor and minority communities. Effective strategies include problem-oriented policing, which systematically addresses the underlying causes of community issues.
The document discusses various mechanisms for holding police accountable in America, including both internal police mechanisms and external oversight. It describes accountability as police answering for their conduct to the public, officials, and courts. Internally, it discusses supervision, policies, complaint investigations, early intervention systems to identify problematic officers, and accreditation. Externally, it outlines political, judicial, civil lawsuit, federal pattern/practice suits, consent decrees, injunctions, criminal prosecution, and citizen oversight options.
The document discusses various mechanisms for holding police accountable, including internal reviews, citizen oversight, lawsuits, and federal investigations. It describes accountability as having to answer for one's conduct to the public, officials, and courts. Various methods are outlined like COMPSTAT, early intervention systems, civilian complaint reviews, pattern or practice suits, and ensuring policies comply with Supreme Court rulings. Both benefits and criticisms of approaches are mentioned.
The document summarizes several key aspects of being a police officer on the job. It discusses the reality shock officers experience early in their career dealing with the public, justice system, and department politics. It also covers the changing demographics of police including more women, African Americans, Hispanics, and gay and lesbian officers joining the force. Finally, it outlines some of the stresses of police work and how officers cope with and progress in their careers over time.
This chapter discusses the role of police in order maintenance and addressing non-criminal issues like domestic disputes, homelessness, mental illness, and public nuisance. It outlines four models for how non-criminal calls can help police deal with crime. The chapter details how police typically respond to different issues like domestic violence, traffic enforcement, prostitution, and juveniles. It also discusses the controversy around police discretion and how responses have evolved, such as mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence and specialized response units for mental health calls.
This document provides an overview of law enforcement in the United States. It discusses the highly fragmented nature of American policing, with over 18,000 agencies providing police services on the local, county, state and federal levels. It also examines the "industry" perspective of policing, with citizens receiving services from multiple agencies. Additionally, it outlines the various types of agencies that make up the law enforcement system and notes there are no national standards, with regulation occurring at the state level through licensing or certification.
Police have significant discretion in carrying out their duties. This discretion involves critical decisions such as making arrests, referring juveniles to court, and using deadly force. While discretion allows police to consider unique aspects of each situation, it can also lead to abuse and inconsistency if not properly controlled. Written policies and oversight seek to structure discretion to promote consistent and fair outcomes, improve public policy, and enhance professionalism in law enforcement. However, rules cannot cover all situations and may sometimes have unintended negative effects if not implemented carefully.
The document discusses police-community relations, specifically between police and racial/ethnic minority communities. It notes that while most Americans view police positively, minorities generally view them less favorably. Attitudes vary based on factors like age, income, location, and experiences with police. Community policing programs have been shown to improve citizen attitudes by fostering trust and cooperation. Sources of tensions include disparities in police protection across neighborhoods and controversial uses of force against minorities.
The document discusses the contemporary law enforcement industry in America. It notes that law enforcement is highly fragmented and decentralized, with over 17,000 agencies across four levels of government. It also describes the various types of agencies that make up the industry, including municipal police, county sheriffs, state police, federal agencies, and private security firms. The industry employs over 3 million people between public and private organizations.
The document discusses several aspects of entering a career in law enforcement, including:
1) The demographics of police officers have changed over the last 40 years with more female, African American, and Hispanic officers as well as openly gay and lesbian officers.
2) Police departments face challenges in personnel processes like inadequate training of recruits, lack of supervision, and failure to promote the best officers.
3) Stereotypes of police officers can be either positive or negative but may discourage some groups like women from joining the police force.
4) The personnel process involves attracting applicants through recruitment that considers minimum qualifications, as well as selecting officers through testing, interviews, background checks, and screening methods.
This document discusses the future of policing in America through chapters on police technology, the use of technology in the field, crime analysis, and the impact of the war on terrorism. It describes how computer systems and mobile computing have digitized police records and communications. COMPSTAT and early intervention systems apply data analysis to improve accountability. License plate readers and information sharing systems like NCIC help connect law enforcement agencies. The document also examines demographic changes, the uncertain future of police research funding, and how 9/11 expanded police roles while straining personnel resources through demands of homeland security.
This chapter discusses various strategies and techniques used by police to prevent and solve crimes. It covers proactive and reactive crime control strategies, and how police work to prevent crime through routine patrol and specialized units. The chapter also examines how police apprehend criminals through citizen reporting, the investigation process, and challenges in measuring effectiveness. Special investigative techniques like undercover work and informants are addressed. Policing of drugs, gangs, career criminals, guns, hate crimes, and terrorism are also summarized.
This document discusses the process of becoming a police officer in the United States. It covers how the police force has become more diverse over the years with more female, African American, Hispanic, and openly gay officers. It also outlines the various steps in the personnel process such as minimum qualifications for applicants, recruitment efforts, screening methods used to select officers, and ensuring equal employment opportunities. Finally, it describes the training process for new police officers which typically involves attending a police academy and participating in a field training program.
This document discusses different models of police order maintenance and responses to non-criminal calls. It also summarizes police approaches to enforcing traffic laws, responding to domestic disputes, addressing issues like homelessness, mental illness, prostitution, and interactions with juveniles. The roles of discretion, community cooperation, social work functions, and criminal deterrence in policing are covered. Mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence are also mentioned.
The document discusses various crime control strategies and techniques used by police, including proactive and reactive approaches, general vs specific tactics, and crime prevention, apprehension, and investigation methods. It also covers challenges in criminal investigations like unreliable eyewitness identification, challenges measuring effectiveness, and factors affecting case solvability. Special topics discussed include policing drugs, gangs, career criminals, guns, hate crimes, and terrorism.
The document discusses several key trends and technologies impacting modern policing in America. It outlines technologies like computer-aided dispatch systems, mobile computing, and license plate readers that help police share information and prioritize calls. Crime analysis functions like tactical analysis of specific crime problems and strategic analysis of long-term trends are also described. The outlook discusses demographic changes, the impact of the war on terrorism, and personnel shortages challenging police.
Police organizations have a quasi-military structure with uniforms, ranks and a command hierarchy. This style has been criticized for cultivating an "us vs. them" attitude and being too rigid. Police departments function as complex bureaucracies with specialized tasks divided among different bureaus. While this structure provides order, it can also lead to inflexibility and poor communication. Community policing aims to decentralize decision making to address these issues. New approaches like COMPSTAT and unions have also influenced police organization and accountability.
Police organizations typically have a quasi-military structure with uniforms, ranks, and a clear chain of command. This hierarchical and bureaucratic structure aims to coordinate activities but can also cultivate an "us vs. them" attitude. While bureaucracy provides control and standardization, it can stifle creativity and flexibility. In response, some departments have adopted community policing and COMPSTAT approaches to decentralize decision making and empower local commanders. Police unions also influence departments through collective bargaining.
This document discusses issues related to policing, including who makes up police forces, challenges they face, and ways to address issues. It finds that while more departments now require higher education, only 1% mandate a 4-year degree. Minority representation has increased to 25% of officers. About 15% of officers are female, though policing remains male-dominated. Police face stress from ambiguous roles and dangerous work, which can contribute to issues like brutality and corruption. Oversight, policies on use of force, and prioritizing officer safety aim to address these challenges.
Police patrol is the backbone of policing. The majority of police officers are assigned to patrol duties, which act as the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system. Patrol aims to deter crime, enhance public safety, and be available for service. Patrol is organized based on factors like staffing levels and distribution of officers. Individual patrol officers have discretion over their level of activity and styles of patrol. The communications center handles incoming 911 calls and dispatches officers, exercising significant discretion over response. Studying patrol is challenging but provides insights into most police-citizen interactions.
