KKeith - Writing Sample 3

Assessing the Effect of Involuntary Stops by Police on Perceptions of Police
Many police agencies throughout the United States and European countries have began to
implement community policing initiatives to reduce crime and improve police-community
relations by building partnerships, increasing trust, and utilizing research to ensure these policing
initiatives are successful. Research corroborates what common sense predicts: The quality of
police-community relations is associated with the police department’s ability to engage the
community to work together to solve problems and prevent crime. Using citizen satisfaction as a
performance indicator demonstrates to individual officers that the quality of the police services
they provide is important.
Voluntary vs. Involuntary Police Contact
A growing body of research has specifically examined the relationship between
perceptions and experiences with the police. While Brandl, Frank, Worden, and Bynum (1994)
suggest that global attitudes toward the police have a stronger effect on individuals’ assessments
in specific encounters than the reverse; most studies have found that both negative and
involuntary police contacts result in less favorable attitudes toward the police.
According to research, the reported perception of an experience with police can often
depend on whether encounters are initiated by police or by citizens. In general, people who call,
flag down, or approach the police are more satisfied with what happened—and with policing
generally—than those who are pulled off the road or stopped by patrol officers while walking on
foot. Decker (1981) dubbed these “voluntary” and “involuntary” contacts; they are also
frequently referred to as “police-initiated,” or “proactive,” and “citizen-initiated,” or “reactive”
encounters. He concluded that contacts initiated by citizens are more positive in style and
substance. He reasoned that the legitimacy of police intervention is ensured in these encounters
because they were contacted for assistance and that the police are most likely to play a
supportive role in citizen-initiated contacts. Police-initiated contacts, on the other hand, are not
entered into voluntarily and are more likely to be of a suspicious, inquisitorial, and potentially
adversarial nature. Differences in satisfaction with citizen- and police-initiated contacts have
been observed in many studies.
Differences in satisfaction with citizen- and police-initiated contacts have been observed
in many studies. For example, Southgate and Ekblom (1984) found that, in Britain, being
involved in field interrogations and vehicular stops generated three times as much public
annoyance (as they measured it) as other kinds of encounters with police. The 1988 British
Crime Survey probed for a variety of citizen-initiated encounters and revealed that those who
recently had called the police, visited a station, or approached the police on the street to get or
give them information (e.g., that a traffic accident had occurred) generally were quite satisfied
with the encounter. However, those who contacted police to report a disturbance, nuisance, or
suspicious person came away dissatisfied with how they were treated, and those who wanted to
report a crime were the least satisfied of all. The latter groups constituted 44% of the adult
population of England and Wales, so their unhappiness was significant (Mayhew, Elliott, &
Dowds, 1989). Further, a recent survey of London using a satisfaction measure found that a bare
majority of respondents were either “very” or “somewhat satisfied” with how they were treated

when stopped by the police, compared to two thirds of those who had contacted the police about
a crime-related matter (Hough, FitzGerald, Joseph, & Qureshi, 2002).
Race as a contributing factor
Though a large body of research has examined practices and police/community relations,
often minority perspectives on policing are missed. A growing body of research has examined
the disproportionate effects of police practices and misconduct. This research documents the
wide range of harms to minorities in disadvantaged communities, including disproportionate
experiences with surveillance and stops (Fagan & Davies, 2000; Jones-Brown, 2000; Kennedy,
1997; Weitzer, 2000); disrespectful treatment and verbal abuse (Weitzer, 2000); arrests (Smith &
Visher, 1981); the use of force, including excessive and deadly force (Jacobs & O’Brien, 1998;
Smith & Holmes, 2003; Terrill & Reisig, 2003; Weitzer, 2000); police deviance (Kane, 2002); as
well as fewer police protections and slower response times (Klinger, 1997; Smith & Klein,
1984). Moreover, it is specifically minorities that are young and male who bear the largest share
of these negative experiences.
As a consequence, many scholars suggest that consistent findings of minority distrust
and/or dissatisfaction with the police can best be understood by examining the nature of policing
in their communities, including their interpretations of their own experiences with the police
(Fagan & Davies, 2000; Leitzel, 2001; Tyler & Wakslak, 2004; Weitzer, 2000). Scholars argue
that one of the most harmful elements of aggressive policing strategies is their disproportionate
targeting of both minority citizens and poor minority communities (Fagan & Davies, 2000). As
Hemmens and Levin (2000) summarize:
[T]hese more aggressive procedures increase hostility toward the police in inner-city
neighborhoods and among those minority groups who are the primary targets of these
proactive policing tactics … [S]uch tactics … involve the extensive use of police
discretion and provide multiple opportunities for the abuse of authority …. One result of
these aggressive police tactics is the stopping and questioning of many innocent persons.
Much of the recent research on in this area has specifically examined the issue of racial
profiling—involuntary stops based upon race. Weitzer and Tuch (2002), for example, found that
“net of other factors, race and personal experience with racial profiling are among the strongest
and most consistent predictors of attitudes toward the police.” In fact, they conclude that
personal experience with racial discrimination “can have lasting, adverse effects” on individuals’
perceptions of the police. Likewise, Tyler and Waslak (2004) report that individuals who believe
they were the victims of racial profiling have more negative attitudes toward the police. In
addition, their work highlights the importance of procedural justice. Specifically, they found that
when individuals believed that “the police exercised their authority using fair procedures […]
and [were] respectful [in their] interpersonal treatment,” they were less likely to perceive such
stops as racial profiling. Further, the authors conclude: “To effectively deal with racial distrust of
the police in the minority community it is important to regulate not only the selection of the
people whom the police stop, but also the manner in which they conduct stops as well.”
Essentially, minorities who report that they were treated fairly and respectfully by police in the
past are more likely to render positive judgments of police in the past, despite the involuntary
nature of the police stop.

