This letter from the ACLU of Hawaii to the Honolulu Police Department raises concerns about racial disparities in HPD's enforcement of COVID-19 orders and use of force. It cites data showing Micronesians, Black people, Samoans and those experiencing homelessness were disproportionately arrested. It recommends HPD end aggressive enforcement of minor offenses, racial profiling, and using arrest statistics to measure performance. It also calls for implicit bias training, data collection and transparency regarding police stops, searches and arrests.
This monograph was written for Wagner College's Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform in April 2020 by Bradley Tusk, founder and CEO of Tusk Holdings, and Aileen Kim, Mobile Voting Project Leader, Tusk Philanthropies.
This monograph was written for Wagner College's Hugh L. Carey Institute for Government Reform in April 2020 by Bradley Tusk, founder and CEO of Tusk Holdings, and Aileen Kim, Mobile Voting Project Leader, Tusk Philanthropies.
Lack of Communication, Resources, Trust As Well As Political Interference And...AJHSSR Journal
Crime continues to be a serious problem in South Africa, as the country ranks 3rd on the global
crime index as at 2016. The damaging impact of crime on the safety and security of communities, peace and
stability in the country as well as its effect on the country’s reputation among potential international tourists and
investors, and how all these affect the general quality of life of ordinary citizens need no emphasis. Crime
solutions that work and are cost effective remain elusive. However, due to its success in reducing crime rates in
different parts of the world since its introduction in the United States of America during the 1970s, community
policing is now a standard ideological and policy model guiding mission statements, goals, and reform programs
of most policing agencies across the world. Regardless of its enviable status in the practicing of policing, more
than twenty (20) years after the attainment of democracy, the question beckons whether the inception of
community policing and particularly community policing forums is an effective strategy within the South
African communities to combat and prevent crime. This paper draws from the work of a PhD thesis, submitted
at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the challenges of CPFs in
combating crime in two dissimilar residential locations in Durban.A qualitative research approach was adopted,
the findings collected through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with a total number of
fifty-five (55) participants comprising of South African Police Service (SAPS) and CPFs representatives,
political leaders and ordinary members of the two communities suggest limited knowledge of and affinity to
CPFs by community members. This owes partly to lack of communication, resources, trust, as well as political
interference and SAPS organisational culture, which affect the functioning of these CPFs. Together, these
findings suggest that more effort is needed from both the community and the police for an effective functioning
of the CPFs.
How does crime in the United States differ from crime committed in other countries around the world? For my project, I chose to research Honduras, Russia, and Colombia
Corruption and Election in Conflict Northeast Indiainventionjournals
Democracy largely depends on the modus operandi of electioneering practices. Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude.
Combating Spousal Violence in the Muslim Community of Canada: An Overview in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
BREAKING THE SILENCE AROUND SEXTORTION: THE LINKS BETWEEN POWER, SEX AND C...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Sexual extortion or “sextortion” occurs when those entrusted with power use it to sexually exploit those dependent on that power. It is a gendered form of corruption that occurs in both developed and developing countries, affecting children and adults, vulnerable individuals (such as undocumented migrants crossing borders) and established professionals. While evidence shows that women are disproportionally targeted, men, transgender and gender non-conforming people are also affected.
Sextortion has long been a silent form of corruption, hiding in plain view. Until recently, it was never discussed or recognised as a distinct phenomenon within either the corruption framework or the framework of gender-based violence. Lacking a name, sextortion remained largely invisible, and few research projects, laws or strategies were developed to address it. Barriers to reporting sextortion and obtaining effective redress further contributed to its low profile. As a result, researchers have failed to ask survivors/victims the right questions to properly understand sextortion; statistical systems lack the appropriate categories to register the few cases that go to court, and complaints have been poorly handled. The result has been that survivors/victims have largely been denied justice.
This Transparency International report assesses the state of knowledge about the links between corruption and sextortion. It presents evidence on the prevalence of sextortion and the existing legal frameworks to address it, and it proposes recommendations for how to tackle it.
Corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. From high-profile cases to individual selfish mentality, the syndrome has been very pervasive and currently, corruption seems to be fighting back in the country. This paper highlights some definition of corruption and explores the psychological and ethical bases for corrupt mentality in Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that there is the need to institutionalize regulations with ethical reorientation of the young ones against greed and nepotism with appropriate civic value system. As charity begins at home, it is recommended that the home as an informal sector for civic learning should form a synergy with school civic education for promoting corrupt-free mentality.
A new report has been released by the University of Chicago, highlighting levels of public sector corruption in U.S. cities and states. It was co-authored by UIC professor and political advisor Dick Simpson and is based on an analysis of public corruption statistics from the Department of Justice. There were a grand total of 19,634 public corruption convictions across the United States over the past decade with 695 public official, federal employees and government contractors convicted in 2018 alone.
The report examined the problem across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, finding that D.C. had the highest number of public corruption offences per 10,000 inhabitants between 1976 and 2018 with 16.79. That can be attributed to several factors including a comparably low population but also because it is the center of national government and hosts the Department of Justice. That means nearly all of the country's federal agencies are housed there with large numbers of government employees who can monitor and investigate potential offences.
Louisiana comes second for corruption convictions per capital with 2.62 per 10,000 inhabitants while Illinois rounds off the top-three with 1.66. Its high position is due to the high number of offences in Chicago which was once again named the most corrupt city in the country.
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Cultureinventionjournals
Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators.
Every day, all over the world, ordinary people bear the cost of corruption. In many countries, corruption affects people from birth until death. In Zimbabwe, women giving birth in a local hospital have been charged US$5 every time they scream as a penalty for raising false alarm.
1 In Bangladesh, the recent collapse of a multi-story factory, which killed more than 1,100 people due to a breach of basic safety standards, has been linked to allegations of corruption.
2 This report examines how corruption features in people’s lives around the world. Drawing on the results of a Transparency International survey of more than 114,000 respondents in 107 countries, it addresses people’s direct experiences with bribery and details their views on corruption in the main institutions in their countries. Significantly, Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer also provides insights into how willing and ready people are to act to stop corruption. The findings are clear: corruption is a very real burden, with more than one out of four respondents reporting having paid a bribe during the last year.3 When people are not in a position to afford a bribe, they might be prevented from buying a home, starting a business or accessing basic services. Corruption can, and often does, infringe on fundamental rights.
For those surviving on less than US$2 a day, and for women who are the primary caretakers of children around the globe, corruption and bribery are particularly devastating. For them, the additional cost of bribery can mean trade- offs are made between health and hunger, between school entrance fees and the shoes necessary to wear to school. Not only do people pay the costs of corruption directly, but their quality of life is also affected by less visible forms of corruption. When powerful groups buy influence over government decisions or when public funds are diverted into the coffers of the political elite, ordinary people suffer. When there is widespread belief that corruption prevails and the powerful in particular are able to get away with it, people lose faith in those entrusted with power.
