Walker, Chapter 9
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The document discusses various crime control strategies and techniques used by police, including proactive and reactive approaches, general vs specific tactics, and crime prevention, apprehension, and investigation methods. It also covers challenges in criminal investigations like unreliable eyewitness identification, challenges measuring effectiveness, and factors affecting case solvability. Special topics discussed include policing drugs, gangs, career criminals, guns, hate crimes, and terrorism.
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Patrol is the central feature of police operations and the backbone of policing. The majority of police are patrol officers who deliver services to the public and are the visible symbols of law enforcement. Patrol officers are the most important decision makers and gatekeepers to the criminal justice system. Their assignments are usually based on seniority and patrol is often considered the least desirable assignment. Community policing aims to give patrol officers more authority as problem solvers. The organization and delivery of patrol depends on factors like the number of officers, their distribution by time and area, and the type of patrol used. Landmark experiments on patrol in Kansas City and Newark found that changes to patrol levels did not significantly impact crime rates or public attitudes.
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The document provides background on the events leading up to the May 13, 1969 racial riots in Malaysia. It summarizes that political tensions were rising after the opposition gained success in the 1969 election. UMNO youth and leaders schemed to force a regime change by approving an opposition celebration that they expected would lead to violence. Their expectations were realized, as racial riots broke out in Kuala Lumpur on May 13, leaving the government weakened and transitioning power to a new leadership.
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This document outlines various special investigations that may be used in oral medicine to aid in diagnosis. It discusses tests such as imaging techniques like CT, MRI, ultrasound and sialography. It also covers biopsies including incisional, excisional, and fine needle aspiration. Microbiology tests like cultures and smears are mentioned. Hematology, blood chemistry, and other blood tests that can provide information on conditions like anemia, infections, and metabolic diseases are also summarized. The document provides details on the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of these different diagnostic tests and investigations.
Light.ppt
Light travels in straight lines until interacting with objects. It can scatter, reflect, refract, or be absorbed. Reflection causes light to bounce off a surface at the same angle. Refraction causes light to change speed and direction when passing from one medium to another, such as from water to air. Absorption occurs when light is taken in by an object and its energy is transferred to heat.
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Similar to Walker, Chapter 9
Chapter 7
This document discusses issues related to policing, including who makes up police forces, challenges they face, and ways to address issues. It finds that while more departments now require higher education, only 1% mandate a 4-year degree. Minority representation has increased to 25% of officers. About 15% of officers are female, though policing remains male-dominated. Police face stress from ambiguous roles and dangerous work, which can contribute to issues like brutality and corruption. Oversight, policies on use of force, and prioritizing officer safety aim to address these challenges.
Walker, Chapter 12
The document discusses police-community relations, specifically between police and racial/ethnic minority communities. It notes that while most Americans view police positively, minorities generally view them less favorably. Attitudes vary based on factors like age, income, location, and experiences with police. Community policing programs have been shown to improve citizen attitudes by fostering trust and cooperation. Sources of tensions include disparities in police protection across neighborhoods and controversial uses of force against minorities.
Chapter 6
The document summarizes key aspects of police organization and functions. It discusses the typical hierarchical structure of police departments and how patrol officers spend most of their time handling calls rather than making arrests. It also describes the major purposes of patrol in deterring crime and maintaining order. Detectives focus on investigating crimes through interviewing witnesses and gathering evidence. Community policing aims to form bonds with communities through foot patrols. Problem-oriented policing addresses specific long-term problems through targeted strategies to eliminate them.