Differences in Satisfaction with Citizen- and Police-Initiated Contacts
Bureau of Justice Statistics – 2008
Retrieved from
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp08.pdf
This nation-wide study is conducted every 3 years since 1999 by the Bureau of Justice
Statistics (BJS).
Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS). The PPCS, a supplement to the National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS), collects data on crime against persons aged 12 years or older
from a nationally representative, stratified, multistage cluster sample of United States
households. Nearly 60,000 people participated in the most recent PPCS, which was conducted
during the last six months of 2008. A large portion of respondents are contacted by telephone
(61.5%), while 38.5% of respondents complete the survey in person. Respondents are asked
about their police contact for the 12 months prior to conducting the survey: for example, persons
interviewed in July 2008 were asked about contacts that occurred between August 2007 and July
2008. For specific questions from the PPCS, please see Appendix A.
The PPCS provides detailed information on the nature and characteristics of face-to-face
contacts between police and the public, including the reason for and outcome of the contact.
• An estimated 40 million U.S. residents age 16 or older, or about 17 percent of the
population, had a face-to-face contact with a police officer in 2008. This is a
continuing decrease in contact between police and the public, down from 19
percent of residents who had contact with the police in 2005 and 21 percent who
had contact in 2002.
• The most common situation in which people came into contact with the police
was as the involuntary stop of a driver in a traffic stop (44.1% of respondents); the
second most common reason for contact with police continued to be reporting a
crime or problem.
• Among people who had face-to-face contact in 2008, about nine out of 10
residents felt the police were respectful or acted properly during their most recent
contact that year.
• Most drivers (85%) who were pulled over by police during 2008 believed they
were stopped for a legitimate reason.
• People who had contact with police during a traffic accident (92.6%; an voluntary
stop where police presence was requested) were more like to feel that police
behaved properly when compared to those in involuntary stops of adversarial
nature: where police suspected the respondent of wrongdoing or were respondents
were contacted during a criminal investigation (78.5%).
o Among those who were suspected of wrongdoing, Blacks (69.6%) and
Hispanics (62.3%) were less likely than Caucasians (82.3%) to believe the
police behaved properly.
• A small percentage (1.5%) of all contacts—both voluntary and involuntary—with
police involved force or the threat of force. Persons suspected of wrongdoing or

who had contact through a criminal investigation represented the largest
percentage of force incidents.
o Caucasians (1.1%) were less likely than Blacks (3.5%) or Hispanics
(2.5%) to experience police threat or use of force during a contact.
o Force was used against a higher percentage of individuals aged 16-29
(2.5%).
o Approximately 75% of these residents described the contact as excessive;
87% felt the police acted improperly; and, less than 20% took formal
action.
o An estimated 21.9% of respondents also reported that they argued with,
cursed at, insulted, or verbally threatened the police.
There is much then to suggest that during face-to-face interactions it will be more
difficult for police to improve opinions than to damage them. Overall opinions of police conduct
seem to reflect positively on police. Outliers within the data appear to fall in the categories
outlined by empirical research: satisfaction appeared to be contingent upon the nature of the
police presence was requested (voluntary vs. involuntary police presence). Further, the use or
threat of force within a stop appeared to greatly alter perceptions of police.
Pasadena, CA – 2006
Retrieved from
http://www.parc.info/client_files/Pasadena/Assessing%20Police%20Community
%20Relations%20in%20Pasadena%20California.pdf
This study, conducted by the Police Assessment Resource Center and the Vera Institute
of Justice, was one of the first to studies to concurrently survey a community’s thoughts and
opinions about its police department as well as the views of police officers about themselves and
their relationship to the community. It was also one of the first to interrelated and compare the
two sets of survey results.
Police survey. The survey was a 63-item, self-administered, anonymous survey to all of
the 241 sworn officers in the Pasadena Police Department, with a response rate of 71% (171
sworn officers). This survey was modeled after a Chicago Police Department personnel survey
conducted by Wesley Skogan and associates in 1992 and a similar survey of police officers in
Cincinnati conducted by the RAND Corporation in 2005. The survey instrument asked officers
the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with questions measuring their attitudes toward their
jobs, police-community relations, and support for community policing.
Community survey. This telephone survey was done via stratified sampling across
multiple zip codes utilizing random-digit dialing. There were sampling quotas were established
by race and ethnicity: 380 interviews in each of the four target ethnic groups: Anglo, African
American, Asian, and Latino. A total of 1524 residents of Pasadena were surveyed. Because the
sample was stratified by race and ethnicity, it was not representative of the city’s population so
the researchers weighted the sample based on Census racial and ethnic proportions when
presenting frequencies on attitudes and experiences with the police. For specific questions
including the telephone interview script from the Community survey, please see Appendix B
(note: Questions 27-65 specifically address involuntary stops).

In this study, a total of 253 persons (17% of respondents) reported that they had an
involuntary contact with the police over the last year. These respondents were most often
contacted by police while driving, presumably for a traffic infraction:
• 4% reported that they had an involuntary contact with the police while walking.
• 4% were searched and frisked during their contact.
• 6% reported having an involuntary contact which involved a traffic accident or an
arrest.
• Two-thirds had been stopped once, 16 % had been stopped twice, 9 % had been
stopped three times, and nearly 8 % reported that they had been stopped five or
more times.
Further analysis showed that of those who had been stopped by police, African-
Americans were stopped on average three times during the previous year, as compared to only
once for whites. Latinos averaged around twice in the past year and Asians averaged only one
stop by police.
Interestingly, it was found that being searched or frisked during the encounter led to more
dissatisfaction than an arrest. Further, 76% were Latino and 19% were African-American. In
fact, Latinos were significantly more likely than whites to have had multiple enforcement actions
taken toward them by the police.
Overall, the African-American, Asian, and Latino communities in Pasadena hold more
negative views toward both their community and their police department. The minority
communities included in this study consistently felt less safe in their neighborhoods at night,
thought the police department was less responsive to their concerns, and were generally less
satisfied with their neighborhood. The greater dissatisfaction of the minority communities with
their neighborhoods and the police department are also, in part, related to the tendency of
African-Americans and Latinos to feel less safe in their neighborhoods at night, and the greater
likelihood of African-Americans and Latinos to be stopped by the police, searched and frisked,
arrested, or have property seized. Interestingly, the opinions of these minorities mirrored those of
Pasadena Police Department officers, who reported that the Department is not as effective at
gaining the support of the minority community as it is in other areas of policing.
Despite the fact that the police department was rated higher in most aspects of
satisfaction by its officers and community than police departments in Chicago, Cincinnati, New
York City, Kansas City, Seattle, St. Petersburg, and Washington, DC, the Pasadena Police
department recognized that there was room for improvement to building trust and establishing
better relationships within the community. Programs and events were implemented to educate
and further discuss relationships between the police and community, especially in regards to
minority residents.