As the Global Corruption Barometer 2013 shows, corruption is seen to be running through the foundations of the democratic and legal process in many countries, affecting public trust in political parties, the judiciary and the police, among other key institutions. Importantly, however, the people surveyed around the world as a part of the Global Corruption Barometer do not view themselves as powerless victims of corruption.
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
Running head PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 1
PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Cylvania Allen Pringle
8/11/2015
CJA/344
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
Dr. Joycelyn Ballard
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
I. Introduction
Researchers and policy makers have constantly shown immense interest in how different ethnic groups perceive the police. Of utmost importance is how different ethnic groups experience face to face interactions with those individuals in legal authority especially the police. Such interactions can help researchers and policy makers understand the perceptions different ethnic groups might have towards the police and how these perceptions can influence the prevalence of crime in a jurisdiction (Huo & Tyler, 2000).
The fact that ethnic groups differ in how they perceive the police is already well known. However, what is boggling the researchers interested in this interaction is whether these differences can be attributed to different perceptions of how these individuals were treated, different outcomes of their interaction with the police, or different expectations of fair treatment based on their culture and values?
II. Review of Literature
One thing that remains clear throughout the entire research process is that people view perceptions of fair treatment as more important than getting a favorable outcome from the entire experience. People of all ethnic groups generally form positive impressions, perceptions and attitudes to legal authorities and the decisions made if they feel that they have been dealt with in a fair manner which does not demean them or make them feel discriminated against. This is known as the procedural justice effect, one of the patterns of responses recognized in law circles (Davis, 2000).
It is a well-known fact that the minority ethnic groups usually have bad experiences at the hands of the police. In a multi-cultural country such as the US, the minorities including the Latinos and the African Americans have negative perceptions towards the police as well as negative experiences with the same. These ethnic minorities report that their members constantly face unfair treatment, harassment and at times violation of their human rights at the hands of the police officers.
III. Discussion
They argue that there is discrimination on the part of the police forces based on race. It is a well observed fact that individuals who belong to ethnic groups that are less integrated into the political structure or less efficacious are less inclined to voluntarily indulge with the police as compared to those individuals who come from ‘superior’ ethnic backgrounds (Davis, 2000).
This perception of discrimination can lead to lower rates of compliance amongst the members of these ethnic communities. There is usually a high level of tension that characterizes the relati.
RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT
19
Rough Draft Comment by Nygel: Please remember to complete the title, date and running head throughout the paper.
Lidia Williams
American Military University
Date:
Abstract
Analysis of research regarding the criminal justice and racial profiling reveals that the system basically targets the African males. Recent research conducted by the African Civil Liberation Union (ACLU) and Mary Whinser from the School of Law in the University of Washington clearly reveal that the Criminal Justice System targets the African males when profiled through the race. The two researchers reveal that there although it is argued that racism has greatly decreased in the United States there still exist some racial disparities in various stages of the criminal justice system. The results of the researchers show that there is a need for reviewing the current criminal justice system in order to minimize racism that exists in the system. The current policies that exist in the criminal justice system need to be changed in order to change the face of the system that is seen to target the African males. Comment by Nygel: This is a good, strong abstract.
Keyword: racism, racial disparity, African Americans, statistics
The United States is the world’s leader in mass incarceration. Approximately 700 out of Comment by Nygel: Please begin each paragraph with an indent about 1/2 inch in from the left margin. This is the typical/default Tab.
100,000 Americans are currently incarcerated serving sentences in federal and state prisons
While mass Incarcerations rates in the United States are alarming, the problem of racial
disproportion of African American males within the rates of mass incarceration is equally if not
more problematic, as it sheds light on the unpleasant side of American Justice System. African Comment by Nygel: American justice system
Americans males are disproportionally incarcerated, making them targets for systematic abuse in
the hands of the American Criminal Justice system by way of the criminal justice process. The Comment by Nygel: This does not need to be capitalized. Comment by Nygel: This is a bold statement. I look forward to reading more.
criminal justice system is therefore racist in its practices and processes; it is institutionally
designed to systematically abuse and oppress African Americans males.
Comment by Nygel: There should not be an extra space between paragraphs. This should only happen with headings or subheadings to separate/divide paper into sections.
The criminal justice system is set in place to mitigate crime in a manner accordance with Comment by Nygel: In accordance… Remove manner
Constitutional rights of citizens. By desig ...
1Town Hall BriefRacial ProfilingIntroduc.docxlorainedeserre
1
Town Hall Brief
Racial Profiling
Introduction: Racial profiling reflects bias actions reinforced by law enforcement based on race, religion, and nationality/ethnicity which has led to violence and unjust accusations amongst minority groups. This has become a controversial issue in our nation, as stated in an article published by The Huffington Post website, in 2011, which displays a chart showing that the NYPD uses force against Blacks and Latinos 6.7% more than whites. It is evident that the police work force exemplifies inefficiency through racial profiling which calls for change and improvement in the training process. By thoroughly conducting proper training for law enforcement, with an emphasis on racial profiling, police officers and authority will reform effectively.
Inherency: The inherency is attitudinal and structural. In order to supply change there must be awareness to promote the issue and new laws to improve the justice system. As reported by the Tolerance website accessed on March 26, 2015, “Community members must be empowered with awareness and steps they can take to address profiling or other abuses of police authority when they occur” which emphasizes that citizens should grasp knowledge of racial profiling in order to prevent being targeted. According to an article published by the We Are One America website accessed on March 26, 2015, “Congress should introduce and pass the "End Racial Profiling Act" which would ban racial profiling at the federal, state and local level” this explains that minority groups will continue to be abused without change of policy.
Harms
Claim 1: Law enforcement authorities result in extreme force when practicing racial profiling.
Ground 1A: The Washington Post website, on December 15, 2014, reported “In Garner’s case, for example, police targeted him for the petty crime of selling loose cigarettes — the types of crimes black people are targeted for at higher rates — and then attempted to arrest him with a chokehold, banned by the department [of New York City]. Whatever else we have learned from the recent tragedies of police violence, it is clear that we need comprehensive federal, state and local policies that outlaw racial profiling and rein in police excessive force.”
Ground 1B: The Huffington Post website, on December 9, 2014, stated “If we have learned anything from the recent tragic deaths of Garner and Brown, as well as the experiences of numerous other African American victims of police violence going back decades -- from Rodney King to Abner Louima to Amadou Diallo and Tamir Rice -- it is that excessive force and racial profiling are two destructive modes of police misconduct that require concerted, vigilant action to reduce and eliminate.”
Warrant: It is clear that patterns of excessive force have been displayed through exercising racial profiling. These unlawful functions ultimately flaw the justice system by targeting citizens based on race and using actions that are ba ...