Effectiveness of Crime Control Measures in Nigeria
This document summarizes a research study on the effectiveness of crime control measures in Nigeria. The study assessed the role of citizens in crime prevention and identified the causes and impacts of crime. A descriptive survey design was used and questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents. The findings showed that citizens play active roles in crime control, but more still needs to be done. It is recommended that the government better equip formal security agencies for effective crime prevention and that informal and formal sectors collaborate more closely to improve crime prevention and control efforts.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCYTHE CORE 5EChapter 12Police W.docx
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
THE CORE 5E
Chapter 12:
Police Work with Juveniles
History of Juvenile Policing
Specialized police services for juveniles is a recent phenomenon
Historical development of police organizations
Pledge system:
Neighbors protect each other
Watch system:
Created to police larger communities
Bobbies:
1st organized police force in London, in 1829
Sheriff:
In the American colonies
Historical development of working with juveniles
Delinquency control squads
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
Juvenile police officer
Police and Juvenile Offenders
Primary responsibility is protection of public
Community policing emphasizes partnerships with the community
to address crime problems
Juvenile officers operate as specialists or are members of
a special unit
Role:
To intervene when actions of a citizen produce public danger or disorder
Qualifications:
Have had some general patrol experience
A desire to work with juveniles
Have a thorough knowledge of the law
Undergo special training
Police and Juvenile Offenders
Sometimes conflicts can arise when police are dealing
with juveniles
Primary duty of law enforcement vs. desire to rehabilitate youth
Best interests of child vs. discretion
Attitudes toward police:
Race: African American teens rated the police less favorably than all
other racial groups
Police contact: juveniles with prior police contact hold less favorable
attitudes toward police
Victims: juvenile crime victims are much less likely than adult victims to
contact the police
Use of juveniles as informants
True role of juvenile officer exists somewhere between law enforcer
and delinquency prevention worker
Police and Violent Juvenile Crime
Violent crime includes homicide, rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, and kidnapping
Juveniles account for 13% of all violent crime arrests
Police experiment with various methods of violent juvenile
crime control:
Directed patrols of hot spots
Proactive arrests of serious offenders
Problem oriented policing: addressing the problems underlying
incidents of juvenile delinquency rather than the incidents alone
Improving community connections is essential to
combating violent juvenile crime
Figure 12.1 Police Response to Juvenile Crime
Police and the Rule of Law
• Arrest of juveniles:
• Requires probable cause
• The main difference between arrests of adults and juveniles is the
broader latitude police have to control youthful behavior
• In loco parentis
• “In place of the parent”
• Serves as basis for taking juveniles into custody
• Search and seizure:
• Most courts have held that the 4th amendment ban applies to
juveniles and that illegally seized evidence is inadmissible in a
juvenile trial
• Arizona v. Gant (2009):
• A person may be searched after a legal arrest, but only in the
immediate area of the suspect’s ...
CHAPTER 6 Critical Issues in PolicingIntroduct.docx
CHAPTER 6
Critical Issues in Policing
IntroductionPolice work is dangerous
Police may confront violent/angry people
May be assaulted or killed in the line of duty
Police DiscretionDiscretion: the authority of the police to choose one course of action over another
Discretion is the heart of police work
Used to determine if and how to proceed within the confines of the law
Full Law EnforcementPolice respond formally to all suspicious behavior
ImpracticalMost violations minorCriminal justice system does not have resources for full enforcementPaperwork and court timeVague legal statutesStrain police/community relations
Selective Law EnforcementPolice under-enforce some laws, over-enforce others
ProblematicUnfair for police to respond differently to similar situationsOfficers may abuse power by targeting specific individuals or groupsMay lead to favoritism and corruption
Legal Factors Affecting ArrestSeriousness of offense
Prior arrest record
Presence of evidence
Reasonable suspicion
Nonlegal Factors Affecting ArrestDemeanor and respect toward law enforcement
Race
Sex
Social class
Additional Extralegal FactorsOfficer characteristics may affect arrest decisionAgeEducation levelRaceGender
Department policy
Informal culture of department
Pros and Cons of DiscretionArguments in support of discretion, need for individualized justice
ConsLow visibility of discretionary decisionsSuspects denied due processSome citizens receive preferential treatmentPublic may see discretion as being biased against some groups
Controlling Police DiscretionWritten rules provide officers with guidelines re what actions to take in certain situationsHigh-speed pursuitsUse of forceHandling special populationsOvertime hoursOutside employment
TechnologyAutomatic Vehicle Locator monitors patrol cars
Police CorruptionMisuse of authority by officers for the benefit of themselves or others
One of the oldest and most persistent problems in policing
Costs of Police CorruptionUndermines agency integrity
Protects other criminal activities
Undermines criminal justice system effectivenessUndermines agency professionalism
Imposes secret tax on honest businesses
Undermines public confidence in police
Types of CorruptionCorruption of authority
Kickbacks
Opportunistic theft
Shakedowns
Protection of illegal activities“Fixing” charges
Direct criminal activities
Internal payoffs
“Flaking” or “pudding”
Noble cause corruption
Investigating Police CorruptionChicago Crime Commission (1920s)
Wickersham Commission (1929)
Knapp Commission (1973)Grass eatersMeat eaters
Mollen Commission (1990s)
Corrupt Police DepartmentsRotten apples and rotten pockets
Pervasive unorganized corruption
Pervasive organized corruption
Explaining Police CorruptionOfficer personality
Police discretion
Minimal supervision
Low public visibilityLimited accountability
Peer group secrecy
Managerial secrecy
Managing Police CorruptionHonest administration; chiefs lead by example
T.