Seattle, WA – 2004
Retrieved from
http://cityofseattle.net/Police/Publications/Special/VeraInstituteStudy.pdf
This study, conducted by the City of Seattle, the Vera Institute of Justice, and the Jackson
Organization, was conducted in January 2003. The survey was conducted via telephone and
consisted of 1,607 Seattle residents. Similar to the Pasadena survey, the sample was designed to
include roughly equal numbers of Black, Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic residents.
The broad scope of the survey was to assess citizens’ level of satisfaction with the police
department and to identify possible sources of friction in police-community interactions.
Importantly, this survey specifically addressed satisfaction with police handling of involuntary
stops with police. For specific questions including the telephone interview script from the survey
and frequencies found within the survey, please see Appendix C (note: Questions 93-107
specifically address involuntary stops).
• The most common situation of involuntary contact with the police revolved
around driving (28%).
• During the involuntary contact with police
o 4% of respondents were arrested during the involuntary contact
o 47% were given a summons.
o 12% of the respondents were searched or frisked
o 4% had property seized
• 26 people reported that the police threatened to use or used physical force against
them, including grabbing, striking, pulling a weapon, or threatening to hit.
o One respondent reported that the force was appropriate
o Four reported that the force used was somewhat inappropriate
o 17 stated that the force used was very inappropriate
• Approximately 75% of respondents thought the officer acted professionally and
clearly explained the reason for the stop and any continuing obligations they had
and thought that the time they were detained was reasonable.
• Approximately 66% of respondents felt that the officer had a valid reason for
stopping them.
• The majority of respondents (66%) were very satisfied or satisfied with the
encounter.
• The proportion of Blacks (36%) who had involuntary contacts with the police was
somewhat, but not substantially, higher than Hispanics (33%), Asians (28%), and
Caucasians (26%).
o Black respondents were significantly less likely to state that police officers
treated them professionally, explained the reasons for the stop, had a valid
reason for the stop, detained them for a reasonable amount of time,
explained any subsequent obligations resulting from the stop, or overall
handled the situation satisfactorily.
Unlike the other studies mentioned in this briefing, this study also analyzed the data at a
multivariate level, assessing deeper relationships that effected perceptions of the police.

Consistent with previous research, analysts found that respondents who had a previous police
contact (both voluntary and involuntary) that they evaluated as negative were less likely to
perceive the police as effective and more likely to believe that police misconduct was a problem.
These finding assert that it is not the type of stop, but the quality of the stop that influences future
opinions of the police.
British Views of the Public on Stops and Searches – 2000
Retrieved from
(1) http://library.npia.police.uk/docs/hopolicers/prs129.pdf
(2) http://library.npia.police.uk/docs/hopolicers/prs127.pdf
The research, a combination of two research notes, was (1) contracted to the specialist
qualitative division of British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) and (2) the Home Office’s
Policing and Reducing Crime Unit (Research, Development and Statistics Directorate [PRC]).
The fieldwork of study (1) comprised face-to-face depth interviews with 55 individuals
stopped or searched by the police during the pilot and discussion groups with 104 members of
the local communities on the pilot sites. A total of 159 people were included in this study. This
study also used information gained from two stop forms which included information on police
search powers and informed people of their rights and the current legal situation while collecting
data. Two examples of these forms are found in Appendix D.
Study (2) drew on information from a range of sources, including:
• statistics collected routinely by the Home Office on searches and crime;
• existing literature from Britain and the United States on stops and searches, and
policing; and
• data collected as part of the broader program of research into stops and searches
carried out by PRC.
The research shows that the experience of being searched is associated with reduced
confidence in the police. It is likely, therefore, that this will contribute directly to lower levels of
confidence in the police among those from minority ethnic groups.
It also notes that people were less satisfied with stop or search encounters when they
were searched, not given convincing explanations or not treated politely or fairly. A lower level
of satisfaction with encounters among ethnic minority people appears to occur because
they disproportionately experience these problems.
• Being stopped was a familiar experience for some respondents across all ethnic
groups. Those regularly stopped felt victimized by the police.
• People generally recognized the difference between a stop and a search. Searches
were seen as more intimidating.
• People tended to want to end an encounter quickly due to embarrassment.
• Experiences of being stopped tended to be negative. Black respondents were least
likely to recall positive experiences.

• Positive experiences were based on being given a reason for the stop, treated
politely and not being kept for a long time or unfairly targeted.
• There were concerns about officers’ attitudes; young officers were seen as
patronizing, arrogant, aggressive and intimidating.
• Importance was placed on being given a genuine reason for stops and,
particularly, searches. This was related to people’s satisfaction with stops and
searches. If not provided, people felt uncomfortable and victimized.
There was some public support for stops and searches in principle, but only with
fundamental changes to their current practice. The aggravation, distrust and resentment currently
caused were seen to outweigh any perceived positive outcomes (e.g. finding drugs, weapons or
stolen items). Changes were suggested in terms of the way they are used and targeted, officer
attitudes, and the reasons given.
Conclusion
Police often call on the public to assist them in carrying out their duties. It stands to
reason that residents are more likely to assist when they view the police favorably and with
legitimacy (Decker, 1981). On the other hand, community perceptions of previous stops have the
potential to unwittingly thwart effective crime-control efforts and cause irrevocable harm to the
police/community relationship.
Though studies have found that involuntary police contacts result in less favorable
attitudes toward the police, a growing body of research demonstrates that the single most
important factor influencing people’s evaluations of police is the quality of their past interactions
with police officers. Simply stated, people who report that they were treated fairly by police in
the past are more likely to render positive judgments of police in the past even if the stop was
involuntary, net of other factors (e.g., demographics, socioeconomic status, type of stop, etc.).
Tyler (2004) concludes that the degree to which people view the police as legitimate influences
whether they comply with police orders or requests. More generally, people accept the decisions
of police when they believe the police have acted fairly and openly with them. Research also
shows that the positive effects of procedural fairness remain even when individuals are the
recipients of negative outcomes: those who are issued citations by police officers, and even those
who are arrested and taken to join, express positive views of the police if they are treated in ways
they perceive to be respectful and equitable. Importantly, positive views of the police make the
work of the police in a community easier and ultimately more effective.