Lack of Communication, Resources, Trust As Well As Political Interference And...AJHSSR Journal
Crime continues to be a serious problem in South Africa, as the country ranks 3rd on the global
crime index as at 2016. The damaging impact of crime on the safety and security of communities, peace and
stability in the country as well as its effect on the country’s reputation among potential international tourists and
investors, and how all these affect the general quality of life of ordinary citizens need no emphasis. Crime
solutions that work and are cost effective remain elusive. However, due to its success in reducing crime rates in
different parts of the world since its introduction in the United States of America during the 1970s, community
policing is now a standard ideological and policy model guiding mission statements, goals, and reform programs
of most policing agencies across the world. Regardless of its enviable status in the practicing of policing, more
than twenty (20) years after the attainment of democracy, the question beckons whether the inception of
community policing and particularly community policing forums is an effective strategy within the South
African communities to combat and prevent crime. This paper draws from the work of a PhD thesis, submitted
at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the challenges of CPFs in
combating crime in two dissimilar residential locations in Durban.A qualitative research approach was adopted,
the findings collected through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with a total number of
fifty-five (55) participants comprising of South African Police Service (SAPS) and CPFs representatives,
political leaders and ordinary members of the two communities suggest limited knowledge of and affinity to
CPFs by community members. This owes partly to lack of communication, resources, trust, as well as political
interference and SAPS organisational culture, which affect the functioning of these CPFs. Together, these
findings suggest that more effort is needed from both the community and the police for an effective functioning
of the CPFs.
How does crime in the United States differ from crime committed in other countries around the world? For my project, I chose to research Honduras, Russia, and Colombia
Corruption and Election in Conflict Northeast Indiainventionjournals
Democracy largely depends on the modus operandi of electioneering practices. Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude.
Combating Spousal Violence in the Muslim Community of Canada: An Overview in ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
BREAKING THE SILENCE AROUND SEXTORTION: THE LINKS BETWEEN POWER, SEX AND C...Δρ. Γιώργος K. Κασάπης
Sexual extortion or “sextortion” occurs when those entrusted with power use it to sexually exploit those dependent on that power. It is a gendered form of corruption that occurs in both developed and developing countries, affecting children and adults, vulnerable individuals (such as undocumented migrants crossing borders) and established professionals. While evidence shows that women are disproportionally targeted, men, transgender and gender non-conforming people are also affected.
Sextortion has long been a silent form of corruption, hiding in plain view. Until recently, it was never discussed or recognised as a distinct phenomenon within either the corruption framework or the framework of gender-based violence. Lacking a name, sextortion remained largely invisible, and few research projects, laws or strategies were developed to address it. Barriers to reporting sextortion and obtaining effective redress further contributed to its low profile. As a result, researchers have failed to ask survivors/victims the right questions to properly understand sextortion; statistical systems lack the appropriate categories to register the few cases that go to court, and complaints have been poorly handled. The result has been that survivors/victims have largely been denied justice.
This Transparency International report assesses the state of knowledge about the links between corruption and sextortion. It presents evidence on the prevalence of sextortion and the existing legal frameworks to address it, and it proposes recommendations for how to tackle it.
Corruption is pandemic in Nigeria. From high-profile cases to individual selfish mentality, the syndrome has been very pervasive and currently, corruption seems to be fighting back in the country. This paper highlights some definition of corruption and explores the psychological and ethical bases for corrupt mentality in Nigeria. The paper therefore posits that there is the need to institutionalize regulations with ethical reorientation of the young ones against greed and nepotism with appropriate civic value system. As charity begins at home, it is recommended that the home as an informal sector for civic learning should form a synergy with school civic education for promoting corrupt-free mentality.
A new report has been released by the University of Chicago, highlighting levels of public sector corruption in U.S. cities and states. It was co-authored by UIC professor and political advisor Dick Simpson and is based on an analysis of public corruption statistics from the Department of Justice. There were a grand total of 19,634 public corruption convictions across the United States over the past decade with 695 public official, federal employees and government contractors convicted in 2018 alone.
The report examined the problem across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, finding that D.C. had the highest number of public corruption offences per 10,000 inhabitants between 1976 and 2018 with 16.79. That can be attributed to several factors including a comparably low population but also because it is the center of national government and hosts the Department of Justice. That means nearly all of the country's federal agencies are housed there with large numbers of government employees who can monitor and investigate potential offences.
Louisiana comes second for corruption convictions per capital with 2.62 per 10,000 inhabitants while Illinois rounds off the top-three with 1.66. Its high position is due to the high number of offences in Chicago which was once again named the most corrupt city in the country.
Dilemma of Electorates when Corruption and Threat became a Cultureinventionjournals
Most of the politicians usually adopted various techniques and strategies to get their ends beyond electoral integrity. One or either form of corrupt practices appears widely in India’s northeast too which greatly demeans democracy. In the backdrop of various demands of different ethnic-based insurgencies, elections are also conducting in regular interval in this India’s Northeast. The state of democracy in India’s northeast is clear example of flawed democracy where elections are in servitude. This study is based on quantitative and empirical methods through SPSS interpretation. Sources of data were mainly from structured questionnaire collected on the basis of random sampling method from electorates of India’s northeast. In contemporary, many insurgent groups have been interfering in the elections since they entered peace dialogue with government of India. This paper attempts to analyse corrupt practices and modus operandi of electioneering practices. Majority of electorates were also on the whims of perpetrators.
Every day, all over the world, ordinary people bear the cost of corruption. In many countries, corruption affects people from birth until death. In Zimbabwe, women giving birth in a local hospital have been charged US$5 every time they scream as a penalty for raising false alarm.
1 In Bangladesh, the recent collapse of a multi-story factory, which killed more than 1,100 people due to a breach of basic safety standards, has been linked to allegations of corruption.
2 This report examines how corruption features in people’s lives around the world. Drawing on the results of a Transparency International survey of more than 114,000 respondents in 107 countries, it addresses people’s direct experiences with bribery and details their views on corruption in the main institutions in their countries. Significantly, Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer also provides insights into how willing and ready people are to act to stop corruption. The findings are clear: corruption is a very real burden, with more than one out of four respondents reporting having paid a bribe during the last year.3 When people are not in a position to afford a bribe, they might be prevented from buying a home, starting a business or accessing basic services. Corruption can, and often does, infringe on fundamental rights.
For those surviving on less than US$2 a day, and for women who are the primary caretakers of children around the globe, corruption and bribery are particularly devastating. For them, the additional cost of bribery can mean trade- offs are made between health and hunger, between school entrance fees and the shoes necessary to wear to school. Not only do people pay the costs of corruption directly, but their quality of life is also affected by less visible forms of corruption. When powerful groups buy influence over government decisions or when public funds are diverted into the coffers of the political elite, ordinary people suffer. When there is widespread belief that corruption prevails and the powerful in particular are able to get away with it, people lose faith in those entrusted with power.
As the Global Corruption Barometer 2013 shows, corruption is seen to be running through the foundations of the democratic and legal process in many countries, affecting public trust in political parties, the judiciary and the police, among other key institutions. Importantly, however, the people surveyed around the world as a part of the Global Corruption Barometer do not view themselves as powerless victims of corruption.