This document discusses the history and evolution of policing from its origins in London in the 19th century to modern police forces today. It covers the establishment of the first organized police force under Sir Robert Peel in London, the development of early police agencies in Boston, New York and Philadelphia, and reforms that led to the professionalization of police work. It also examines the rise of private security and how technology has transformed police investigations through tools like fingerprint analysis, DNA testing and use of social media.
This document discusses the complex relationship between mental illness and crime. While there is a clear connection between mental illness and incarceration, the link between mental illness and actual criminal behavior is more nuanced. Several studies mentioned found moderate connections between some mental illnesses like schizophrenia and crime, especially when combined with substance abuse, but many mentally ill individuals are non-violent. The document examines how factors like deinstitutionalization, homelessness, poverty, and drug use associated with mental illness can influence criminality as well.
The document discusses the path of mentally ill offenders through the criminal justice system from arrest to release. It notes that many police officers receive little training in dealing with mentally ill individuals and that arrests can sometimes escalate situations. For those booked into jails and prisons, mental health treatment is often lacking. Over time, deinstitutionalization led to fewer psychiatric hospital beds, resulting in many mentally ill individuals becoming incarcerated instead of treated. The document recommends improving mental health treatment for inmates and increasing diversion programs to help address this issue.
The document discusses various mechanisms for holding police accountable in America, including both internal police mechanisms and external oversight. It describes accountability as police answering for their conduct to the public, officials, and courts. Internally, it discusses supervision, policies, complaint investigations, early intervention systems to identify problematic officers, and accreditation. Externally, it outlines political, judicial, civil lawsuit, federal pattern/practice suits, consent decrees, injunctions, criminal prosecution, and citizen oversight options.
The document discusses various mechanisms for holding police accountable, including internal reviews, citizen oversight, lawsuits, and federal investigations. It describes accountability as having to answer for one's conduct to the public, officials, and courts. Various methods are outlined like COMPSTAT, early intervention systems, civilian complaint reviews, pattern or practice suits, and ensuring policies comply with Supreme Court rulings. Both benefits and criticisms of approaches are mentioned.
The document summarizes several key aspects of being a police officer on the job. It discusses the reality shock officers experience early in their career dealing with the public, justice system, and department politics. It also covers the changing demographics of police including more women, African Americans, Hispanics, and gay and lesbian officers joining the force. Finally, it outlines some of the stresses of police work and how officers cope with and progress in their careers over time.
This chapter discusses the role of police in order maintenance and addressing non-criminal issues like domestic disputes, homelessness, mental illness, and public nuisance. It outlines four models for how non-criminal calls can help police deal with crime. The chapter details how police typically respond to different issues like domestic violence, traffic enforcement, prostitution, and juveniles. It also discusses the controversy around police discretion and how responses have evolved, such as mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence and specialized response units for mental health calls.
This document provides an overview of law enforcement in the United States. It discusses the highly fragmented nature of American policing, with over 18,000 agencies providing police services on the local, county, state and federal levels. It also examines the "industry" perspective of policing, with citizens receiving services from multiple agencies. Additionally, it outlines the various types of agencies that make up the law enforcement system and notes there are no national standards, with regulation occurring at the state level through licensing or certification.
Police have significant discretion in carrying out their duties. This discretion involves critical decisions such as making arrests, referring juveniles to court, and using deadly force. While discretion allows police to consider unique aspects of each situation, it can also lead to abuse and inconsistency if not properly controlled. Written policies and oversight seek to structure discretion to promote consistent and fair outcomes, improve public policy, and enhance professionalism in law enforcement. However, rules cannot cover all situations and may sometimes have unintended negative effects if not implemented carefully.
The document discusses police-community relations, specifically between police and racial/ethnic minority communities. It notes that while most Americans view police positively, minorities generally view them less favorably. Attitudes vary based on factors like age, income, location, and experiences with police. Community policing programs have been shown to improve citizen attitudes by fostering trust and cooperation. Sources of tensions include disparities in police protection across neighborhoods and controversial uses of force against minorities.
The document discusses the contemporary law enforcement industry in America. It notes that law enforcement is highly fragmented and decentralized, with over 17,000 agencies across four levels of government. It also describes the various types of agencies that make up the industry, including municipal police, county sheriffs, state police, federal agencies, and private security firms. The industry employs over 3 million people between public and private organizations.
The document discusses several aspects of entering a career in law enforcement, including:
1) The demographics of police officers have changed over the last 40 years with more female, African American, and Hispanic officers as well as openly gay and lesbian officers.
2) Police departments face challenges in personnel processes like inadequate training of recruits, lack of supervision, and failure to promote the best officers.
3) Stereotypes of police officers can be either positive or negative but may discourage some groups like women from joining the police force.
4) The personnel process involves attracting applicants through recruitment that considers minimum qualifications, as well as selecting officers through testing, interviews, background checks, and screening methods.
This document discusses the future of policing in America through chapters on police technology, the use of technology in the field, crime analysis, and the impact of the war on terrorism. It describes how computer systems and mobile computing have digitized police records and communications. COMPSTAT and early intervention systems apply data analysis to improve accountability. License plate readers and information sharing systems like NCIC help connect law enforcement agencies. The document also examines demographic changes, the uncertain future of police research funding, and how 9/11 expanded police roles while straining personnel resources through demands of homeland security.
This chapter discusses various strategies and techniques used by police to prevent and solve crimes. It covers proactive and reactive crime control strategies, and how police work to prevent crime through routine patrol and specialized units. The chapter also examines how police apprehend criminals through citizen reporting, the investigation process, and challenges in measuring effectiveness. Special investigative techniques like undercover work and informants are addressed. Policing of drugs, gangs, career criminals, guns, hate crimes, and terrorism are also summarized.
This document discusses the process of becoming a police officer in the United States. It covers how the police force has become more diverse over the years with more female, African American, Hispanic, and openly gay officers. It also outlines the various steps in the personnel process such as minimum qualifications for applicants, recruitment efforts, screening methods used to select officers, and ensuring equal employment opportunities. Finally, it describes the training process for new police officers which typically involves attending a police academy and participating in a field training program.
This document discusses different models of police order maintenance and responses to non-criminal calls. It also summarizes police approaches to enforcing traffic laws, responding to domestic disputes, addressing issues like homelessness, mental illness, prostitution, and interactions with juveniles. The roles of discretion, community cooperation, social work functions, and criminal deterrence in policing are covered. Mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence are also mentioned.
The document discusses various crime control strategies and techniques used by police, including proactive and reactive approaches, general vs specific tactics, and crime prevention, apprehension, and investigation methods. It also covers challenges in criminal investigations like unreliable eyewitness identification, challenges measuring effectiveness, and factors affecting case solvability. Special topics discussed include policing drugs, gangs, career criminals, guns, hate crimes, and terrorism.
The document discusses several key trends and technologies impacting modern policing in America. It outlines technologies like computer-aided dispatch systems, mobile computing, and license plate readers that help police share information and prioritize calls. Crime analysis functions like tactical analysis of specific crime problems and strategic analysis of long-term trends are also described. The outlook discusses demographic changes, the impact of the war on terrorism, and personnel shortages challenging police.
Police organizations have a quasi-military structure with uniforms, ranks and a command hierarchy. This style has been criticized for cultivating an "us vs. them" attitude and being too rigid. Police departments function as complex bureaucracies with specialized tasks divided among different bureaus. While this structure provides order, it can also lead to inflexibility and poor communication. Community policing aims to decentralize decision making to address these issues. New approaches like COMPSTAT and unions have also influenced police organization and accountability.