Unit 9 Hall Elizabeth Investigation Essay
Serial murder investigations require both reactive and proactive approaches due to their complex nature. Traditionally, police operate reactively by patrolling and responding to calls. However, serial killers cross jurisdictions and leave little evidence, making reactive measures insufficient. Proactive measures include databases that facilitate information sharing between agencies, like VICAP. A 2005 FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of inter-agency communication and task force organization. Both reactive policing and proactive coordination between law enforcement are needed to successfully investigate serial murder cases.
Field%20 Operations[1]
Directed patrol and hot spots policing strategies involve directing police resources to areas and times that experience high levels of crime, based on analysis of crime data and calls for service. Hot spots policing specifically targets a small number of addresses or locations that account for a disproportionate amount of crime and disorder. Directed patrol and hot spot strategies are considered proactive approaches that can produce more information for police and increase citizens' sense of police watchfulness.
1-measuring_crime.ppt
This document discusses several methods used to measure crime, including uniform crime reports, victimization surveys, and self-report studies. It provides details on the data each of these sources collect and their advantages and limitations. Key findings include that a small percentage of chronic offenders are responsible for most crimes, crime rates have generally decreased but hidden increases may exist in some categories, and age, gender, race, social class and other demographic factors correlate with different crime rates.
Disabled Victims session 2 – Risks and safety, access to justice. Professor L...
This document discusses the high rates of victimization experienced by people with psychosocial disabilities (PSD) and barriers they face in the criminal justice system. Surveys found 71% of people with mental distress were victimized in the past two years. Victims with PSD experience additional vulnerabilities like homelessness and are less likely to have their cases taken seriously or referred for prosecution due to perceived credibility issues. Police are more likely to note doubts about the credibility of rape complainants with recorded mental health conditions compared to those without. Further research is needed to understand how PSD impacts case attrition given current gaps in evidence.
Criminal Justice
The FBI reports crime data in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), including the number of arrests, crimes reported, and officers. This data is reported as a rate per 100,000 people and as a percentage change from previous years. Part I offenses in the UCR include serious crimes like murder, while Part II offenses are less serious crimes. The National Crime Victimization Survey directly surveys people about their experiences as crime victims, which can provide information about unreported crimes. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. Theories like social disorganization theory and social process theories examine how social forces influence criminal behavior.
Once Called Twice Shy 2015
This document summarizes a report on investigating victims' viewpoints on the police response to domestic abuse. It includes an acknowledgements section, executive summary, introduction, research methods, literature review, findings from primary research interviews with 27 victims, mini case studies, and conclusions. The research found that although mandatory arrest is the current protocol, domestic abuse is too diverse for a single response and policies around mandatory arrest need to change. Victims had different experiences with police and there needs to be minimum standards of communication and demeanor, but beyond that the response should be individualized.