1Writing Activity 4 Final DraftShaland.docxlorainedeserre
1
Writing Activity 4 : Final Draft
Shalanda Moore
ENG 215 - Research & Writing
Dr. Mary Rose Kasraie
September 1, 2019
Prosecutors on aggregate don’t seem to seek the death penalty more for black people than white people, though there are some gaping disparities in a few states and in some counties. Instead, the real racial bias when it comes to the death penalty pertains to the race of the victim. Killers of black people rarely get death sentences. White killers of black people get death sentences even less frequently. And far and away, the type of murder most likely to bring a death sentence is a black man who kills a white woman.
The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports 208,000 people are in state prisons for drug offenses. Of this number, 32 percent are white, and 68 percent are African American or Hispanic.
The link to other forms of profiling suggests that there is something scientific and efficient about racial profiling. The reality is very different. Race is a social construct; not knowable by sight. Racial profiles are both over-inclusive in the sense that many, indeed most, of the people who fit into the category are entirely innocent, and under-inclusive in that many other criminals or terrorists who do not fit the profile will escape police attention. Racial profiling also faces the problems of predictability and evasion; the more predictable police profiles become, the easier it is for perpetrators to adapt to circumvent the profile. The ineffectiveness of racial profiling is illustrated by consistently low hit or arrest rates for policing actions based on racial profiling. There is surprising consistency in data coming out of the USA, the UK and Europe demonstrating similar ‘hit' or arrest rates across racial groups. In several studies, ethnic minorities are less likely to be arrested or have contraband or other ‘seizable' evidence found following a search. This refutes the proposition that minorities are more likely to be involved in crime and illustrates that racial profiling represents an ineffective use of police resources.
Narrow definitions of racial profiling describe situations where actions are based solely on the basis of a person's race or ethnicity. In practice, this has allowed police forces to deny the existence of racial profiling, where activities are legally justifiable but nonetheless racially biased such as the use of pretext traffic stops. Broader definitions recognise that decisions are usually made on a number of factors including race. This wider definition reflects the fact that racial profiling may occur irrespective of whether this is a deliberate policy of targeted minority groups or routine institutional practices. Patterns of profiling can also be seen in discriminatory treatment after a stop has taken place, such decisions to go on to search, more intrusive searches, citations and arrests.
Racial profiling is the use by the police of generalisations based on race, ethnicity, religion ...
Running head PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS .docxcharisellington63520
Running head: PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 1
PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE BY DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS 6
Cylvania Allen Pringle
8/11/2015
CJA/344
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
Dr. Joycelyn Ballard
Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups
I. Introduction
Researchers and policy makers have constantly shown immense interest in how different ethnic groups perceive the police. Of utmost importance is how different ethnic groups experience face to face interactions with those individuals in legal authority especially the police. Such interactions can help researchers and policy makers understand the perceptions different ethnic groups might have towards the police and how these perceptions can influence the prevalence of crime in a jurisdiction (Huo & Tyler, 2000).
The fact that ethnic groups differ in how they perceive the police is already well known. However, what is boggling the researchers interested in this interaction is whether these differences can be attributed to different perceptions of how these individuals were treated, different outcomes of their interaction with the police, or different expectations of fair treatment based on their culture and values?
II. Review of Literature
One thing that remains clear throughout the entire research process is that people view perceptions of fair treatment as more important than getting a favorable outcome from the entire experience. People of all ethnic groups generally form positive impressions, perceptions and attitudes to legal authorities and the decisions made if they feel that they have been dealt with in a fair manner which does not demean them or make them feel discriminated against. This is known as the procedural justice effect, one of the patterns of responses recognized in law circles (Davis, 2000).
It is a well-known fact that the minority ethnic groups usually have bad experiences at the hands of the police. In a multi-cultural country such as the US, the minorities including the Latinos and the African Americans have negative perceptions towards the police as well as negative experiences with the same. These ethnic minorities report that their members constantly face unfair treatment, harassment and at times violation of their human rights at the hands of the police officers.
III. Discussion
They argue that there is discrimination on the part of the police forces based on race. It is a well observed fact that individuals who belong to ethnic groups that are less integrated into the political structure or less efficacious are less inclined to voluntarily indulge with the police as compared to those individuals who come from ‘superior’ ethnic backgrounds (Davis, 2000).
This perception of discrimination can lead to lower rates of compliance amongst the members of these ethnic communities. There is usually a high level of tension that characterizes the relati.
RUNNING HEAD: ROUGH DRAFT
19
Rough Draft Comment by Nygel: Please remember to complete the title, date and running head throughout the paper.
Lidia Williams
American Military University
Date:
Abstract
Analysis of research regarding the criminal justice and racial profiling reveals that the system basically targets the African males. Recent research conducted by the African Civil Liberation Union (ACLU) and Mary Whinser from the School of Law in the University of Washington clearly reveal that the Criminal Justice System targets the African males when profiled through the race. The two researchers reveal that there although it is argued that racism has greatly decreased in the United States there still exist some racial disparities in various stages of the criminal justice system. The results of the researchers show that there is a need for reviewing the current criminal justice system in order to minimize racism that exists in the system. The current policies that exist in the criminal justice system need to be changed in order to change the face of the system that is seen to target the African males. Comment by Nygel: This is a good, strong abstract.
Keyword: racism, racial disparity, African Americans, statistics
The United States is the world’s leader in mass incarceration. Approximately 700 out of Comment by Nygel: Please begin each paragraph with an indent about 1/2 inch in from the left margin. This is the typical/default Tab.
100,000 Americans are currently incarcerated serving sentences in federal and state prisons
While mass Incarcerations rates in the United States are alarming, the problem of racial
disproportion of African American males within the rates of mass incarceration is equally if not
more problematic, as it sheds light on the unpleasant side of American Justice System. African Comment by Nygel: American justice system
Americans males are disproportionally incarcerated, making them targets for systematic abuse in
the hands of the American Criminal Justice system by way of the criminal justice process. The Comment by Nygel: This does not need to be capitalized. Comment by Nygel: This is a bold statement. I look forward to reading more.
criminal justice system is therefore racist in its practices and processes; it is institutionally
designed to systematically abuse and oppress African Americans males.
Comment by Nygel: There should not be an extra space between paragraphs. This should only happen with headings or subheadings to separate/divide paper into sections.
The criminal justice system is set in place to mitigate crime in a manner accordance with Comment by Nygel: In accordance… Remove manner
Constitutional rights of citizens. By desig ...