Police organizations typically have a quasi-military structure with uniforms, ranks, and a clear chain of command. This hierarchical and bureaucratic structure aims to coordinate activities but can also cultivate an "us vs. them" attitude. While bureaucracy provides control and standardization, it can stifle creativity and flexibility. In response, some departments have adopted community policing and COMPSTAT approaches to decentralize decision making and empower local commanders. Police unions also influence departments through collective bargaining.
This document discusses issues related to policing, including who makes up police forces, challenges they face, and ways to address issues. It finds that while more departments now require higher education, only 1% mandate a 4-year degree. Minority representation has increased to 25% of officers. About 15% of officers are female, though policing remains male-dominated. Police face stress from ambiguous roles and dangerous work, which can contribute to issues like brutality and corruption. Oversight, policies on use of force, and prioritizing officer safety aim to address these challenges.
Police patrol is the backbone of policing. The majority of police officers are assigned to patrol duties, which act as the gatekeepers to the criminal justice system. Patrol aims to deter crime, enhance public safety, and be available for service. Patrol is organized based on factors like staffing levels and distribution of officers. Individual patrol officers have discretion over their level of activity and styles of patrol. The communications center handles incoming 911 calls and dispatches officers, exercising significant discretion over response. Studying patrol is challenging but provides insights into most police-citizen interactions.
This document discusses the history and evolution of policing from its origins in London in the 19th century to modern police forces today. It covers the establishment of the first organized police force under Sir Robert Peel in London, the development of early police agencies in Boston, New York and Philadelphia, and reforms that led to the professionalization of police work. It also examines the rise of private security and how technology has transformed police investigations through tools like fingerprint analysis, DNA testing and use of social media.
This document discusses the complex relationship between mental illness and crime. While there is a clear connection between mental illness and incarceration, the link between mental illness and actual criminal behavior is more nuanced. Several studies mentioned found moderate connections between some mental illnesses like schizophrenia and crime, especially when combined with substance abuse, but many mentally ill individuals are non-violent. The document examines how factors like deinstitutionalization, homelessness, poverty, and drug use associated with mental illness can influence criminality as well.
The document discusses the path of mentally ill offenders through the criminal justice system from arrest to release. It notes that many police officers receive little training in dealing with mentally ill individuals and that arrests can sometimes escalate situations. For those booked into jails and prisons, mental health treatment is often lacking. Over time, deinstitutionalization led to fewer psychiatric hospital beds, resulting in many mentally ill individuals becoming incarcerated instead of treated. The document recommends improving mental health treatment for inmates and increasing diversion programs to help address this issue.
Mental Health Policy - Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice SystemDr. James Swartz
These slides are from a lecture on the criminal justice system and mental illness and considers factors related to the criminalization of those with mental illnesses, characteristics of those with mental illness under criminal justice supervision, and the role of drug and mental health courts.
This document discusses several key issues related to policing, including police culture, personality, corruption, integrity, stress, disease risks, terrorism, intelligence, information sharing, and civil liability suits. It notes that informal socialization plays a bigger role than formal training in shaping police culture and that conservative personalities may be drawn to police work. Corruption can range from accepting small gifts to larger abuses of authority. Maintaining integrity is challenging due to reluctance to report or acknowledge corruption. Stress reduction techniques include exercise, meditation, and humor. Risks include disease exposure and terrorism-related duties that increase police responsibilities. Intelligence collection and sharing across agencies helps address terrorism and crime. Common civil suits center on allegations of misconduct like assault.
The chapter discusses the role of policing in relation to juveniles. It notes that in 2008 police arrested an estimated 2.1 million juveniles, with 67% referred to juvenile court. It describes different policing approaches like community policing which aims to involve the community in solving crime problems. Research shows that policing strategies alone do not effectively reduce juvenile crime and that police are just one part of addressing the complex issue.
The document discusses mental disorders and the stigma associated with them. Approximately 57.7 million Americans are affected by mental disorders each year, though many do not seek treatment due to stigma. Stigma refers to the shame and social disapproval people with mental disorders face, which causes them to be shunned or rejected. While mental disorders were once thought to be caused by demon possession, today they are treatable medical conditions though some stigma still remains. Understanding mental disorders helps build compassion for those suffering from conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and others.
Police officers have significant discretion in how they enforce the law. This discretion allows officers to consider the totality of circumstances in each situation rather than following rigid guidelines. It enables officers to make judgments about issues like whether to arrest someone or issue a warning. While discretion provides benefits like catering decisions to individuals and preventing overburdening of the courts, it also presents disadvantages if not used appropriately. Overall, properly exercised discretion is a necessity for effective policing.
Cambodia was once a great ancient empire dating back to the 1st century BC. By the 12th century, Cambodia had spread into surrounding areas like Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, and Malaysia. Currently, Cambodia has a population of over 14 million people, most of whom are Khmer. The country also has a constitutional monarchy and multiparty democracy, with Buddhism being the dominant religion. Angkor Wat is Cambodia's most famous attraction, which brings over 2 million visitors per year.
Personality refers to the unique characteristics that make an individual different from others and is shaped by both internal and external factors. There are several theories that seek to explain personality, including trait theory, psychoanalytic theory, and social learning theory. Personality develops through stages from infancy to adulthood according to theorists like Freud and Erikson. It is influenced by heredity, environment, family, social factors, and the situation. Various dimensions and theories like the Big Five traits and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator help categorize personalities. Personality traits such as locus of control, introversion/extroversion, and self-esteem are important for organizational behavior.
Mental health is essential to overall health and well-being. It involves how one thinks, feels, and acts when facing life's situations. Key aspects of mental health include cognitive thoughts, emotional feelings, and behavioral actions. Maintaining positive mental health requires recognizing thoughts and feelings, understanding where they come from, and responding to them in healthy ways. It also means taking care of one's physical, emotional, and social needs through a balanced lifestyle and stress management. Seeking help is important when warning signs of mental health issues emerge.
1. Cambodia has a long history dating back to the Funan Empire in the 1st century CE and was once the site of the powerful Khmer Empire. 2. The country has a population of over 14 million people and Buddhism is the dominant religion. 3. Cambodia has experienced rapid economic growth in recent decades but still faces challenges of poverty, lack of infrastructure, and political instability.
The document discusses mental health and mental illness. It defines mental health as maintaining successful mental activity and fulfilling relationships while adapting to change. Mental illness occurs when the brain is not functioning properly, disrupting thinking, emotions, behavior, or physical functioning. Common symptoms include sleep problems, mood swings, and difficulty focusing. Mental illness is caused by a complex interplay between genetics and environment and results in abnormal brain functioning. While some illnesses begin in childhood, others often emerge during adolescence. Most people with mental illness can live productive lives with treatment. The document encourages seeking help from others if experiencing prolonged sadness, anger, or risky behaviors.
This document provides information on photography and forensic photography. It defines photography, police photography, and forensic photography. It discusses the history and evolution of photography, including important figures like Daguerre, Talbot, and Eastman. It describes camera parts and functions, focusing controls, aperture, shutter speed, and types of cameras and shutters. The document also covers principles of photography, handling cameras properly, and avoiding camera shake.
Personality refers to the set of traits and behaviors that characterize an individual. It has both internal elements like thoughts and genetics as well as external and observable behaviors. Personality is relatively stable but can be shaped by both heredity and environment. There are several theories for describing personality types including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five model. Understanding personality is important in organizational behavior for predicting behaviors, managing diversity, and achieving person-job fit.
Personality is defined as a relatively stable set of characteristics that influence behavior and interactions with others. It is determined by heredity, environment, situation, culture, and family background. Major theories of personality include trait theory, psychodynamic theory, humanistic theory, and the integrative approach. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses four traits to classify individuals into one of 16 personality types. The Big Five model describes five broad personality traits: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. Trait theories posit that personality traits are stable over time and across situations and can be used to predict behavior.