Walker, Chapter 14
The document discusses various mechanisms for holding police accountable, including internal reviews, citizen oversight, lawsuits, and federal investigations. It describes accountability as having to answer for one's conduct to the public, officials, and courts. Various methods are outlined like COMPSTAT, early intervention systems, civilian complaint reviews, pattern or practice suits, and ensuring policies comply with Supreme Court rulings. Both benefits and criticisms of approaches are mentioned.
Unit 9 Hall Elizabeth Investigation Essay
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Equal access to justice? Rape victimisation and psychosocial disabilty
This document discusses research on victimization rates and experiences of individuals with psychosocial disabilities (PSD) reporting rape. Several studies found much higher rates of violent victimization, including rape, among people with PSD compared to the general population. However, rape complaints involving complainants with recorded mental health conditions (MHC) in a UK police dataset were more likely to be discontinued, and those complainants were more likely to have their credibility doubted. Remaining gaps in data on PSD and attrition in criminal justice systems are inconsistent with equality obligations.
Risk Factors, Risk Assessments, and Collaboration to Prevent Domestic Violenc...
This document discusses risk factors for domestic violence homicide and the InVEST program. It provides statistics on domestic violence homicides nationally and in Florida. It then describes the InVEST program, which provides enhanced advocacy services to individuals identified as being at high risk of domestic violence homicide through a coordinated community response. Key risk factors for domestic violence homicide discussed include threats, access to weapons, separation, and stalking.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Official crime statistics collected by the Home Office provide information on crimes known to the police, but have limitations as not all crimes are reported. Only around 30-50% of crimes are actually reported to and recorded by the police. Victimization surveys aim to uncover a truer picture of criminal activity by asking people directly about crimes they have experienced. However, they also have limitations as they rely on victim memory and definitions of crime. There are many factors that influence the reporting and recording of crime and how accurately statistics represent the real level of criminal activity.
Police and Communities brief.pdf
At the request of county officials, information on building connections between police and communities of color
Chapter 2 Criminal Justice
The document summarizes key concepts in criminology. It discusses how crime data is collected through the Uniform Crime Report and National Crime Victimization Survey. It also defines hypotheses and theories, and summarizes several criminological theories like social disorganization theory, social process theory, and theories connecting offenders and victims. The chronic offender theory is explained as the idea that a small group is responsible for most crime. The importance of research accessibility for the criminal justice system is noted.
Chapter2
The document discusses various topics related to measuring and explaining crime including:
1. How the FBI collects and reports crime data from over 17,500 policing agencies each year.
2. The differences between Part I and Part II offenses in the Uniform Crime Report.
3. Additional data sources like the National Crime Victimization Survey which measures both reported and unreported crimes.
4. Explanations for trends in crime rates over time as well as relationships between crime and factors like race, poverty, and gender.
Similar to Walker, Chapter 9 (20)
Effectiveness of Crime Control Measures in Nigeria
Effectiveness of Crime Control Measures in Nigeria
JUVENILE DELINQUENCYTHE CORE 5EChapter 12Police W.docx
JUVENILE DELINQUENCYTHE CORE 5EChapter 12Police W.docx
CHAPTER 6 Critical Issues in PolicingIntroduct.docx
CHAPTER 6 Critical Issues in PolicingIntroduct.docx
Disabled Victims session 2 – Risks and safety, access to justice. Professor L...
Disabled Victims session 2 – Risks and safety, access to justice. Professor L...
Equal access to justice? Rape victimisation and psychosocial disabilty
Equal access to justice? Rape victimisation and psychosocial disabilty
Risk Factors, Risk Assessments, and Collaboration to Prevent Domestic Violenc...
Risk Factors, Risk Assessments, and Collaboration to Prevent Domestic Violenc...
More from William Harmening
Chapter Fifteen
Police and correctional officers face tremendous stress from their jobs, including vicarious, occupational, and professional stress. Prolonged exposure to trauma can lead to conditions like PTSD. The police culture impacts how officers deal with stress, sometimes in unhealthy ways like alcohol abuse. After traumatic incidents, departments use strategies like critical incident stress debriefing to help officers process their emotions in a safe environment and avoid long-term negative consequences of job stress.