1Town Hall BriefRacial ProfilingIntroduc.docxlorainedeserre
1
Town Hall Brief
Racial Profiling
Introduction: Racial profiling reflects bias actions reinforced by law enforcement based on race, religion, and nationality/ethnicity which has led to violence and unjust accusations amongst minority groups. This has become a controversial issue in our nation, as stated in an article published by The Huffington Post website, in 2011, which displays a chart showing that the NYPD uses force against Blacks and Latinos 6.7% more than whites. It is evident that the police work force exemplifies inefficiency through racial profiling which calls for change and improvement in the training process. By thoroughly conducting proper training for law enforcement, with an emphasis on racial profiling, police officers and authority will reform effectively.
Inherency: The inherency is attitudinal and structural. In order to supply change there must be awareness to promote the issue and new laws to improve the justice system. As reported by the Tolerance website accessed on March 26, 2015, “Community members must be empowered with awareness and steps they can take to address profiling or other abuses of police authority when they occur” which emphasizes that citizens should grasp knowledge of racial profiling in order to prevent being targeted. According to an article published by the We Are One America website accessed on March 26, 2015, “Congress should introduce and pass the "End Racial Profiling Act" which would ban racial profiling at the federal, state and local level” this explains that minority groups will continue to be abused without change of policy.
Harms
Claim 1: Law enforcement authorities result in extreme force when practicing racial profiling.
Ground 1A: The Washington Post website, on December 15, 2014, reported “In Garner’s case, for example, police targeted him for the petty crime of selling loose cigarettes — the types of crimes black people are targeted for at higher rates — and then attempted to arrest him with a chokehold, banned by the department [of New York City]. Whatever else we have learned from the recent tragedies of police violence, it is clear that we need comprehensive federal, state and local policies that outlaw racial profiling and rein in police excessive force.”
Ground 1B: The Huffington Post website, on December 9, 2014, stated “If we have learned anything from the recent tragic deaths of Garner and Brown, as well as the experiences of numerous other African American victims of police violence going back decades -- from Rodney King to Abner Louima to Amadou Diallo and Tamir Rice -- it is that excessive force and racial profiling are two destructive modes of police misconduct that require concerted, vigilant action to reduce and eliminate.”
Warrant: It is clear that patterns of excessive force have been displayed through exercising racial profiling. These unlawful functions ultimately flaw the justice system by targeting citizens based on race and using actions that are ba ...
1Town Hall BriefRacial ProfilingIntroduc.docxjesusamckone
1
Town Hall Brief
Racial Profiling
Introduction: Racial profiling reflects bias actions reinforced by law enforcement based on race, religion, and nationality/ethnicity which has led to violence and unjust accusations amongst minority groups. This has become a controversial issue in our nation, as stated in an article published by The Huffington Post website, in 2011, which displays a chart showing that the NYPD uses force against Blacks and Latinos 6.7% more than whites. It is evident that the police work force exemplifies inefficiency through racial profiling which calls for change and improvement in the training process. By thoroughly conducting proper training for law enforcement, with an emphasis on racial profiling, police officers and authority will reform effectively.
Inherency: The inherency is attitudinal and structural. In order to supply change there must be awareness to promote the issue and new laws to improve the justice system. As reported by the Tolerance website accessed on March 26, 2015, “Community members must be empowered with awareness and steps they can take to address profiling or other abuses of police authority when they occur” which emphasizes that citizens should grasp knowledge of racial profiling in order to prevent being targeted. According to an article published by the We Are One America website accessed on March 26, 2015, “Congress should introduce and pass the "End Racial Profiling Act" which would ban racial profiling at the federal, state and local level” this explains that minority groups will continue to be abused without change of policy.
Harms
Claim 1: Law enforcement authorities result in extreme force when practicing racial profiling.
Ground 1A: The Washington Post website, on December 15, 2014, reported “In Garner’s case, for example, police targeted him for the petty crime of selling loose cigarettes — the types of crimes black people are targeted for at higher rates — and then attempted to arrest him with a chokehold, banned by the department [of New York City]. Whatever else we have learned from the recent tragedies of police violence, it is clear that we need comprehensive federal, state and local policies that outlaw racial profiling and rein in police excessive force.”
Ground 1B: The Huffington Post website, on December 9, 2014, stated “If we have learned anything from the recent tragic deaths of Garner and Brown, as well as the experiences of numerous other African American victims of police violence going back decades -- from Rodney King to Abner Louima to Amadou Diallo and Tamir Rice -- it is that excessive force and racial profiling are two destructive modes of police misconduct that require concerted, vigilant action to reduce and eliminate.”
Warrant: It is clear that patterns of excessive force have been displayed through exercising racial profiling. These unlawful functions ultimately flaw the justice system by targeting citizens based on race and using actions that are ba.
Justice on the Street The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minoritie.docxDIPESH30
Justice on the Street?: The Police and Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Goals of the Chapter
This chapter explores the complex issues in the relationship between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities and helps sort through the sometimes conflicting evidence on race, ethnicity, and criminal justice.1 The first section outlines a contextual approach that helps resolve the apparent contradictions in the available evidence. The second section examines public opinion about the police, comparing the attitudes of whites, African Americans, and Hispanics (unfortunately, there is little evidence on other racial and ethnic groups). The third section reviews the evidence on police behavior, beginning with the most serious action, use of deadly force, and proceeding through the less-serious police activities. The fourth section deals with citizen complaints against the police, reviewing the evidence on the extent of misconduct and the ways police departments handle citizen complaints. The final section examines police employment practices. Particular attention is given to the law of employment discrimination and the historic problem of discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities.
After you have read this chapter:
1. You will be familiar with the most important issues related to police and people of color.
2. You will be able to make sense of the complex data on police arrests, use of force, use of deadly force, and racial profiling.
3. You will be able to discuss the difference between racial disparities and racial discrimination.
4. You will be able to discuss the most important reforms in policing and whether or not they have succeeded in reducing racial disparities.
5. You will be knowledgeable about police–community relations programs and which ones work and do not work in terms of improving relations between the police and communities of color.
6. You will be familiar with the trends in the employment of people of color in policing, and you will be able to discuss what difference it makes in terms of actual police work.
Unequal Justice?
A Famous Incident
It is one of the most famous incidents in all of U.S. police history. On March 3, 1991, Los Angeles police officers stopped an African American man named Rodney King after a high-speed chase and proceeded to savagely beat him. The beating was videotaped by an observer across the street, and when the tape was broadcast around the country on television, a national uproar broke out. The term “Rodney King” became shorthand for all police abuse. When several of the officers involved were acquitted of criminal charges a year later, a major riot broke out in Los Angeles. Officers were subsequently convicted on federal civil rights charges. The beating also led to the Christopher Commission Report (1991), which proposed sweeping reforms in the Los Angeles Police Department. The Rodney King incident summarized a range of issues we will consider in this chapter: police use of force, ra ...