Running head PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 1
PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Cylvania Allen Pringle
8/11/2015
CJA/344
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
Dr. Joycelyn Ballard
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
I. Introduction
Researchers and policy makers have constantly shown immense interest in how different ethnic groups perceive the police. Of utmost importance is how different ethnic groups experience face to face interactions with those individuals in legal authority especially the police. Such interactions can help researchers and policy makers understand the perceptions different ethnic groups might have towards the police and how these perceptions can influence the prevalence of crime in a jurisdiction (Huo & Tyler, 2000).
The fact that ethnic groups differ in how they perceive the police is already well known. However, what is boggling the researchers interested in this interaction is whether these differences can be attributed to different perceptions of how these individuals were treated, different outcomes of their interaction with the police, or different expectations of fair treatment based on their culture and values?
II. Review of Literature
One thing that remains clear throughout the entire research process is that people view perceptions of fair treatment as more important than getting a favorable outcome from the entire experience. People of all ethnic groups generally form positive impressions, perceptions and attitudes to legal authorities and the decisions made if they feel that they have been dealt with in a fair manner which does not demean them or make them feel discriminated against. This is known as the procedural justice effect, one of the patterns of responses recognized in law circles (Davis, 2000).
It is a well-known fact that the minority ethnic groups usually have bad experiences at the hands of the police. In a multi-cultural country such as the US, the minorities including the Latinos and the African Americans have negative perceptions towards the police as well as negative experiences with the same. These ethnic minorities report that their members constantly face unfair treatment, harassment and at times violation of their human rights at the hands of the police officers.
III. Discussion
They argue that there is discrimination on the part of the police forces based on race. It is a well observed fact that individuals who belong to ethnic groups that are less integrated into the political structure or less efficacious are less inclined to voluntarily indulge with the police as compared to those individuals who come from ‘superior’ ethnic backgrounds (Davis, 2000).
This perception of discrimination can lead to lower rates of compliance amongst the members of these ethnic communities. There is usually a high level of tension that characterizes the relati.
Running head: ATTITUDES TOWARDS CRIME 1
ATTITUDES TOWARDS CRIME 15
Attitudes towards Crime
Stephanie Rincon
Professor Tony Smith
MCJ5100 SU01 Advanced Research Methods and Analysis I
South University
May 17, 2020
Attitudes towards Crime
Questionnaire
1: There are different sources of information about crime in your neighborhood, city, county or state, what is your main source of information about crime. Click where appropriate
Radio
Personal experience
Television
Word of mouth
Relatives and acquaintances
Community meetings
Internet
Books
Government websites
2: How do you rank the sources of information on crime in terms of reliability or unreliability
Very unreliable
Somehow unreliable
Neither unreliable or reliable
Somehow reliable
Very reliable
Radio
Personal experience
Television
Word of mouth
Relatives and acquaintances
Community meetings
Internet
Books
Government websites
3: What is your perception of crime in your neighborhood, do you think your perception of crime in your neighborhood is a problem that should be addressed
Yes □ No □
4: Rank the following social problems based on which one concerns you most
Social problem
Rank
Pollution
Diseases
Homelessness
Crime
Recession
5: Based on your experience over the last 6 months, do you think crime rate has changed? If yes, in which direction
Yes □
Increased □
Reduced □
No □
6: What is your perception about the future of crime rate in your neighborhood
It would increase □ It would stay constant □ It would decrease □
7: Specifically, which type of crime is common in your neighborhood
Burglary □
Sexual assault □
Physical assaults □
Drug rated crime □
Fraud □
Traffic crime □
8: Which type of crime do you fear most
Burglary □ Sexual assault □ Physical assaults □ Drug rated crime □ Fraud □
Traffic crime □
9: Is there a place within your neighborhoods where you would fear to walk because of the fear of crime
Yes □ No □
10: In your opinion what are the major causes of crime
Poor education □
Poor parenting □
Poverty □
Unemployment □
Drugs □
Family issues □
Others (Please specify).
11: Based on the selected cause of crime above, would you pay tax to support crime preventions measures such as drug education programs, parenting programs or education programs
Yes would support □
No would not support □
12: Based on the crime information from your source of information; what is the ethnic /racial distribution of criminals?
Whites are more □
Africans are more □
Asians are more □
Hispanics are more □
13: To what extent do you disagree or agree with the following statements
Strongly agree
Agree
Neither disagree or agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
The police are fair in treating all races/ ethnicities .
Justice on the Street The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minoritie.docxDIPESH30
Justice on the Street?: The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Goals of the Chapter
This chapter explores the complex issues in the relationship between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities and helps sort through the sometimes conflicting evidence on race, ethnicity, and criminal justice.1 The first section outlines a contextual approach that helps resolve the apparent contradictions in the available evidence. The second section examines public opinion about the police, comparing the attitudes of whites, African Americans, and Hispanics (unfortunately, there is little evidence on other racial and ethnic groups). The third section reviews the evidence on police behavior, beginning with the most serious action, use of deadly force, and proceeding through the less-serious police activities. The fourth section deals with citizen complaints against the police, reviewing the evidence on the extent of misconduct and the ways police departments handle citizen complaints. The final section examines police employment practices. Particular attention is given to the law of employment discrimination and the historic problem of discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities.
After you have read this chapter:
1. You will be familiar with the most important issues related to police and people of color.
2. You will be able to make sense of the complex data on police arrests, use of force, use of deadly force, and racial profiling.
3. You will be able to discuss the difference between racial disparities and racial discrimination.
4. You will be able to discuss the most important reforms in policing and whether or not they have succeeded in reducing racial disparities.
5. You will be knowledgeable about police–community relations programs and which ones work and do not work in terms of improving relations between the police and communities of color.
6. You will be familiar with the trends in the employment of people of color in policing, and you will be able to discuss what difference it makes in terms of actual police work.
Unequal Justice?
A Famous Incident
It is one of the most famous incidents in all of U.S. police history. On March 3, 1991, Los Angeles police officers stopped an African American man named Rodney King after a high-speed chase and proceeded to savagely beat him. The beating was videotaped by an observer across the street, and when the tape was broadcast around the country on television, a national uproar broke out. The term “Rodney King” became shorthand for all police abuse. When several of the officers involved were acquitted of criminal charges a year later, a major riot broke out in Los Angeles. Officers were subsequently convicted on federal civil rights charges. The beating also led to the Christopher Commission Report (1991), which proposed sweeping reforms in the Los Angeles Police Department. The Rodney King incident summarized a range of issues we will consider in this chapter: police use of force, ra ...
The document discusses research on perceptions of involuntary police stops. It finds that involuntary stops generally result in less favorable attitudes toward police than voluntary encounters. Minorities are more likely to have involuntary encounters and perceive unfair treatment. A 2008 national study found most felt police acted properly, but minorities and those suspected of crimes had less positive views. Studies in Pasadena and Seattle also found minorities more likely to have involuntary stops and less satisfaction, especially if force was used. Improving procedural justice and community relations, especially for minorities, can increase trust in police.
Police Misconduct And Brutality Of Police OfficersLeslie Lee
This document discusses police misconduct and corruption. It begins by defining police corruption as when an officer uses their position to obtain improper financial benefits. It then discusses different forms of police abuse, including physical abuse through excessive force, psychological abuse through harassment and intimidation, and legal abuse through unlawful searches and seizures. The document also mentions that selective enforcement, such as not arresting an off-duty officer for drunk driving, can be a form of misconduct. Overall, the document provides an overview of the various types and definitions of police misconduct and corruption.