Chapter Twelve
Mental illness presents challenges for law enforcement. Officers receive little training but often encounter mentally ill individuals, sometimes violently. Common mental illnesses include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and anxiety disorders. Traditionally, officers resorted quickly to force without understanding illnesses. Now, programs like the "Memphis Model" establish crisis intervention teams to de-escalate situations non-violently through engagement, rapport building and community resources. These programs reduce injuries while increasing public awareness of mental health issues.
Chapter Fourteen
The courtroom is a high-risk environment due to emotions running high and potential losses for those involved. Maintaining security is challenging due to lack of funding, preparedness, complacency, and outdated infrastructure. Risk assessment protocols examine the hearing type, participants, and emotions to determine security levels. Proactive security includes transport procedures, staffing levels, and facility design. Reactive measures provide communication systems and response protocols for emergencies. Overall, the goal is protecting all within constitutional rights.
Chapter Eleven
A cult is a group that separates itself from mainstream culture and forms a distinct belief system. Cults can take various forms such as violent apocalyptic, passive apocalyptic, seeking a new world order, or social isolation. Most are led by charismatic leaders and have different types of followers. Police must balance constitutional rights with protecting people from harm when responding to cults.
Chapter Seven
This chapter discusses domestic violence in the United States. It begins by explaining the scope and prevalence of domestic violence, noting that it predominantly affects women and is often quite severe, resulting in death. The chapter then summarizes the historical police response to domestic violence, which was often to view it as a private family matter. Various typologies of domestic abusers and the cycle of violence are described. Battered spouse syndrome is explained, adapting learned helplessness theory. Symptoms experienced by abused spouses and children witnessing abuse are listed. The chapter concludes by describing the Minneapolis Police Department's experiment with arrest in domestic violence cases, which helped shape modern best practices for police response.
Chaptersevenquestions
This document summarizes a chapter from a textbook on crisis intervention and the criminal justice response to domestic violence. It provides multiple choice questions, true-false questions, and fill-in-the-blank questions about the chapter's content. The chapter discusses the historical police response to domestic violence, typologies of domestic abusers, battered spouse syndrome, and best practices for the police response to domestic violence cases. It also covers special topics like the impact of domestic violence on children and prevalence among LGBT couples.
Chapter Four
Police and correctional officers may use various levels of force to gain compliance, make arrests, and protect themselves and others. The Supreme Court ruled in Tennessee v. Garner that deadly force is only justified to protect against death or serious harm, rather than to stop all fleeing felons. An officer's perception can be distorted by stress, leading them to "see" things that aren't there, especially for black suspects due to racial stereotypes. Training aims to reduce these effects of stress.
Chapter One
The document summarizes Chapter 1 of the book "Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster" by William Harmening. It defines crisis as an event that causes internal and external systems of control to become stressed, requiring third-party intervention. It discusses classifying crises based on their potential impact, the history of crisis intervention in America from the 1700s to today, and the five steps of modern crisis intervention: response, containment, de-escalation, remediation, and prevention.
Chapter Three
The document summarizes key concepts about crisis communication from Chapter 3 of the book "Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster" by William Harmening. It discusses (1) the importance of communication in crisis intervention and containment/de-escalation, (2) Transactional Analysis as a model involving the Parent, Adult, and Child ego states, and typical communication patterns from each, and (3) specific communication patterns like parallel vs crossed transactions and hooking someone in crisis into a more rational discussion.
Chapter Thirteen
This chapter discusses prison riots, including their typologies and psychological principles. It covers four types of prison riots defined by the motivations of inmates: grievance riots resulting from living conditions or restrictions on lifestyle/privileges; retaliation riots seeking vengeance; power riots attempting to gain control among gangs; and symbolic riots supporting a cause. During riots, psychological principles of deindividuation and obedience to group norms can overcome individual decision making. Response strategies include tactical strikes, riot squad maneuvers, or negotiation to de-escalate threats and resolve inmate demands.