CLASS MATTERS Hashimoto, Erica J . Journal of Criminal La.docxsleeperharwell
CLASS MATTERS
Hashimoto, Erica J . Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology ; Chicago Vol. 101, Iss. 1, (Winter 2011): 31-
76.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
Poor people constitute one of the most overrepresented categories of people in the criminal justice system. Why is
that so? Unfortunately, we simply do not know, in large part because we have virtually no information that could
provide an answer. As a result of that informational vacuum, policymakers either have ignored issues related to
economic class, instead focusing on issues like drug addiction and mental illness as to which there are more data,
or have developed fragmented policies that touch on economic status issues only tangentially. The bottom line is
that without better data on the profile of poor defendants, coherent policy to address issues related to economic
status simply will not be enacted. Because we lack data on economic status, we also cannot ascertain whether the
system enforces criminal laws equally or whether it targets poor people. The inability to prove (or disprove) class
discrimination prevents policymakers from enacting any solutions and leads to mistrust in the system. This Article
highlights the potential beneficial uses of general data on criminal defendants and data on economic status of
criminal defendants in particular. It goes on to document the data we currently have on income levels of criminal
defendants, and the shortcomings both in our analysis of that data and in our data collection. Finally, the Article
provides a roadmap for how states and the federal government should collect and analyze data on the economic
status of criminal defendants. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
FULL TEXT
Headnote
Poor people constitute one of the most overrepresented categories of people in the criminal justice system. Why is
that so? Unfortunately, we simply do not know, in large part because we have virtually no information that could
provide an answer. As a result of that informational vacuum, policymakers either have ignored issues related to
economic class, instead focusing on issues like drug addiction and mental illness as to which there are more data,
or have developed fragmented policies that touch on economic status issues only tangentially. The bottom line is
that without better data on the profile of poor defendants, coherent policy to address issues related to economic
status simply will not be enacted. Because we lack data on economic status, we also cannot ascertain whether the
system enforces criminal laws equally or whether it targets poor people. The inability to prove (or disprove) class
discrimination prevents policymakers from enacting any solutions and leads to mistrust in the system.
This Article highlights the potential beneficial uses of general data on criminal defendants and data on economic
status of criminal defendants in particular. It goes on to document the data we currently have on income le.
Equal Rights Proposition Outline Police Brutality towards African.docxelbanglis
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
1
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
5
Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African Americans
Team C
Derrick Jones
Joseph Maestas
July 23, 2019
Professor Rosalind Raby
Week 3
Title: Equal Rights Proposition Outline: Police Brutality towards African AmericansA. Police Brutality Against African-Americans.a. Police brutality against African-Americans is not a new issue. It has been happening throughout history and needs to be stopped. Police brutality is prematurely ending and/or effecting the lives and communities of many African-Americans. b. This needless violence causes tremendous strain on the affected families mental and physical well-being, but also African-Americans as a whole. These actions bare the weight the United States history of violence against African-Americans and reflect the shortcomings of the criminal justice system. c. Whether the brutality is intentional or not, it sends out the message that police does not value the health, well-being, and lives of African-Americans. This is not a message that should be sent and police brutality against African American must be stopped at all costs. B. Issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor forcea. Throughout history African-Americans have had a tough time in the labor force. There has been some progress, but unequal employment opportunities continue to be standard operating procedure for many African American men and women. b. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the African American unemployment rate is the lowest in history. However, they continue to face problems and challenges which are often imposed because of a lack of understanding or negative attitudes brought on racial biases although they possess the same or higher-level education than their counterparts. c. African-Americans must deal with being pushed into minority positions in meaningless jobs, not being given access to the same networks as their coworkers, working twice as hard for less wages, not being given the same opportunities for career advancements and promotion, and various other forms of discrimination.C. How society has constructed this group's identitya. The African American population in this country has always been a minority. African Americans started out in this country as slaves, and even with the abolishment of slavery and the civil rights movement, society still perceives this group as less than. b. African-Americans are seen to be associated with drugs since many of this minority live in impoverished areas where drugs are abundant. In recent years, there has been a significant focus on African-Americans and the criminal justice system and police brutality (Taylor, 2013). c. Society uses the “War on drugs” as an excuse for overtly racist behavior by law enforcement (Taylor, 2013). Today’s society associate ...
AJPH PUBLIC HEALTH DIALOGUEUnderstanding Police Violence acheryllwashburn
AJPH PUBLIC HEALTH DIALOGUE
Understanding Police Violence as a
Mutual Problem
See also Morabia, p. 421, and Gilbert, p. 457.
This past Thanksgiving, I was
in Chicago visiting family when
a cellphone video of a police
officer taking down a man hit
the local airwaves. The images
showed an officer using an emer-
gency maneuver that resulted
in the man’s head hitting the
pavement. There was an imme-
diate outcry; it was said that the
takedown was unwarranted, yet
another case of “rogue policing.”
Lost in the clamor was that the
man was intoxicated and had
verbally threatened, licked, and
spit on the officer. The man
further refused ambulance
transport, and the officers them-
selves took him to the hospital
for care. At the time of this writ-
ing, two officers remain under in-
vestigation, while the man was
bailed out of jail (he had out-
standing parole violations) amid
claims that he was “thrown onto
the sidewalk with no regard for
his life” (https://bit.ly/37piikW).
Is this another example of
police violence or simply an of-
ficer trying to protect himself? If
all politics are local, then most
opinions are personal. I will freely
admit that my view of law en-
forcement comes from more than
20 years of working night shifts
in the emergency department,
watching officers and deputies
protect society’s most vulnerable.
To be quite honest, I am most
often impressed at the restraint
police officers exhibit when
dealing with violent and abusive
people and when faced with
imminent threats to life and limb.
The idea that unthinking vio-
lence is somehow basic to law
enforcement system seems con-
tradictory to my lived experi-
ence. Individuals and institutions
within the law enforcement
community want to do right, and
while one might argue that they
do so not out of goodness but out
of fear of public backlash, every-
one recognizes that law enforce-
ment officers can only dotheir job
well if they do so with restraint,
impartiality, and integrity. There
are bad cops, just as there are those
ill-suited to any profession, and
sometimes people who clearly do
not belong in police work can slip
through the cracks. But it is a
certainty that within law en-
forcement nobody likes a bad
cop.
WHAT IS POLICE
VIOLENCE?
Part of the problem is that we
do not know what “police vio-
lence” really is or the true scope
of the problem. Obasogie and
Newman note that the exact
definition of police violence
is vague, and is most often a
subjective interpretation of
the constitutional minimum
that the “use of force must be
reasonable.”1(p286)
Statistics on police violence as
a whole are hard to come by, but
data on police shootings are more
available. The 2015 Police Vio-
lence report from the Mapping
PoliceViolenceWebsiteindicates
that there were 1152 people
killed in police shootings that
year. The context of the event
is also important: more than
1000 of these fatalities were
reported to be armed (https://
mappingpoliceviolence.org). In
these cases, a true threat m ...