References
Brandl, S., Frank, J., Worden, R., & Bynum, T. (1994). Global and specific attitudes towards the
police: Disentangling the relationship. Justice Quarterly, 11, 119-134.
Decker, S. (1981). Citizen attitudes toward the police: A review of past findings and suggestions
for future policy. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 9, 80-87.
Fagan, J., and Davies, G. (2000). Street stops and broken windows: Terry, race, and disorder in
New York City. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28, 457-504.
Hemmens, C., & Levin, D. (2000). Resistance is futile: The right to resist unlawful arrest in an
era of aggressive policing. Crime and Delinquency, 46, 472-496.
Hough, M., FitzGerald, M., Joseph, I., & Qureshi, T. (2002). Policing for London. London:
Willan.
Jacobs, D., & O'Brien, R. M. (1998). The determinants of deadly force: A structural analysis of
police violence. American Journal of Sociology, 103(4), 837-862.
Jones-Brown, D. D. (2000). Debunking the myth of officer friendly: How African American
males experience community policing. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 16,
209-229.
Kane, R. J. (2002). The social ecology of police misconduct. Criminology, 40, 867-896.
Kennedy, R. (1997). Race, Crime, and the Law. New York: Vintage.
Klinger, D. A. (1997). Negotiating order in patrol work: An ecological theory of police response
to deviance. Criminology, 35(2), 277-306.
Leitzel, J. (2001). Race and policing. Society, 38(3), 38-42.
Mayhew, P., Elliott, D., & Dowds, L. (1989). The 1988 British Crime Survey. (Home Office
Research Study 111). Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.
Smith, B. W., & Holmes, M. D. (2003). Community accountability, minority threat, and police
brutality: An examination of civil rights criminal complaints. Criminology, 41, 1035-
1063.
Smith, D. A., & Visher, C. D. (1981). Street-level justice: Situational determinants of police
arrest decisions. Social Problems, 29, 167-177.
Smith, D., & Klein, J. (1984). Police control of interpersonal disputes. Social Problems, 31(4),
468-481.

Southgate, E., & Ekblom, P. (1984). Contacts between police and public. (Home Office
Research Study 77). Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.
Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. D. (2003). Neighborhood context and police use of force. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 291-321.
Tyler, T. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political &
Social Science, 593, 84-99.
Tyler, T. R., & Wakslak, C. J. (2004). Profiling and police legitimacy: Procedural justice,
attributions of motive, and acceptance of police authority. Criminology, 42, 253-281.
Weitzer, R. (2000). Racializing policing: Residents’ perceptions in three neighborhoods. Law
and Society Review, 34, 129-155.
Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2002). Perceptions of racial profiling: Race, class and personal
experience. Criminology, 40, 435-457.

Appendix A
Police-Public Contact Survey

PPCS-1, Page 1 Black ink Page 1, 100% Pantone 278 Blue
FORM PPCS-1
(5-16-2002)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Economics and Statistics Administration
U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE
BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
J ___________
Sample Control number
PSU Segment CK Serial
ASK OF ALL NCVS SELF-INTERVIEWED
PERSONS AGE 16+
POLICE PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY
SUPPLEMENT TO THE
NATIONAL CRIME
VICTIMIZATION SURVEY
A proxy interview is unacceptable for the PPCS.
D. Reason for PPCS noninterview
F. CONTACT SCREEN QUESTIONS
2002
A. Field
Representative’s
Code
B. Respondent’s
characteristics
Line no. Age
Last name
M
F
001 002 0041
2
Sex
003 White
Black
1
2
3
Race
005 Yes
No
1
2
Hispanic Origin
006
C. Type of PPCS interview
Personal (Self)
Telephone (Self)
Noninterview – FILL ITEM D
1
2
3
007
1
2
3
008
Asian, Pacific
Islander
4
American Indian,
Aleut, Eskimo
Other5
010 1 Yes
No2
009
1 Yes
No – SKIP to Check Item D2
SKIP to INTRO 1
First name
NOTICE – We are conducting this survey under the authority of Title 13, United States Code, Section 8. Section 9 of this law requires us to keep all
information about you and your household strictly confidential. We may use this information only for statistical purposes. Also, Title 42, Section 3732,
United States Code, authorizes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice, to collect information using this survey. Title 42, Sections 3789g
and 3735, United States Code, also requires us to keep all information about you and your household strictly confidential.
PRA Burden Statement – We estimate that it will take between 2 to 10
minutes to complete this interview. If you have any comments regarding
these estimates or any other aspect of this survey, send them to the Senior
Statistician, Research and Public Policy Issues, Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Washington, DC 20531. According to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995,
no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless
such collection displays a valid OMB control number.
FIELD REPRESENTATIVE – Complete a PPCS-1 form for
all NCVS interviewed persons age 16+. Do NOT complete
a PPCS-1 form for NCVS Type Z noninterview persons,
NCVS proxy interviews, or persons in Type A households.
E. DRIVING HABITS QUESTIONS
FIELD REPRESENTATIVE – Read introduction.
INTRO 1 – Shortly, I will be asking you some additional questions about any contacts you may have had with the
police during the last 12 months. However, before I get to these questions, I have some questions
about your use of a motor vehicle.
How often do you usually drive? Is it ...
(Read answer categories.)
Almost every day?
A few days a week?
A few days a month?
A few times a year?
Never? – ASK item 2
Refused PPCS only
Not available for PPCS only
Non-English speaking respondent only
1
2
3
4
5
Even though you never drive, do you have a
driver’s license?
SKIP to INTRO 2
INTRO 2 – The next series of questions is about any contacts you may have had with the police during the last
12 months. Exclude contacts with private security guards, police officers you see socially, or
relatives who are police officers. Also, exclude any police contacts that occurred because your
employment or volunteer work brought you into regular contact with police officers.
Did you have any contact with a police officer
during the last 12 months, that is, any time since
Were any of these contacts with a police officer
in person, that is, face-to-face?
Did you have more than one face-to-face contact?
How many face-to-face contacts with a police
officer did you have during the last 12 months?
Number of contacts – Read INTRO 3
______________________________________ 1, 2001?
011
1 Yes
No – SKIP to Check Item D2
012
1 Yes – ASK item 3d
No – SKIP to item 42
013
014
1.
2.
3a.
3b.
3c.
3d.

