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Chapter 14
- 1. Prison Life: Living in andLeaving Prison Chapter 14
- 2.
- 3. Entering Prison Classification Beforeentering prison, inmates go through a battery of psychological and personality tests No Frills Policy A correctional policy that stipulates that prisons are meant to punish, not coddle, inmates
- 4. Men Imprisoned Total Institutions Livingin Prison Adjusting to Prison Inmate Subculture / Social Code Prisonization
- 5. Men Imprisoned Total Institutions Segregated from the outside world Constant scrutiny and surveillance Forced to obey strict official rules Limited personal possessions Human functions curtailed “No-frills” policy vs. a “rehabilitative” philosophy
- 6. Video: War onDrugs
- 7. Men Imprisoned Living inPrison Stripped, searched, shorn, assigned living quarters Deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security Overcrowded prisons are filled with young, aggressive men who are responsible for majority of inmate-on- inmate assaults
- 8. Men Imprisoned Adjusting toPrison Variety of attitude and behavior changes as their sentence unfolds Many inmates learn to adapt to the prison routine Some inmates routinely violate institutional rules
- 9. Men Imprisoned Inmate subcultureis the loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language Elements of the Inmate Social Code An unwritten code of behavior, passed from older inmates to younger ones, that serves as a guideline for appropriate inmate behavior Don’t interfere with inmates’ interests Don’t lose your head Don’t exploit inmates Be tough and don’t lose your dignity Don’t be a sucker
- 10. Men Imprisoned Prisonization isassimilation into the separate culture of the prison In the new inmate culture, African American and Latino inmates are much more cohesively organized than whites
- 11. Interesting Issues Sex Offenders find it difficult to adjust to prison due to the dislike by guards and inmates Inmate Health Inmates health is generally worse then the health of general population
- 12. Video: Women inPrison – Entering the Prison
- 13. Women Imprisoned Female Institutions FemaleInmates Adapting
- 14. Women Imprisoned Female Institutions Smaller than male institutions Non-secure Lack of adequate training for inmates Counseling by laypeople Lack of parenting programs Lack of job training
- 15. Physical/sexual abuse Substance abuse Health issues Mentalhealth issues Suicide Young Minorities Unmarried Parents Undereducated Unemployed or underemployed Troubled family lives Female Inmates
- 16. Women Imprisoned Adapting tothe Female Institution Different from male institutions Less danger to staff Less violent behavior Less aggressive sexual behavior More social support both internal and external
- 17. Women Imprisoned Adapting tothe Female Institution Anger is directed inward instead of outward Depression Make believe family substitute family groups with a faux father, mother, and siblings
- 18. Prison Violence Individual Violence CollectiveViolence Sexual Violence
- 19. Prison Violence IndividualViolence History of prior violence Psychological malady Prison conditions Lack of dispute resolution mechanisms Basic survival Collective Violence Inmate-balance theory Administrative-control theory Prison overcrowding theory
- 20. Prison Violence Sexual Violence Young males may be raped and kept as sexual slaves by older, more aggressive inmates Weaker inmates may agree to such arrangements for protection Difficult to get an accurate reading of the true incidence of prison rape
- 21. Prison Violence Whatfactors lead to sexual victimization? White inmates are attacked more than any other race Victims are generally younger than their assailants Mentally ill or intellectually impaired inmates are more likely to be victimized Cellblocks with solid cell fronts may contribute to sexual assault In women’s prisons, sexual assault may be at the hands of correctional officers
- 22. Prison Violence Sexual Violence Reasons for not reporting Embarrassment Personal matter Fear of harassment Retaliation from perpetrator Don’t want to be put in safekeeping
- 23. Video: Women inMaximum Security Prison – Sex and Love
- 24. Correctional Rehabilitation Counseling Educational Programs VocationalPrograms Does it Work
- 25. Correctional Rehabilitation Individualand group counseling May involve: Cognitive Behavior Therapy Anger Management Programs Designed to help inmates cope with their violent behavioral urges and tendencies Faith based programs Drug treatment programs Frequently a 12-step program Methadone A narcotic analgesic that is an effective substitute for heroin, morphine, codeine, and other opiates and is used in association with drug treatment programs
- 26. Correctional Rehabilitation Participation inthese programs has benefits both in and out of prisons Educational and Vocational Programs Vocational training Clothing and textiles Corporate services Electronics Fleet management/vehicular components Industrial products Office furniture
- 27. Correctional Rehabilitation Educational andVocational Programs Work release Allows inmates to be released during the day to work in the community, returning to prison at night Furlough Allows inmates to leave the institution for vocational or educational training, for employment, or to maintain family ties Private prison enterprise Post-release programs
- 28. Correctional Rehabilitation CanRehabilitation Work? Rehabilitation does work Elements of successful programs Teach interpersonal skills Provide individual counseling Make use of behavior modification techniques Use cognitive-behavioral therapy Stress improving moral reasoning Combine in-prison therapeutic communities with follow-up community treatment
- 29.
- 30. Guarding the Institution Guardingthe institution is a complex task Roles of correctional officers include: Supervision of inmates Sit on disciplinary boards Escort inmates to/from court Greatest problem is the conflict between security and treatment
- 31. Guarding the Institution FemaleCorrectional Officers Little difference in behavior or use of aggressive tactics Discipline has not suffered Beneficial effect Assignment to male institutions may boost career
- 32. Prisoners Rights Hands-off doctrine SubstantiveRights Freedom of Religion
- 33. Prisoners’ Rights The hands-offdoctrine The legal practice of allowing prison administrators a free hand in running the institution, even if correctional practices violate inmates’ constitutional rights The hands-off doctrine ended with the onset of the prisoners’ rights movement in the 1960s
- 34. Prisoners’ Rights Substantive Rights Access to courts, legal services, and materials Freedom of the press and of expression Freedom of religion Medical rights Cruel and unusual punishment Physical abuse Racial segregation Overall prison conditions
- 35. Prisoners’ Rights Freedom ofReligion A fundamental right Guaranteed by the First Amendment Courts have ruled that inmates have the right to practice religion as long as it doesn’t hinder security efforts.