BShyenna Vega Professor Artist Writing for Crimina.docxrichardnorman90310
B
Shyenna Vega
Professor Artist
Writing for Criminal Justice
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
April 9, 2020
The primary duties of Police Officers (lower case) are to enforce the law, protect people, protect property, and patrol around to prevent incidents from happening (cite source) . The Criminal Justice (lower case) system is broken, and people of color are treated unequally. Police officers are influencing racial biases by their judgment of suspicion. In the courtroom, race plays a big role in decision making on how much time the individual serves. Racial Police biases are the leading cause of detention within for African Americans in America.
Police stops are caused by four mechanisms, which are racial profiling, stereotyping, cognitive bias, and being prejudice towards an individual (source). Police officers are makingconduct police stops with a lack of evidence in violation of the_____ amendment Amendments (state the specific amendment officers violate when making unlawful stops). According to Kenne (2017), Terry v. Ohio (ital) was a violation of the Fourth Amendment (Please restate this. The court case addressed a violation of the 4th A) Police Officers may stop a suspect on the street and frisk him or her without probable cause if the police officer believes the individual had committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. In Terry v. Ohio, police officers did an unreasonable search and seizure, and it was noticed that the police stop might be considered with the influence of racial bias (source). Discuss the four mechanisms
The Fourth Amendment protects their homes, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, upon probable cause. A search is a procedure led by approved operators of the law experiencing part or the entirety of a person's property, searching for explicit things that are identified with the wrongdoing that they are motivated to accept has been submitted. A seizure occurs if the officials claim things during the search. In Terry v. Ohio was an African American man that were unlawfully searched and seizers. Proofread
In Whren v. United States, the police officers violated the Fourth Amendment. Police officers used a traffic violation to stop these men. According to Keene (2017), The Police officer's racial bias may be influencing the officer's perceptions and judgments of the individual's behavior. The Fourth Amendment does require a balancing test between a search and seizures, and the harm it might cause the individual. There was nothing about the traffic violation that was harmful towards the officer for them to persuade the search and seizures, which is why the officers violated the Fourth Amendment.
A Traffic violation is an act or omission that’s prohibited by the law but is not a crime. Speeding, failing to stop or yield, falling to put your signal, seat belt violations, etc. are tra.
Gov. Ige sent a letter to California Congresswoman Anna Eshoo in response to her August 2020 request for information about Hawaii's pandemic response.
https://www.civilbeat.org/2020/08/california-congresswoman-wants-answers-on-hawaiis-virus-response-effort/
Audit of the Department of the Honolulu Prosecuting Attorney’s Policies, Proc...Honolulu Civil Beat
This audit was conducted pursuant to Resolution 19-255,
requesting the city auditor to conduct a performance audit of the Honolulu Police Department and the Department of the Prosecuting Attorney’s policies and procedures related to employee misconduct.
Audit of the Honolulu Police Department’s Policies, Procedures, and ControlsHonolulu Civil Beat
The audit objectives were to:
1. Evaluate the effectiveness of HPD’s existing policies, procedures, and controls to identify and respond to complaints or incidents concerning misconduct, retaliation, favoritism, and abuses of power by its management and employees;
2. Evaluate the effectiveness of HPD's management control environment and practices to correct errors and prevent any misconduct, retaliation, favoritism, and abuses of power by its
management and employees; and
3. Make recommendations to improve HPD’s policies, procedures, and controls to minimize and avoid future managerial and operational breakdowns caused by similar misconduct.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
1. BY EMAIL July 6, 2020
Susan Ballard
Chief of Police
Honolulu Police Department
801 South Beretania Street
Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96813
sballard@honolulu.gov
Shannon Alivado
Chair
Honolulu Police Commission
1060 Richards St., Suite 170
Honolulu, HI 96813
policecommission@honolulu.gov
Lynne Goto Uyema
Senior Police Legal Advisor
Honolulu Police Department
801 South Beretania Street
Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96813
luyema@honolulu.gov
Re: Racial and wealth disparities in policing
Dear Chief Ballard, Chair Alivado, and Ms. Uyema:
The ACLU of Hawaiʻi Foundation (“ACLU of Hawaiʻi”) writes with
constitutional and civil rights concerns about recent reports of racial bias and
disparities in arrests and use of force by the Honolulu Police Department (“HPD”).
One news article revealed that HPD’s enforcement of the COVID-19 orders had a
disparate impact on Black people, Micronesian people (e.g., people from the
Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, etc.), Samoans, and people
experiencing homelessness.1 A second article showed persistent racial disparities in
1 Ashley Mizuo, Racial Disparities Emerge In HPD Enforcement Of Stay-At-Home Violations,
HAWAIʻI PUBLIC RADIO (June 29, 2020), https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/post/racial-disparities-
emerge-hpd-enforcement-stay-home-violations.
2. Re: Racial and wealth disparities in policing
July 6, 2020
Page 2 of 6
police use of force against Black people, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific
Islanders between 2010 and 2018.2
HPD’s own arrest data shows that during the COVID-19 pandemic, HPD was
30 times more likely to arrest a Micronesian person and five times more likely to
arrest a Black or Samoan person for violations of the COVID-19 orders than to
arrest a white person.3 Similarly, a person experiencing homelessness was almost
55 times more likely to be arrested under the orders than a housed person. Such
arrests are particularly concerning, because they run counter to public health and
the purpose of the orders, which is to avoid the spread of COVID-19.4 Moreover, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued clear guidance against
conducting sweeps of homeless encampments when “individual housing options are
not available,”5 and people experiencing homelessness were exempt from the stay-
at-home provisions of the orders. Similarly, between 2008 and 2010, HPD officers
were 3.5 times more likely to use force against Black people and 26 percent more
likely to use force against Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders than
against white people.
The Hawaiʻi and U.S. constitutions promise to all persons equal protection of
the laws, regardless of their race or wealth. Discriminatory enforcement of criminal
laws against Black people was one of the central evils meant to be addressed by the
framers of the Fourteenth Amendment. When HPD officers disproportionally or
selectively enforce criminal laws against members of one race or socio-economic
2 Anita Hofschneider, HPD Chief Says There’s Less Racial Bias In Hawaii. She’s Wrong, CIVIL BEAT
(June 29, 2020), https://www.civilbeat.org/2020/06/what-implicit-bias-looks-like-in-hawaii/.
3 The ACLU of Hawaii’s analysis of the data used in the news reports is available at
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ht7pf-Av20WRiNtKc14H2qe-
V4aW0Mn6Hl7vHTxGDwU/edit#gid=0.
4 ACLU of Hawaiʻi, Letter re Guidance of Enforcement of COVID-19 Related Restrictions on the
General Public (March 27, 2020) (“Because of the grave risks of COVID-19 exposure for people in
police custody and jail, the use of custodial arrest to enforce these restrictions is not an appropriate
public health measure and should almost never be the outcome of these enforcement efforts.”).