Official crime statistics show that ethnic minorities, particularly black people, are overrepresented at various stages of the criminal justice system. Black people are much more likely to be stopped and searched by police, arrested, and imprisoned. However, statistics do not prove whether ethnic groups actually commit crimes at different rates or if overrepresentation is partly due to discrimination within the criminal justice system, such as disproportionate targeting by police. Explanations for differences in crime rates include sociological theories of marginalization, racism, and conflict perspectives, as well as debates around the accuracy and biases of official data.
This document discusses statistics on ethnicity and crime in the UK from three perspectives: official statistics which show overrepresentation of some ethnic groups in the prison population; victimization studies which have limitations; and self-report studies which found similar self-reported offending rates across ethnic groups. It also examines evidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system and debates around reasons for higher criminality rates among some ethnic groups.
This report shows findings from a nationwide survey of Black men and police officers on the topic of racial bias in policing. The report also includes a detailed list of Verbatims from survey respondents.
The purpose of the study was to get opinions from those most impacted by the issue of racial bias in policing and to propose solutions.
This document summarizes the content of the Journal of Law Enforcement Leadership and Ethics, Volume 3 Number 1 from September 2016. It provides information on the journal's purpose, editorial board, and first few articles. The journal aims to advance police leadership and ethics through publishing peer-reviewed articles from academics and practitioners in law enforcement and related fields. It is a collaborative effort between the Institute for Law Enforcement Administration and The Center for Law Enforcement Ethics.
Official crime statistics collected by the Home Office provide information on crimes known to the police, but have limitations as not all crimes are reported. Only around 30-50% of crimes are actually reported to and recorded by the police. Victimization surveys aim to uncover a truer picture of criminal activity by asking people directly about crimes they have experienced. However, they also have limitations as they rely on victim memory and definitions of crime. There are many factors that influence the reporting and recording of crime and how accurately statistics represent the real level of criminal activity.
This document discusses police corruption and ways to reduce it. It begins by explaining that police corruption usually stems from a lack of respect officers feel from their city or inadequate pay. It then provides examples of police corruption ranging from small bribes to more serious offenses. Finally, it outlines six ways to control corruption, including implementing high moral standards, clear policies and discipline, outside reviews, and court oversight.
Equal Rights Proposition Outline Police Brutality towards African.docxelbanglis
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
1
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
5
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
Team C
Derrick Jones
Joseph Maestas
July 23, 2019
Professor Rosalind Raby
Week 3
Title: Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African AmericansA. Police Brutality Against African-Americans.a. Police brutality against African-Americans is not a new issue. It has been happening throughout history and needs to be stopped. Police brutality is prematurely ending and/or effecting the lives and communities of many African-Americans. b. This needless violence causes tremendous strain on the affected families mental and physical well-being, but also African-Americans as a whole. These actions bare the weight the United States history of violence against African-Americans and reflect the shortcomings of the criminal justice system. c. Whether the brutality is intentional or not, it sends out the message that police does not value the health, well-being, and lives of African-Americans. This is not a message that should be sent and police brutality against African American must be stopped at all costs. B. Issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor forcea. Throughout history African-Americans have had a tough time in the labor force. There has been some progress, but unequal employment opportunities continue to be standard operating procedure for many African American men and women. b. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the African American unemployment rate is the lowest in history. However, they continue to face problems and challenges which are often imposed because of a lack of understanding or negative attitudes brought on racial biases although they possess the same or higher-level education than their counterparts. c. African-Americans must deal with being pushed into minority positions in meaningless jobs, not being given access to the same networks as their coworkers, working twice as hard for less wages, not being given the same opportunities for career advancements and promotion, and various other forms of discrimination.C. How society has constructed this group's identitya. The African American population in this country has always been a minority. African Americans started out in this country as slaves, and even with the abolishment of slavery and the civil rights movement, society still perceives this group as less than. b. African-Americans are seen to be associated with drugs since many of this minority live in impoverished areas where drugs are abundant. In recent years, there has been a significant focus on African-Americans and the criminal justice system and police brutality (Taylor, 2013). c. Society uses the “War on drugs” as an excuse for overtly racist behavior by law enforcement (Taylor, 2013). Today’s society associate ...
The document discusses ethnicity and crime in the UK and USA. It provides statistics showing that ethnic minorities, particularly those of Afro-Caribbean descent, are overrepresented in crime statistics and the prison population compared to their percentage of the total population. However, victim surveys show that most crime is intra-ethnic. There are two main explanations for this: structural factors such as racism and economic marginalization increase criminality; or that discrimination in the criminal justice system results in ethnic minorities being disproportionately policed, arrested, and convicted.
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
Term Paper Essay Assignment Rubric Due by Saturday May 12th.docxjacqueliner9
Term Paper Essay Assignment Rubric
Due by Saturday May 12th at 11:59pm via TurnitIn (20% of final grade)
Sociology 3480: Term Paper Rubric
Sources: In addition to your text and/or readings, provide at least 5 outside sources. At least one
outside source must be a peer reviewed/academic journal article. Wikipedia, personal blogs,
and/or .org’s will not be accepted as valid sources.
Note: Electronic copy must be uploaded to Turnitin link to check for citation accuracy
Study – Gather data online (no less than 5 articles). Characterize the social issue you chose for
yourself and show how it fits what is given and said about that topic in news/media. How is this
different than what we have been reading in our text? Cite comparisons.
Consider the social topic you chose relative to course material and answer the following
questions in essay format to summarize your findings.
In general, you should address the following questions in your essay:
What is your social topic?
What are some of the specific areas discussed in your social topic?
What are the different perspectives/opposing viewpoints?
How do most people get their information on your given social topic?
How is it different than you imagined, than what you read about?
What past research has been done on your topic?
Which solutions have worked, what haven’t? (investigate: read articles and refer to your text)
What new or unresolved issues/concerns have developed?
What did you learn by doing this paper?
(Again, use these questions to guide the general direction of your essay. Do not answer these
questions individually).
Surname 6
How Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Influence Police Brutality
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
The social topic of race, ethnicity, and immigration is critical to discuss so that one can understand how these factors influence people in society. Race refers to the classification of individuals based on social or physical qualities. Ethnicity entails people’s categories based on their language, culture, ancestry, and history. In addition, immigration refers to moving and settling in a specific country temporarily or permanently. Many individuals consider race and ethnicity of residents in a particular area before migrating. In most cases, people move to places where they can find others who understand them. Currently, neighborhoods comprise of individuals who belong to the same race or ethnicity. That is why it is hard for whites to settle in areas where the majority of people living there are African Americans. Therefore, race and ethnicity are the two primary determinants of immigration in the United States of America (USA). Although many Americans have encountered police brutality, at some point in their lives, race, ethnicity, and immigration ar.
This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
The FBI reports crime data in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), including the number of arrests, crimes reported, and officers. This data is reported as a rate per 100,000 people and as a percentage change from previous years. Part I offenses in the UCR include serious crimes like murder, while Part II offenses are less serious crimes. The National Crime Victimization Survey directly surveys people about their experiences as crime victims, which can provide information about unreported crimes. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. Theories like social disorganization theory and social process theories examine how social forces influence criminal behavior.
Racial profiling involves targeting minorities by police and others without probable cause. It may be more common due to hate crimes, gang violence, the war on drugs, and terrorist attacks. Two controversial cases involved racial profiling that resulted in injury and death. Statistics show that African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to be pulled over and searched by police compared to whites. The media can help bring attention to issues of police corruption and racial profiling but may also influence public opinion. Preventing future cases of racial profiling requires stricter laws against the practice as well as more education for police and the public. Racial profiling should not be tolerated at any level.
This document discusses ethical issues related to criminal justice, national security, and war. It covers topics such as just war theory, responses to terrorism, the Patriot Act, government secrecy, torture, and balancing crime control with civil liberties. Key points addressed include debates around the ethics of war and limiting rights in the name of security. The tension between utilitarian justifications and protecting civil rights and legal processes is a recurring theme.