- 36. Leaving Prison Parole Parole Board Risksof Reentry
- 37. Leaving Prison Parole The early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by correctional authorities The parole board’s primary functions: Select and place prisoners on parole Aid, supervise, and provide continuing control of parolees in the community Determine when the parole function is completed and to discharge parolees Determine whether parole should be revoked if violations of conditions occur
- 38. National Estimates of ParoleEntries and Exits
- 39. Leaving Prison Parole Hearings Review of cases differs across jurisdictions Factors that are considered are the inmate’s crime, their institutional record, and their willingness to accept responsibility Inmates rights vary across jurisdictions No federal right to legal representation Exclusionary rule does not apply
- 40. Leaving Prison Risks ofReentry Many are ill prepared for life in conventional society For women, nearly half are either reconvicted or reincarcerated soon after parole release Having a history of drug abuse is particularly harmful
- 41. Leaving Prison Risks ofReentry At the federal and state levels a number of initiatives have been taken to help prepare inmates for reentry Offender notification forums Reentry courts Community based interventions Legal restrictions on former inmates
Editor's Notes
- #3 Learning Objective Two
- #4 Learning Objective Two
- #5 Learning Objective Two
- #6 Learning Objective Two
- #8 Learning Objective Two
- #9 Learning Objective Two - Living in prison is a total experience. Personal privacy and freedom are quickly stripped away in today’s overcrowded institutions. Here, an inmate sits in a cage at the California Institution for Men state prison in Chino, California. Cages are used for prisoners waiting for medical appointments, counseling, or permanent cells. The Supreme Court has ordered California to release more than 30,000 inmates or take other steps to ease overcrowding in its prisons to prevent “needless suffering and death.” California’s 33 adult prisons were designed to hold about 80,000 inmates but contained about 145,000 before the court order.
- #10 Learning Objective Four
- #11 Learning Objective Four
- #12 Learning Objective Four
- #14 Learning Objective Two
- #15 Learning Objective Five -Incarcerated women inhabit a distinct social world that is quite different from that of male inmates. Amanda Espinoza stands in the Dakota Women’s Correctional Rehabilitation Center in New England, North Dakota, on May 10, 2006. The 21-year-old Grand Forks native said she wants to raise her son and attend college once she completes her three-year prison term for failing to comply with the terms of her probation on an auto theft conviction. Oklahoma, Mississippi, and the mountain states have set the pace in increasing the imprisonment of women, while several northeastern states have reduced the number of women behind bars.
- #17 Learning Objective Five
- #18 Learning Objective Five - Many incarcerated women are mothers, and keeping them in contact with their children is considered important for their rehabilitation. Alicia Stenzel stands with her child at the fence of the Indiana Women’s Prison (IWP), where she is currently incarcerated. Her child’s visit is made possible by the Family Preservation Program. The program has expanded to include the Wee Ones Nursery, which enables eligible offenders who deliver while incarcerated at IWP to reside with their infant at the facility for up to18 months or until the mother’s earliest possible release date, whichever is sooner.
- #19 Learning Objective Two
- #20 Learning Objective Eight
- #23 Learning Objective Eight
- #24 Learning Objective Five
- #25 Learning Objective Two
- #26 Learning Objective Six
- #27 Learning Objective Six - Prison treatment efforts like to reward the successful completion of program objectives, even holding graduation ceremonies. Here, Community Education Center counselor Stephanie Fagan presents drug treatment program graduate Jose Rodriguez with his diploma during a graduation ceremony at Northampton County Prison.
- #28 Learning Objective Six
- #29 Learning Objective Six
- #30 Learning Objective Two
- #31 Learning Objective Seven
- #32 Learning Objective Seven
- #33 Learning Objective Two
- #34 Racial conflict is an ever-present danger in the nation’s prison system. Consequently, in some institutions inmates prefer segregated housing units. Here, inmates Tim Heffernan, left, and Daniel Mabson talk while sitting on their adjacent bunks at the Sierra Conservation Center in Jamestown, California. Despite efforts by California prison officials to end institutionalized, government- mandated racial segregation, powerful race-based gangs violently oppose desegregation in prison housing units. Blacks, whites, and Hispanics are willing to sleep side by side in bunk beds spaced an arm’s length apart, but they would brawl or risk longer sentences rather than accept an inmate of another race in a bed above or below them in the same bunk bed stack.
- #35 Learning Objective Nine
- #36 Learning Objective Nine
- #37 Learning Objective Two
- #38 Learning Objective Ten
- #39 Figure 14.1 National Estimates of Parole Entries and Exits
- #40 Learning Objective Ten
- #41 Learning Objective Ten - Many inmates fail on parole, and making good is often a challenge. One way to ease reentry is through restoration programs. Here,Glen Mitchell (left), founder of Compassionate Families, and Ellis Curry talk in Mitchell痴 Jacksonville, Florida, office, where photos of murder victims hang on the wall. Mitchell’s 14-year-old son Jeff was shot and killed by Curry and three other young men 13 years ago. But Mitchell harbors no ill feelings toward Curry, because he has expressed remorse for causing Jeff Mitchell’s death. Curry is now out of prison and is making joint appearances with Mitchell, spreading the message that violence is not the answer.