Yes – ASK item 5b
No
Don’t know
1
2
G. USE OF FORCE DURING CONTACT
INTRO 3 – For the rest of the interview, please tell me ONLY about the most recent face-to-face contact you
had with the police.
Was this contact initiated by the police?
During this contact, did the police USE or
THREATEN TO USE force against you for any
reason?
Did the police officer(s)...
Mark (X) all that apply.
Actually push or grab you?
Actually kick or hit you?
Actually point a gun at you?
Use or threaten to use any other force
against you? – Specify
Do you feel any of the force used or threatened
against you was excessive?
What force was excessive?
Were you injured as a result of any force used
against you?
During this contact were you arrested?
During this contact were you handcuffed?
At any time during this contact, did you argue
with, curse at, insult, or verbally threaten the
police?
Yes
No
Don’t know
1
2
3
015
016
3
SKIP to item 6
1
2
017
3
4
021 1
2
Yes
No – SKIP to item 5e
018
019
020
Describe briefly022
023 1
2
Yes
No
024 1
2
3
Yes
No
Don’t know
Yes
No
Don’t know
025 1
2
3
2
3
Yes
No
Don’t know
026 1
2
3
2
3
At any time during this contact, did you... (Read
answer categories 1–5.)
Disobey or interfere with the officer(s)?
Push, grab, or hit the police officer(s)?
Resist being handcuffed, arrested, or
searched?
Physically do anything else? – Specify
None of the above
H. REASON FOR CONTACT
Did this contact occur during a traffic
ACCIDENT?
Did this contact occur during a traffic STOP?
Were you the driver or passenger of the vehicle
that was stopped?
Did this contact occur because you reported a
crime or some other problem to the police?
Did this contact occur because the police were
providing some sort of service or assistance to
you?
Try to get away?
027 1
2
3
4
028
029
030
031 5
6032
033 1
2
Yes – SKIP to Check Item A
No
034 1
2
Yes
035 1
2
Driver – SKIP to item 19
Passenger – SKIP to Check Item A
036 1
2
No
037 1
2
No
Page 2 FORM PPCS-1 (5-16-2002)
4.
5a.
5b.
5c.
5d.
5e.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11a.
11b.
12.
13.
038 1
2
Yes – SKIP to Check item A
No
Did this contact occur because the police were
investigating a crime?
14.
039 1
2
Did this contact occur because the police
suspected you of something?
Yes – SKIP to Check item A
No
15.

Properly – SKIP to Check Item D
Improperly – ASK item 18a
Don’t know – SKIP to Check Item D
1
2
Civilian Complaint Review Board
Law enforcement agency
employing the officer(s)
Court
Some other government agency
042
3
SKIP to Check Item D
1
2
044
3
4
045
047
048
Describe briefly040
Yes
No
Don’t know
050 1
2
3
2
3
H. REASON FOR CONTACT – Continued
What was the reason for this contact?
Yes – SKIP to item 35 on page 5
No – ASK item 17
CHECK
ITEM A
Number of police officers
Was force used or threatened against the
respondent?
Is box 1 marked in item 5a?
Looking back on this contact, do you feel the
police behaved properly or improperly?
Did you take any formal action, such as filing a
complaint or lawsuit against the police?
With whom did you file a complaint or lawsuit?
I. TRAFFIC STOPS
Did the traffic stop occur at night?
How many officers were present?
Record actual number.
Yes – ASK item 18b
No
Don’t know
1
2
043
3
Other – Specify049
SKIP to
Check Item DLocal prosecutor046
5
6
051
FORM PPCS-1 (5-16-2002) Page 3
(Was/Were) the police officer(s) White, Black, or
some other race?
If only one box is marked in item 21, SKIP to
item 23.
What race were most of the officers?
J. TRAFFIC STOP – VEHICLE/PERSONAL SEARCH
Whether or not the police officer(s) asked for
PERMISSION, at any time during this traffic stop
did you GIVE the police officer(s)...
Did the police officer(s)...
At any time during this traffic stop, did the
police officer(s)...
052 1 White
Black
Some other race
Don’t know race of any/some
2
3
4
053
054
055
Mostly White
Mostly Black
Mostly some other race
Equal number of each race
Don’t know
1
2
3
4
5
056
057 111 2 3
1
2
041
16.
17.
18a.
18b.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25a.
(READ CATEGORIES.)
a. ASK PERMISSION to search the vehicle?
b. ASK PERMISSION to search you, frisk you, or
pat you down?
Yes
058
(READ CATEGORIES.)
a. PERMISSION to search the vehicle?
b. PERMISSION to search you, frisk you, or pat
you down?
059
060
(READ CATEGORIES.)
a. Search the vehicle?
b. Search you, frisk you, or pat you down?
061
062
No Don’t know
111 2 3Yes No Don’t know
CHECK
ITEM B
Did the police officer(s) search the vehicle
OR the respondent?
Is box 1 marked in item 25a, categories
a OR b?
1
2
063