This document discusses various forms of misconduct among correctional professionals, including corruption for personal gain, abuse and mistreatment of inmates, and systemic issues that harm inmates. It provides examples like a former Colorado prison guard who admitted to beating inmates, and discusses legislation like the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 which aims to prevent sexual abuse in prisons. The document also discusses alternatives to the traditional punitive model, like restorative justice approaches that emphasize rehabilitation and addressing the needs of victims.
This document provides an overview of discretion and dilemmas faced by various correctional professionals, including correctional officers, treatment staff, probation/parole officers, and others. It discusses issues such as the use of force, relationships with inmates, medical experiments on prisoners, and types of ethical dilemmas that may arise. Specific examples are also provided, such as a case involving sexual abuse of inmates by a correctional officer and assaults on an HIV-positive inmate who was denied medical treatment.
This document discusses various topics related to punishment and corrections, including:
- Elements of punishment and the goals of treatment in corrections
- Guidelines for ethical punishment that respect individual liberty and only justify necessary intrusions
- Rationales for punishment based on social contract theory and balancing restoration with civil liberties
- Goals of correctional systems like retribution, prevention, and rehabilitation
- Debate around punishment approaches like just deserts models, determinate vs. indeterminate sentencing, and three strikes laws
- Costs and controversies with practices like private prisons, supermax facilities, capital punishment, and community supervision.
The document discusses various types of ethical misconduct that can occur within the legal system, including by defense attorneys, prosecutors, and judges. It provides examples of misconduct such as attorney alcohol and drug abuse during trials, prosecutorial suppression of exculpatory evidence, and judges denying defendants their rights. It also discusses issues with eyewitness testimony and false convictions. Responses to misconduct discussed include sanctions by state bar associations and lists of disciplined attorneys maintained by the Department of Justice. The tensions between judicial independence and political influences on the courts are also examined.
This document discusses ethical issues that arise for legal professionals in criminal cases. It covers the duties of defense attorneys, including providing counsel to unpopular or guilty clients. It also discusses prosecutors' discretion in charging decisions and conflicts of interest. The document outlines attorneys' responsibilities to clients and duties of confidentiality and candor toward the court. It discusses forensic science issues and examples of experts who provided unreliable testimony. Finally, it addresses judicial discretion in interpreting laws and sentencing.
This document discusses several topics related to law and the legal profession. It begins by outlining different theories of law, such as natural law and positive law. It then discusses legal justifications like the harm principle and legal paternalism. The document also examines perceptions of the judicial system and whether it achieves true justice. It analyzes the roles and ethics of legal professionals like attorneys and judges. Specifically, it debates whether attorneys should serve as legal agents or moral agents. Finally, the document reviews ethical standards and codes of conduct for legal professionals.
This document summarizes key areas of liability for law enforcement, including discrimination, investigative practices, and use of force. It discusses moral dilemmas officers face and different types of control. It also examines issues like racial profiling, undercover operations, interrogation techniques, and excessive force. Specifically, it analyzes discretion and how even well-intentioned policies can enable abuse of power over marginalized groups.
Police have tremendous power in society that can enable corruption if abused. While most officers act ethically, a small minority engage in misconduct like accepting bribes, using excessive force, or dealing drugs. Notable cases of police corruption include Frank Serpico exposing widespread corruption in the NYPD in the 1970s and over 100 officers in Puerto Rico being arrested for drug trafficking in 2010. Reducing corruption requires reforms like improving training, oversight, and establishing civilian review boards.
This document discusses several cases of police misconduct and ethical issues faced by police. It summarizes a case where San Francisco police officers falsified evidence in a drug raid that led to an elderly woman being shot and killed. It also discusses a case where officers were accused of committing perjury in drug bust reports. The document examines the tension between police loyalty and whistleblowing when officers witness wrongdoing by other officers.
This document discusses various theories related to ethics and moral development. It begins by noting several factors that have weakened societal forces for teaching morality. It then provides examples of high-profile politicians who have acted unethically. The document goes on to examine different perspectives on how people become ethical or unethical, including biological, learning, and developmental theories. It analyzes specific theories such as Kohlberg's stages of moral development and Bandura's theory of selective disengagement. The document concludes by discussing ways to foster ethics, such as through leadership and training, as well as challenges faced by criminal justice professionals in making ethical choices.
This document discusses concepts related to justice and morality. It begins by summarizing Harold Hall's wrongful conviction and release after 19 years in prison due to post-conviction DNA evidence proving his innocence. It then defines concepts of justice such as fairness, equality, and impartiality. It examines Aristotle's views on rectificatory and distributive justice. It outlines major components of justice recognized today, including distributive and corrective justice. It also discusses theories of distributive justice, criticisms of Rawls' theory, and examples related to healthcare reform, economic inequality protests, and criminal justice cases.
This document discusses various ethical systems and approaches to determining moral behavior. It begins by providing two examples of ethical dilemmas, including one about an employee who publicly quit Goldman Sachs and another about a detective who uncovered police misconduct. It then outlines several ethical systems such as deontological ethics, which focuses on inherent morality of acts, and teleological ethics, which focuses on consequences. It also discusses ethical formalism based on Kant's categorical imperative, utilitarianism, which focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number, and virtue ethics. The document notes criticisms of each approach and concludes by discussing other decision-making principles and relativism versus absolutism.
This chapter discusses the importance of ethics in the criminal justice system. It notes that ethical issues exist at all levels, from creating laws to punishment. Criminal justice professionals have varying degrees of power and discretion, so studying ethics is critical to determine the right course of action. The chapter also defines key terms like morality, ethics, discretion, and explores the common obligations of criminal justice workers to act with integrity and uphold civil rights.
This document discusses various topics related to criminal justice in the new millennium, including globalization and its impact on criminality, corporate enterprise crime, cyber crime, terrorism, and predictions for the future of criminal justice. It describes how globalization and technological advances have created new opportunities for crime. It also outlines different types of corporate crimes like the subprime mortgage scandal, management fraud, and strategies to control corporate crime. The document also summarizes cyber crimes such as identity theft, cyber bullying, and the large costs of cyber crime. It then discusses terrorism and anti-terrorism laws before concluding with potential changes to criminal justice like demographic shifts, technology, and globalization.
The document discusses the history and evolution of the juvenile justice system in the United States. It began based on the philosophy of parens patriae, where the state acts as a guardian for children. In the late 19th century, child savers lobbied for the creation of the first juvenile court in Cook County, Illinois in 1899. Through the 1960s-1980s, the Supreme Court issued rulings establishing juveniles' right to due process. Today the juvenile justice system focuses on community-based alternatives to incarceration, though it remains at a crossroads due to public fear around youth crime.
1) Inmates go through classification tests before prison entry and must adjust to a no-frills policy where prisons punish, not coddle.
2) Prison life involves deprivation of liberty, goods, relationships and autonomy under constant surveillance in overcrowded facilities.
3) Inmates develop unique subcultures and codes of conduct to navigate prisonization, with African American and Latino inmates more cohesively organized than whites.
4) Rehabilitation programs like counseling, education and vocational training provide benefits in and out of prison, but inmates face risks of reentry like reconviction due to lack of preparation for conventional life.
The document provides a history of correctional institutions in the United States from the 17th century to present day. It discusses the origins of early jails and prisons, the development of different incarceration systems like Pennsylvania and Auburn models, and reforms over time focused on more humane treatment of inmates. The document also outlines different types of facilities that exist today including maximum, medium, and minimum security prisons as well as alternative facilities like boot camps, halfway houses, private prisons and others.