Chapter Ten
A mass panic occurs when a group acts in dangerous or destructive ways contrary to social norms due to abandoning individuality and adopting a group mentality. There are four types of mass panic that determine the police response: anger-driven, excitement-driven, desperation-driven, and fear-driven. The police must be prepared to avoid exacerbating a potential panic with either under- or over-response. Elements of an effective response include preparedness, command/communication, contingencies, and rules of engagement tailored for each panic type.
Chapter Five
The document discusses the tactical response to crisis situations. It covers the historical development of SWAT teams and their role in containing crises. For active shooter situations, the response has changed from setting up a perimeter to immediately confronting the shooter to minimize loss of life. Rapid deployment involves contact, rescue, evacuation, and perimeter teams working together. When breaching a location, teams can either breach and hold or use various entry tactics like crisscross or buttonhook depending on the situation.
Chapter Nine
The document discusses the components and structure of a police hostage team. It explains that a hostage team includes a team leader, primary and secondary negotiator, intelligence officer, communications officer, public information officer, and team psychologist. The team leader is responsible for overall command, while the primary negotiator communicates directly with the hostage-taker to negotiate a peaceful resolution. Other roles include gathering intelligence, managing communications, releasing information to the public, and providing psychological support and analysis.
Chapter Eight
The document discusses victimology and victim services. It defines different types of victims, including the violated (sex crimes), assaulted (physical violence), uprooted (natural disasters), oppressed (psychological/economic abuse), and passive (witnesses). It describes the enormous costs of victimization to society and discusses services available in communities to help victims. It also notes that victim trauma can negatively impact the accuracy of eyewitness reports due to effects on memory and perception.
Chapter Six
The document summarizes chapter 6 of the book "Crisis Intervention: The Criminal Justice Response to Chaos, Mayhem, and Disaster" by William Harmening. The chapter discusses suicide and the psychology of self-destruction. It covers the social impact of suicide in America, predominant theories of suicide, a typology scheme for different types of suicide and the dangers they pose, and techniques for responding to and de-escalating suicide situations. The chapter objectives are to summarize these topics.
Chapter Two
The document discusses the psychophysiological response to crisis and stress. It describes how the human brain evolved to maintain homeostasis and how the introduction of a stressor can cause disequilibrium, activating the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response. Various factors like perceived control and predictability impact the level of stress experienced. The document outlines four potential response modes (offense, defense, escape, panic) that a criminal offender may demonstrate under stress.
Walker, Chapter 15
The document discusses several key trends and technologies impacting modern policing in America. It outlines technologies like computer-aided dispatch systems, mobile computing, and license plate readers that help police share information and prioritize calls. Crime analysis functions like tactical analysis of specific crime problems and strategic analysis of long-term trends are also described. The outlook discusses demographic changes, the impact of the war on terrorism, and personnel shortages challenging police.
Walker, Chapter 13
Police corruption involves criminal or improper behavior by police officers for personal gain. It undermines the criminal justice system and public trust in the police. There are different types of corruption like accepting gratuities, taking bribes, theft, and protecting illegal activities. Corruption can range from a few "rotten apples" to being widespread and organized in a police department. Theories for why it occurs include individual officer explanations, neighborhood factors, and police subculture and organization issues. Controlling corruption requires internal police mechanisms like effective leadership and supervision as well as external oversight like investigations and public scrutiny.
Walker, Chapter 4
Police organizations typically have a quasi-military structure with uniforms, ranks, and a clear chain of command. This hierarchical and bureaucratic structure aims to coordinate activities but can cultivate an "us vs. them" attitude. While bureaucracy provides control and standardization, it can also stifle creativity and flexibility. In response, some departments have adopted community policing and COMPSTAT approaches to decentralize decision making and focus on problem-solving. Police unions also influence departments through collective bargaining.
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The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - Message
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
312 A Wise Woman of Abel Beth Maakah Saves The Town
Sermon adapted from, Discovering Christ Day by Day, David Fortner
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
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A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
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The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
Visit https://www.profbalaj.com/love-spells-loves-spells-that-work/
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Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
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Editor's Notes
- Dissolve
- Replace picture – dissolve
- Make this a table (6-2) p. 6_28