Assaulting a police officer?
Resisting arrest?
Possession of a firearm or concealed
weapon?
Disorderly conduct?
SKIP to item 33
1
2
085
3
4
086
088
089
Given a warning?
Given a traffic ticket?
None of the above
081 1
2
3
J. TRAFFIC STOP – VEHICLE/PERSONAL SEARCH – Continued
072 1
2
Yes – SKIP to item 29
No
Yes – ASK item 26
CHECK
ITEM C
Was the respondent arrested?
Is box 1 marked in item 6?
Yes – ASK item 32
No
Don’t know
1
2
084
3
Some other offense? – Specify090
A drug offense?087
5
6
FORM PPCS-1 (5-16-2002)Page 4
Did the police officer(s) find any of the following
items during (this search/these searches)?
(Read answer categories 1–4.)
Illegal weapons?
Illegal drugs?
Open containers of alcohol, such as beer or
liquor?
Other evidence of a crime? – Specify
064 11
2065 2
3
4
066
067
None of the above5068
Earlier you said that you were arrested and you
or your vehicle were searched. Did the search
occur before you were arrested?
K. REASON FOR TRAFFIC STOP
Did the police officer(s) give a reason for
stopping the vehicle?
Was the reason speeding?
A vehicle defect?
A record check?
A seatbelt violation?
A roadside check for drunk drivers?
Yes
No
Don’t know
070 1
2
3
2
3
Yes – ASK item 28a
No
Don’t know
071 1
2
3
2
3
SKIP to item 30
073 1
2
No
074 1
2
No
075 1
2
No
076 1
2
No
077 1
2
No
078 1
2
No
Yes – Specify079 1
Yes
No
Don’t know
1
2
080
3
2 No
An illegal turn or illegal lane change?
A stop sign or stop light violation?
Was there some other reason?
Would you say that the police officer(s) had a
legitimate reason for stopping you?
L. OUTCOME OF TRAFFIC STOP
During this contact were you... (Read answer
categories 1–2.)
082
083
Were you charged with a non-traffic offense?
Were you charged with... (Read answer categories.)
091 1
2
3
2
3
1
2
069
32.
33.
31.
30.
29.
28h.
28g.
28f.
28e.
28d.
28c.
28b.
28a.
27.
26.
25b.

Court
1
2
093
3
4
094
096
097
Yes – END SUPPLEMENT
No – Interview next household member
CHECK
ITEM D
Is this the last household member to be
interviewed?
Yes
No
Don’t know
1
2
099
3
Other – Specify098
SKIP to
Check Item DLocal prosecutor095
5
6
FORM PPCS-1 (5-16-2002) Page 5
No
Don’t know
092 1
2
3
2
3
L. OUTCOME OF TRAFFIC STOP – Continued
M. OTHER CONTACT – PERSONAL SEARCH
At any time during this contact, did the police
officer(s) ASK PERMISSION to search you, frisk
you, or pat you down?
Did the police officer(s) actually search you, frisk
you, or pat you down?
Whether or not the police officer(s) asked for
PERMISSION, at any time during this contact did
you GIVE the police officer(s) PERMISSION to
search you, frisk you, or pat you down?
Yes
No
Don’t know
1
2
100
3
No
Don’t know
1
2
101
3
SKIP to item 38a
Did the police officer(s) find any of the following
items on or near you?
(Read answer categories 1–4.)
N. OUTCOME OF OTHER CONTACT
During this contact, were you charged with any
offenses?
Were you charged with . . .
Illegal weapons?
Illegal drugs?
Open containers of alcohol, such as beer or
liquor?
Other evidence of a crime? – Specify
Assaulting a police officer?
Resisting arrest?
A drug offense?
Possession of a firearm or concealed weapon?
Disorderly conduct or public drunkenness?
Some other offense – Specify
1
2
102
3
4
5 None of the above
No
Don’t know
1
2
107
3
SKIP to item 39
103
104
105
106
1108
2
3
4
5
6
109
110
111
112
113
1
2
114
3
No
Don’t know
1
2
115
3
116
117
119
120
121
118
Court
1
2
3
4
Other – Specify
Local prosecutor
5
6
34a.
34b.
35.
36.
37a.
37b.
38a.
38b.
39.
40a.
40b.
1
2
122

Page 6 FORM PPCS-1 (5-16-2002)
NOTES

1 - B
Appendix B
Pasadena Citizen Survey Instrument
Hello. My name is ___ and I'm calling to ask Pasadena residents about their views
of the Pasadena Police Department. Your identity and answers are completely
confidential and will help city officials to make decisions about police services.
In answering the questions, please refer only to your thoughts and experiences with
the PASADENA Police Department, NOT any other local, county, state or other law
enforcement agency.
1:
To ensure a statistically accurate survey, we want to make sure we talk to people
with different backgrounds. With which racial or ethnic group do you MOST
identify?
01 ............................................................................................................White / Anglo Skip to Q5
02 .......................................................................................................Latino / Hispanic Go to Q2
03 ......................................................................................... Black / African American Skip to Q4
04 ........................................................................................... Asian or Pacific Islander Skip to Q3
05 ........................................................................................................American Indian TERMINATE
06 ..........................................................................Other (Specify: _______________) TERMINATE
07 ............................................................................................................... Don't Know TERMINATE
08 ....................................................................................................................... Refuse TERMINATE
2:
Which of the following is your ancestry or region of origin?
01 ...................................................................................................................Mexico Skip to Q5
02 ...............................................................................................................Caribbean Skip to Q5
03 ...................................................................................................Central American Skip to Q5
04 .....................................................................................................South American Skip to Q5
05 ......................................................................................................................Spain Skip to Q5
06 ............................................(Other: specify: ____________________________) Skip to Q5
07 ............................................................................................Don't Know / Refused Skip to Q5
3:
Which of the following is your ancestry or country of origin?
01 .......................................................................Laotian, Vietnamese or Cambodian Skip to Q5
02 .................................................................................................................. Chinese Skip to Q5
03 .................................................................................................................. Filipino Skip to Q5
04 .................................................................................................................Japanese Skip to Q5
05 ................................................................................................................... Korean Skip to Q5
06 ...................................................................................................... Pacific Islander Skip to Q5
07 .......................................................................................................Middle Eastern Skip to Q5
08 ..........................................................................................................Asian (other) Skip to Q5