This document discusses community sentencing and probation. It begins by outlining the benefits of community sentencing, then describes the history and current use of probation. Probation involves the conditional release of an offender into the community under court supervision. The document also discusses intermediate sanctions used as alternatives to incarceration, such as house arrest, intensive supervision, fines, forfeiture, restitution, and residential community facilities.
This document discusses the goals of punishment and sentencing. It outlines several goals of punishment, including general deterrence, incapacitation, specific deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation, equity/restitution, and restoration. It then discusses different sentencing models like determinate vs indeterminate sentencing and factors that affect sentencing decisions. It finishes with an overview of capital punishment, including current execution numbers, DNA evidence challenges, and arguments for and against the death penalty.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. Definition of Police-Community
Relations
Refers primarily to the relations between the
police and racial and ethnic minority
communities.
From PCR to Legitimacy
Police need to establish trust and cooperation with
all segments of the community they serve
Policing a Multicultural Society
Definitions of Race and Ethnicity
Race – refers to the major biological divisions of the
people of the world
Ethnicity- refers to cultural differences such as
language, religion, family patterns, and foodways
12-2
3. The Major Racial and Ethnic Minority
Groups
African Americans
Hispanics/Latinos
More likely to experience
police-initiated contact
Largest racial or ethnic
minority group by 2010
Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba,
Haiti, Dominican Republic,
Central and South America
Arabs
Very diverse group
Majority trace background to
Lebanon
Most are native-born
Americans
Muslim religion
Native American
Higher crime rate on
reservation
Tribal police
Asian Americans
Vietnamese, Cambodians are
newest immigrants
Immigrants
Primary language is not
English
Report crimes at lower rates
than other Americans
Calls for bilingual officers to
accommodate immigrants
12-3
4. Not Just Race and Ethnicity:
Gender and Sexual Preference
Police-community relations problems also exist with the
following groups:
Women
Gay men
Lesbians
Transgendered persons
Problems of sexual harassment, disrespect, and physical
abuse
12-4
5. Discrimination versus Disparity
Discrimination: differential treatment
based on some extralegal category such
as race, ethnicity or gender.
Disparity: different outcomes that are not
necessarily caused by differential
treatment
12-5
6. A Contextual Approach to PoliceCitizen Interactions
Experiences with police vary according to
department, type of police action, the
departmental unit involved, etc.
Some departments have better relations with
people of color minority communities
Interactions are different according to
location, police unit, and enforcement activity
12-6
7. Public Opinion and the Police
The vast majority of Americans have a positive attitude
toward the police.
Racial and ethnic minorities consistently rate the police
less favorably than whites.
A majority of African Americans (76%) and Hispanics
give the police a generally favorable rating.
Young people rate the police less favorably than older
people.
Poor people, less educated people, and crime victims
tend to rate the police lower than others.
There are significant differences in opinions about the
police in different cities.
12-7
8. Race and Ethnicity
2011 survey showed that 24% of African
Americans had little to no confidence in
police (compared to 6% of whites)
Attitudes about police roles can vary
according to social class, as well as race
and ethnicity
Thus, middle-class and lower-class African
Americans do not share identical attitudes
12-8
9. Attitudes about Police Use of Force
Hispanics and African Americans are
twice as likely to believe the police will use
excessive force in their communities
In a survey of Cincinnati residents, 46.6%
of African Americans indicated they had
been personally “hassled” by the police
Compared to only 9.6% of whites
12-9
10. Social Class
In 2011, 30% of people with incomes
lower than $20,000 had little to no
confidence in police
Compared to 1% of people with incomes
above $50,000
12-10
11. Age: Young People and the Police
Age consistently ranks second to race and
ethnicity as a factor in public attitudes
toward police
A 2011 survey found that 12% of people
between the ages of 18-29 had little to no
confidence in the police
Compared with only 8% of people between 50
and 64
12-11
12. Other Demographic Factors
Where You Live: Neighborhood Quality of
Life
Crime Victimization
Gender
Level of Education
12-12
13. Community Policing
Community policing has a positive impact
on citizens’ attitudes toward the police
A study by Weitzer and Tuch found that
people who believe their police department
engages in community policing in their
neighborhood are less likely to believe that
the police use excessive force
12-13
14. Intercity Variations
There are important differences in public
attitudes among cities that apparently reflect
differences in the activities and reputations
of these departments
The Case of Detroit
• More African Americans indicated they were satisfied
with the police than whites
• African Americans dominated the local political
establishment
• Thus, African Americans are more likely than whites
to identify positively with the police and other parts of
the political system
12-14
15. The Impact of Controversial
Incidents
Specific cases or controversial incidents
(ex: Rodney King beating in LA) can have
a short term affect on people ’s attitudes
toward police officers and police
departments.
12-15
16. Complex Dimensions of Trust and
Confidence in the Police
Priorities: Whether people feel that the police share their
concerns about the neighborhood
Competence: Whether people feel that the police have the
knowledge and skills to achieve their objectives
Dependability: Whether people feel that the police can be
counted on to fulfill their promises
Respect: Whether people feel that the police treat them with
respect
Theory of Procedural Justice: People distinguish between
the outcomes and the process
Ex: People are more likely to be satisfied if the officer explains the
basis for his action, even if the outcome is unfavorable
12-16
17. Three Perspectives on Attitudes
Toward Police
The Police and the Larger Society
The Police and Other Occupations
The Police in Other Countries
Summary of attitudes:
Majority of Americans have positive attitude toward police
Racial and ethnic minorities consistently rate police less favorably
African Americans and Hispanics generally give a favorable rating
Young people rate less favorably
Poor people, less educated people and crime victims rate less
favorably
People who view their neighborhood as safe view police favorably
Community policing has a positive effect on citizens’ attitudes
There are significant differences in attitudes among different cities
People make important distinctions regarding police actions
Attitudes toward police reflect attitudes toward society as a whole
12-17
18. Police Perceptions of Citizens
Sources of Police Attitudes
Selective Contact
• Officers do not have regular contact with a cross
section of the community
• Low-income and minorities have a disproportionate
level of contact with the police
Selective Perception
• Officers are more likely to remember traumatic or
unpleasant events
• Officers tend to stereotype African Americans since
they tend to show the most hostility toward officers
12-18
19. Sources of Police-Community
Relations Problems
Question: How do we explain the apparent
contradiction between the generally favorable
ratings given the police by racial and ethnic minority
communities and the persistence of public conflict
between the police and these groups?
Answer: We must examine specific areas of
policing
The level of police protection received by different
neighborhoods
Police officer field practices
Administrative practices
Employment practices
12-19
20. Level of Police Protection
Too Much or Too Little Law Enforcement?
African Americans have been victims of underenforcement of the law throughout time
Four Systems of Justice in the South during
institutionalized segregation
1. Crimes by whites against whites handled as “normal”
crimes
2. Crimes by whites against African Americans rarely
prosecuted
3. Crimes by African Americans against whites received
harshest response
4. Crimes by African Americans against African Americans
were ignored
12-20
21. Level of Police Protection
Continued
Failures to enforce the law in minority communities
has typically involved crimes of vice (gambling,
prostitution, drugs)
This under-enforcement breeds disrespect for the law
and police
Exposes law-abiding citizens in minority neighborhoods
to criminal activities and lower the quality of life
Delay in Responding to Calls
Studies found that patrol officers often deliberately
delayed responding to calls for service, especially
involving family disturbances
Black citizens perceived greater delays than whites
12-21
22. Police Field Practices
Deadly Force
Source of major conflict
between minorities and
police
Changed significantly
over last 40 years
• Fleeing-felon rule
unconstitutional
• Trend toward defenseof-life standard
Does current disparity
between African
Americans and whites
shot and killed by police
represent systematic
discrimination?