2 - B
4:
Which of the following is your region of origin or ancestry?
01.....................................................................................................................Africa
02.......................................................................................Caribbean or West Indies
03.................................................................................................. African American
06............................................ (Other: specify: ____________________________)
07.............................................................................................Don't Know / Refused
5:
How safe do you feel when alone outside in your neighborhood at night? Would you say:
(Read choices)
01................................................................................................................Very safe
02.......................................................................................................Somewhat safe
03................................................................................................... Somewhat unsafe
04............................................................................................................Very unsafe
05......................................................................(Respondent doesn't go out at night)
06................................................................................................................(Refused)
07.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
6:
In your opinion, what are the most serious crime problems in your neighborhood?
(ROTATE and read choices)
01...............................................................................................................Auto theft
02Property crime not including auto theft (burglary, theft, shoplifting, property damage, arson, etc.
03..... Violent crime (assault, robbery, domestic violence, sexual assault, homicide)
04................Drug crime (dealing, use of drugs on the street, in parks, schools, etc.)
05Social disorder (public drinking, loitering, panhandling, graffiti, youths congregating, homelessness)
06......................................................................... (Other: specify ______________)
07................................................................................................................(Refused)
08.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
7:
In general, in the last two years would you say the overall level of crime in your
neighborhood has Gone Up, Gone Down, or Stayed the Same:
01..................................................................................................................Gone up
02...................................................................................................... Gone down OR
03............................................................................................Stayed about the same
04................................................................................................................(Refused)
05.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
8:
In general, how would you rate your neighborhood as a place to live? Is it:
01................................................................................................................ Excellent
02...................................................................................................................... Good
03.........................................................................................................................Fair
04........................................................................................................................Poor
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

3 - B
For each of the following statements about police effectiveness, please tell me whether you:
Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, or Strongly Disagree.
ROTATE Q9 to Q15
9:
The police in your neighborhood do a good job of preventing crime.
(If necessary repeat choices)
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
04................................................................................................... Strongly disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
10:
The police in your neighborhood promptly respond to Non-Emergency calls for assistance.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
11:
The police in your neighborhood promptly respond to Emergency calls for assistance.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
12:
The police in your neighborhood are helpful to people who have been victims of crime.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

4 - B
13:
Overall, the police are effective in dealing with the problems that really concern people in
your neighborhood.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
14:
Overall, the police in your neighborhood are doing a good job dealing with residents in a
fair and courteous manner.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
15:
The police in your neighborhood are doing a good job working together with residents to
solve local problems.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
16:
How familiar are you with the concept of mediation?
(Read choices)
01.........................................................................................................Very Familiar Go to Q17
02..................................................................................................................Familiar Go to Q17
03................................................................................................Somewhat Familiar Go to Q17
04.................................................................................................Not at All Familiar Skip to Q18
05................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q18
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know) Skip to Q18
17:
Are you aware that the Pasadena Police Department offers mediation for certain types of complaints filed against
police officers?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

5 - B
18:
Are you aware that there have been several public meetings to discuss police-community
relations?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Go to Q19
02.......................................................................................................................... No Skip to Q21
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q21
19:
Have you attended one or more of these events?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Go to Q20
02.......................................................................................................................... No Skip to Q21
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q21
20:
How satisfied were you with the experience?
(Read choices)
01........................................................................................................ Very Satisfied
02................................................................................................Somewhat Satisfied
03...........................................................................................Somewhat Dissatisfied
04....................................................................................................Very Dissatisfied
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
21:
Now I'll read some descriptions of how the Pasadena Police Department might behave
toward citizens. For each of the following statements, please tell me whether you think that
in Pasadena it is CURRENTLY a: Major Problem, Minor Problem, or Not A Problem.
01..............................................................................................................(Continue)
(ROTATE Q22 to Q25)
22:
Stopping people in cars or on the street without good reason.
01....................................................................................................A major problem
02....................................................................................................A minor problem
03........................................................................................................ Not a problem
04................................................................................................................(Refused)
05.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

6 - B
23:
Police engaging in racial profiling
01....................................................................................................A major problem
02............................................................................................. A minor problem OR
03........................................................................................................ Not a problem
04................................................................................................................(Refused)
05.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
24:
Police using offensive language
01....................................................................................................A major problem
03........................................................................................................ Not a problem
04................................................................................................................(Refused)
05.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
25:
Police using excessive force, for example, being verbally or physically abusive
01....................................................................................................A major problem
03........................................................................................................ Not a problem
04................................................................................................................(Refused)
05.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
26:
In your personal opinion, are the police Very Responsive, Somewhat Responsive,
Somewhat Unresponsive, or Not Responsive to the concerns of your racial or ethnic group?
01..................................................................................................... Very responsive
02............................................................................................ Somewhat responsive
03.........................................................................................Somewhat unresponsive
04....................................................................................................... Not responsive
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

7 - B
27:
In the last 12 months, have you EVER approached or sought help from the Pasadena
police?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Go to Q28
02.......................................................................................................................... No Skip to Q44
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q44
28:
In the last 12 months, have you: Reported a crime to the Pasadena police?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
29:
Reported a non-crime emergency to the Pasadena police, such as a traffic accident or
medical emergency?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
30:
Reported a suspicious person or noises to Pasadena police?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
31:
Contacted Pasadena police about neighborhood concerns or problems?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
32:
Participated in neighborhood watch or other anti-crime programs WITH Pasadena police?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

8 - B
33:
Approached or sought help from the Pasadena police in the last 12 months for something I
didn't mention?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
35:
Of your contact with Pasadena police, which of the following describes your most serious
contact in the last 12 months?
Read Choices
01........................................................................................Reported crime to police
02................................................................. Reported other non-crime emergencies
03.................................................................... Reported suspicious person or noises
04.................................................... Contacted police about neighborhood concerns
05....................................................................................Participated in block watch
06.......................................................... (Other: specify______________________)
07................................................................................................................(Refused)
08.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
36:
Regarding THAT contact with the police, were you a victim of a crime?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Go to Q37
02.......................................................................................................................... No Skip to Q38
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q38
37:
Which of the following types of crime was involved?
01.............................................................................................. Assault (non-sexual)
02................................................................................................................. Burglary
03..................................................................................................Domestic violence
04..................................................................................................................Robbery
05.........................................................................................................Sexual assault
06..................................................................................................... Theft/vandalism
07..................................................................... (Other: specify ________________)
08................................................................................................................(Refused)
09.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