Use of Physical Force
Public Brutality:
excessive use of physical
force by the police
Most common complaint
by minorities
Use of force continuum
Police use force more
often against
• Criminal suspects
• Male suspects
• Black males
• Drunk and
antagonistic
• Physical resistance
12-22
23. Use of Physical Force
Fleeing-Felon Rule: Declared unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court in 1985 (Tennessee v.
Garner), allowed police the legal right to use
deadly force in apprehending a felon attempting
to escape.
Defense-of-Life Standard: States that police
officers are allowed to use deadly force only in
situations where their own lives or the life of
another person are in danger.
12-23
24. Situational Factors in the Use of
Force
Officers more likely to use force against:
Male suspects
African American males
Drunk citizens
Citizens who are antagonistic to the police
Geoffrey Alpert’s Force Factor Framework
Examines police officer behavior in relationship to
the citizen’s actions
If an officer used force where there was no
resistance or threat on part of the citizen, then the
force would be considered excessive
12-24
25. Use of Police Canine Units
Being bitten by a police dog is a form
of
police use of force
Minorities believe police dogs are used
more often against them, and that they are
bitten far more often than whites
12-25
26. Arrests
African Americans are arrested more often than
whites (relative to their numbers in the population)
Officers’ decision to arrest is based on situational
factors
The strength of the evidence
The seriousness of the crime
The preference of the victim
The victim-suspect relationship
The demeanor of the suspect
• Extremely complex
• No studies which determines the extent to which demeanor is
provoked by officer actions
12-26
27. Field Interrogations and Searches
Field Interrogations: Involve a crime control
strategy of both identifying and apprehending
offenders, and sending a message of deterrence
to people on the street.
Young racial and ethnic minority males regard this as
harassment
The President’s Crime Commission found that field
interrogations were a “major cause of tensions
between the police and minority communities”
12-27
28. Being “Out of Place” and Getting
Stopped
Experts believe that a certain amount of
racial profiling in traffic enforcement is the
result of a police officer deciding that an
African American or Hispanic driver is “out
of place” in a white neighborhood.
12-28
29. Discussion: Crime Fighting and
Stereotyping
Stereotyping of citizens by gender, age,
and race is a problem deeply rooted in
policing
Racial stereotyping can affect a police
officer’s likelihood of using deadly force
12-29
30. Other Police Field Practices
Verbal Abuse and Racial and Ethnic Slurs
Language and Cultural Barriers
Discrimination Involving Women, Gays,
Lesbians, and Transgendered People
“Driving While Female”
Abuse of sexual minorities
Bias against young African American women
12-30
31. Special Topic: Racial Profiling
Racial profiling: the practice of police
officers stopping drivers because of their
race or ethnicity and not because of a
legitimate law violation.
“Driving while black”
“Driving while brown”
12-31
32. Traffic Enforcement Practices
59% of all citizen-police contacts involve
traffic stops
Data on traffic enforcement patterns
involve several different actions by police:
Stopping a vehicle
Resolving the stop through an arrest, citation,
warning, or no action
Searching the vehicle, driver, and/or
passengers
12-32
33. Data on Traffic Enforcement
Patterns
National data
Males more likely to be stopped than females
Young people more likely than older people
African Americans and Hispanics more likely to
be searched than whites
State and local data
Meehan and Ponder study found that African
Americans were more likely to be stopped and
queried in predominately white neighborhoods
Location matters
12-33
34. Interpreting Traffic-Stop Data
Benchmark for interpreting data was the
residential population
However, population data do not indicate who is
actually driving on the roads or who is violating
traffic law
Best method is the rolling survey technique
which utilizes direct observation
Another alternative is internal benchmarking (IB)
Compares performance of individual officers with peer
officers
12-34
35. Explaining Disparities in Traffic
Enforcement
“Officers act on the basis of prejudicial
attitudes”
A Contextual Analysis:
Racial profiling occurs in three different
contexts
1.
2.
3.
War on drugs
Citizens who are “out of place”
General crackdown on crime
12-35
36. Police Justifications for Racial and
Ethnic Disparities
Major argument is that African Americans
and minorities are more likely to be
engaged in criminal activity
Some argue this involves circular
reasoning
Minorities stopped and arrested more than
whites producing higher arrest rates and thus,
justifying higher rates of stops and arrests.
12-36
37. The Legitimate Use of Race and
Ethnicity in Police Work
Police officer cannot arrest a person solely
on the basis or race
The police cannot use race or ethnicity
when it is one element in a general profile
of criminal suspects.
The police may use race or ethnicity when
it is one element in the description of a
specific criminal suspect
12-37
38. Policies to Prevent Bias in Traffic
Enforcement
Specific written policy prohibiting racial or
ethnic discrimination
Improve police officer training
Traffic-stop data collection and analysis
12-38
39. Can Policies Reduce Racial and
Ethnic Disparities?
The U.S. Customs Service developed new
guidelines for searching foreigners
entering the country
As a result, the no. of persons being searched
declined by 47%
The percentage of people found with
contraband rose by 65%
Racial and ethnic disparities in persons
searched also declined
12-39
40. Problem Solving on Racial Profiling
Importance of developing community and
police partnerships on racial profiling:
Partnerships foster trust
Partnerships are a valuable avenue for twoway communication
Partnerships can help police departments
reduce the risk of engaging in unacceptable
practices that might result in being sued
12-40
41. Improving Police-Community
Relations
Several different approaches:
Maintaining a representative police force
• Eliminating employment discrimination
Improving the handling of citizen complaints
• Civilian review boards
Creating special police-community relations unit
• For recent immigrants: “newcomer,” “foreign born,” and “nonnatives”
Improving training
• Assigning officers on the basis of race
12-41
42. Special Police-Community
Relations Unit
PCR Units operate programs designed to
improve relations with minority communities
Ride-along programs: allow citizens to spend a
few hours riding in a patrol car
Creation of neighborhood storefront offices to
overcome isolation of the police
Special PCR programs tend to be more
successfully with groups of people who already
have favorable attitudes toward the police
Whites, homeowners, older people
12-42
43. Outreach to Immigrant
Communities
The new variety of languages and cultures
in American cities presents new issues for
police departments
Police departments developing new outreach
programs designed to help establish closer
relations with the police and new immigrant
communities
Largest number of programs are targeted
toward Hispanic/Latino communities
12-43
44. Should Local Police Enforce
Federal Immigration?
Many local police officials do not want to
be involved in enforcing immigration laws
because they argue that policing requires
them to develop close relations with the
communities they serve
The role of immigration enforcement might
alienate them from communities with large
numbers of immigrants
People will become reluctant to call the police
to report crimes, etc.
12-44
45. Race Relations and Human
Relations Training
No research has established a direct connection
between race relations training and improved
police officer behavior or improve public
attitudes
Experts question the value of classroom training
On-the-street behavior and communication may be
more effective
Training in Cultural Competence
Information may help explain cultural differences that
may lead to misunderstandings
12-45
46. From PCR to Legitimacy: The New
Paradigm
Legitimacy: the belief that the police as a social
institution are acting properly and effectively,
and deserve public supports
Winning legitimacy is 2-dimensional
First dimension: involves substantive outcomes:
controlling crime and disorder and providing services
to the public
Second dimension: involves how police do their job:
treating all people with respect, not engaging in
misconduct or use of excessive force
Key difference between PCR and Legitimacy
PCR programs are directed only toward one part of
the community
12-46
47. Community Policing and Improving
PCR
Community policing represents a
comprehensive philosophy of policing and
may better address on-the-street police
behavior than traditional PCR programs
Community policing is directed toward the
community as a whole, and not just racial
and ethnic minority communities
12-47