9 - B
38:
Of the following, who in the Pasadena Police Department was involved in the contact?
(Accept all that apply)
01....................................................................A uniformed Pasadena Police Officer
02..............................A Pasadena detective or other officer not in a Police Uniform
03....................................................................................................... A 911 operator
04................................................... Another Police Department employee in person
05..............................................Another Police Department employee on the phone
06.............................................................................................................Don’t know
39:
Now I'll read some statements about how you were treated during the incident. For each
statement, please tell me whether you: "strongly agree," "agree," "disagree," or "strongly
disagree." For this (most serious) incident, the officer treated you professionally and
respectfully.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
40:
The officer clearly explained where you could get help for problems you might have had as
a result of the incident.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
41:
The police promptly responded to your situation.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
42:
You were kept informed of the status of your case.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
07.....................................................................................................(Not Applicable)

10 - B
43:
Overall, how satisfied are you with how the police department handled your situation? Are
you:
(Read choices)
01.........................................................................................................Very satisfied
02................................................................................................ Somewhat satisfied
03.....................................................................................Somewhat dissatisfied OR
04.................................................................................................... Very dissatisfied
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
44:
The next set of questions involve any experience you may have had involving a police
officer stopping you while you were driving or walking. Have you EVER been stopped or
approached by the Pasadena police in the last 12 months?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Go to Q45
02.......................................................................................................................... No Skip to Q76
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q76
45:
In the last 12 months, have you: Been stopped by the police while walking?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
46:
Been stopped by the police while driving?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
47:
Been involved in a traffic accident that was reported to the police?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

11 - B
48:
Been searched or frisked?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
49:
Been arrested?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
50:
In total, how many times have you been stopped by the Pasadena Police in the last 12
months?
01...........................................................................................Enter Number of Stops
02................................................................................................................(Refused)
03.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
51:
Which of the following describes your most serious contact with the Pasadena police in the
last 12 months?
01...........................................................................................Stopped while walking
02............................................................................................Stopped while driving
03................................................................................. Involved in a traffic accident
04............................................................................................... Stopped and frisked
05..................................................................................................................Arrested
06..................................................... (Other: specify ________________________)
07................................................................................................................(Refused)
08.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
52:
Focusing on the most serious stop, were you: Questioned about what you were doing in the
area?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
53:
Given a warning?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

12 - B
54:
Given a traffic ticket?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
55:
Searched or frisked?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
56:
Arrested?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
57:
Did you have property seized?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
58:
Next I will read another series of statements about this incident. Please tell me whether you:
"strongly agree," "agree," "disagree," or "strongly disagree" that the statement is true. The
officer/s treated you professionally and respectfully.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
59:
The officer clearly explained the reason you were stopped.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

13 - B
60:
The officer clearly explained whether you needed to do anything, such as go to court, as a
result of the incident.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
61:
The officer had a valid reason for stopping you.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
62:
The time involved in this encounter was reasonable.
01........................................................................................................Strongly agree
02......................................................................................................................Agree
03................................................................................................................. Disagree
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
63:
During this incident, did any police officer, for ANY reason, use or threaten to use physical
force against you, other than handcuffing you?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
64:
I want to ask you about the amount of force the officer/s used to detain you, if they used
force of any kind at all. Would you say:
(Read choices)
01...............................................................................No force of any kind was used
02............................................................ The amount of force was very appropriate
03................................................... The amount of force was somewhat appropriate
04..........................................The amount of force was somewhat inappropriate OR
05......................................................... The amount of force was very inappropriate
06................................................................................................................(Refused)
07.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

14 - B
65:
Overall, would you say you are Very Satisfied, Somewhat Satisfied, Somewhat
Dissatisfied, or Very Dissatisfied with how the officer/s handled your situation? Are you:
01.........................................................................................................Very satisfied Skip to Q76
02................................................................................................ Somewhat satisfied Skip to Q76
03............................................................................................Somewhat dissatisfied Go to Q66
04.................................................................................................... Very dissatisfied Go to Q66
05................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q76
66:
Did you report your complaint to any of the following people or agencies: The Officer's
supervisor?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
67:
Another police officer?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
68:
The Pasadena Police Department Professional Standards Unit, also known as the PSU?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
69:
The Mayor or a City Councilmember?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
70:
An elected County Supervisor or a State Elected Official?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)

15 - B
71:
Another city agency?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
72:
A private organization, for example, ACLU, NAACP, or a private lawyer?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
73:
The News media?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
74:
Have you ever filed an official complaint against a member of the police department?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Go to Q75
02.......................................................................................................................... No Skip to Q76
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q76
04.........................................................................................................(Don’t Know) Skip to Q76
75:
Overall, how satisfied are you with how the department handled your complaint? Are you:
(Read choices)
01.........................................................................................................Very satisfied
02................................................................................................ Somewhat satisfied
03.....................................................................................Somewhat dissatisfied OR
04.................................................................................................... Very dissatisfied
05................................................................................................................(Refused)
06.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
76:
Your responses to the remaining questions will only be used for statistical analysis. They
are also strictly confidential. How many adults are there in your household who are 18
years and older?
01...........................................................................................Enter number of adults
02....................................................................................................................(None)
03................................................................................................................(Refused)

16 - B
77:
What is the highest grade or year of school you have completed?
01....................................................................................Elementary school (or less)
02.............................................................................................. High school or GED
03..........................................................................................................Some college
04....................................................................................................... College degree
05.............................................................................Graduate or professional school
06..........................Non-College vocational or technical degree beyond high school
07................................................................................................................(Refused)
08.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
78:
Were you born in the United States?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes Skip to Q80
02.......................................................................................................................... No Go to Q79
03................................................................................................................(Refused) Skip to Q80
79:
How many years have you lived in the United States?
01............................................................................................Enter number of years
02................................................................................................................(Refused)
03.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
80:
How many years have you lived in the City of Pasadena?
01.......................................................................................... Enter Number of Years
02................................................................................................................(Refused)
03.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
81:
Do you or your family own the home in which you live?
01.........................................................................................................................Yes
02.......................................................................................................................... No
03................................................................................................................(Refused)
04.......................................................................................................... (Don't know)
82:
Please stop me when I reach your age group:
(Read List)
01.................18 to 24
02.................25 to 34
03.................35 to 44
04.................45 to 54
05.................55 to 64
06.................65 and over
07.................refuse

KKeith - Writing Sample 3

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