5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Interim Guidance on Unsheltered Homelessness and
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) for Homeless Service Providers and Local Officials (May 13,
2020) (“Clearing encampments can cause people to disperse throughout the community and break
connections with service providers. This increases the potential for infectious disease spread.”),
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/homeless-shelters/unsheltered-
homelessness.html.
3. Re: Racial and wealth disparities in policing
July 6, 2020
Page 3 of 6
class, they break that promise and violate the laws and constitutions they have
sworn to uphold.6
We understand HPD is considering providing racial bias training to its
officers. While that is a start, it is simply not enough. We recommend HPD also
take the following measures:7
1. End the aggressive enforcement of low-level offenses: statistics
show that between 2007 and 2017, three out of four arrests in Hawaiʻi
were for non-violent and non-property offenses.8 Even more shocking is
that one in six arrests was of a minor, overwhelmingly for non-violent
offenses. Aggressive enforcement of low-level offenses such as drug
possession unnecessarily funnels thousands of people into the criminal
legal system — primarily young people of color and poor people.
Therefore, HPD should deprioritize police enforcement of drug
possession or status offenses, as well as a range of other low-level
offenses, such as “quality of life” offenses, and work with communities
to address these issues through measures that do not involve the
criminal legal system. Such a policy could free up additional resources
to fund public health, economic, and education initiatives that address
the social and health challenges at the root of most criminal offenses.
2. End racial and wealth-based profiling: racial profiling is not only
the act of selecting or targeting minorities for law enforcement contact,
but also includes policies or practices (such as broken window policing
or sweeps) that have a disparate impact on disadvantaged
communities. Police interactions with people should be directed only
toward investigating real threats to public safety. However, too often,
police stop and search people of color without substantial evidence of
wrongdoing, based on explicit and implicit biases, including those of
6 See, e.g., Cross v. City & County of San Francisco, 386 F.Supp.3d 1132, 1149 (N.D. Cal. 2019)
(“Here, it does not really matter whether Plaintiffs engaged in conduct that supported probable
cause. Even if their conduct supported probable cause, Plaintiffs' equal protection rights were still
violated if the police targeted Plaintiffs for the buy-walk transactions because of their race.”).
7 Additional information concerning these and other related recommendations can be found in a
recent ACLU report about racially targeted arrests for marijuana-related offenses. See ACLU, A Tale
of Two Countries: Racially Targeted Arrests in the Era of Marijuana Reform at 43-47 (2020),
https://www.aclu.org/report/tale-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-era-marijuana-reform.
8 These arrest statistics are based on the Hawaiʻi crime data collected as part of the Uniform Crime
Reporting Program available at https://ag.hawaii.gov/cpja/rs/cih/.
4. Re: Racial and wealth disparities in policing
July 6, 2020
Page 4 of 6
the people calling the police to complain about non-criminal activity.
Such profiling can lead to the aggressive enforcement of minor
offenses, disproportionately and needlessly entangling people
experiencing homelessness and people of color — particularly young
people — in the criminal legal system for offenses that are rarely, if
ever, enforced in more affluent communities. As an example, the arrest
data for the COVID-19 orders showed that while a vast number of
arrests happened in Kalihi, there were very few or no arrests in
Kahala, Mānoa, Kailua, and Hawaii Kai.9 Consequently, HPD should
adopt model racial profiling policies that define racial profiling,
prohibit law enforcement from engaging in it, and make clear that it is
unconstitutional under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.10
3. End use of raw numbers of stops, citations, summons, and
arrests as a metric to measure productivity and effectiveness:
evaluating law enforcement agencies and individual officers based on
the numbers of stops, citations, summons, and arrests does not
properly measure public safety and health; it also puts additional
pressure on police officers and departments to aggressively enforce
criminal laws for low-level offenses. Including arrests as a measure of
effectiveness and productivity, through COMPSTAT and similar
programs, creates an incentive for police to selectively target and
harass poor and marginalized communities for enforcement of low-
level offenses, as such offenses are committed more frequently than
serious, harmful crimes. Relying on numbers of stops, citations,
summons, and arrests, as HPD has sometimes done in the past,11
9 Ashley Mizuo, Racial Disparities Emerge In HPD Enforcement Of Stay-At-Home Violations, supra
note 1.
10 The only policy in HPD’s Standards of Conduct speaking to the potential for racial bias does not
directly address racial profiling. See HPD Policy Number 2.21, Standards of Conduct at 21
(“Impartial Attitude - Officers and civilian employees shall remain completely impartial toward all
persons coming to the attention of the department. They shall not display favoritism for or
discriminate against a person because of race, ethnicity, national origin, gender identification, creed,
religion, sexual orientation, age, disability, or influence.”); see also End Racial Profiling Act of 2015,
H.R. 1933, 114th Cong. (2015); The Racial and Identity Profiling Act of 2015, A.B. 953, 2015 Leg.,
Reg. Sess. (Ca. 2015); Southern Poverty Law Center,10 Best Practices for Writing Policies Against
Racial Profiling (Oct. 23, 2018), https://www.splcenter.org/20181023/10-best-practices-writing-
policies-against-racial-profiling.
11 See, e.g., Lynn Kawano, New HPD policy sounds like a quota, HAWAIʻI NEWS NOW (Aug. 19, 2014),
https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/26322137/new-hpd-policy-sounds-like-a-quota/; KHON2,
5. Re: Racial and wealth disparities in policing
July 6, 2020
Page 5 of 6
squanders HPD’s resources on low-level offenses. This increases arrest
statistics and can make departments appear productive and highly
active, while discouraging police from reporting and solving more
serious crimes. To move away from evaluating public safety and police
efficacy through arrest numbers, HPD should reduce its reliance on
stops, citations, summons, and arrests and broaden their benchmarks
of success, relying instead on measurements such as community
satisfaction with law enforcement; number of complaints filed against
law enforcement; rate of racial disparities in arrests; and number of
serious crimes solved.
4. Routinely collect and release accurate data for a range of
police practices: recent reports about HPD’s lack of transparency
and shoddy data collection practices12 demonstrate the urgent need for
HPD to prioritize accountability and transparency. HPD can do so by
collecting stop, frisk, search, citation, and arrest data; making the
aggregate data publicly available and easily accessible; creating
evaluation systems to analyze such data to identify and address
racially biased and harmful practices and policies; and developing
strategies and tactics that eliminate any form of racial disparities in
enforcement practices. Whether or not a citation is issued or an arrest
is made, HPD officers must document the following information (in
addition to providing the data, time, and location of the stop as a
“receipt” to anyone they stop or search): (1) the demographic
information of the individual stopped (including race, national origin,
ethnicity, age, disability, and gender) and the date, time, and location
of the stop; (2) whether a search was conducted and for what reason;
(3) whether and what type of contraband was recovered; (4) the
outcome of the encounter (summons, citation, warning, arrest, no
action); and (5) the identification of the officers involved. Personally
Notice more police officers out writing tickets? HPD explains why (Jan. 26, 2018),
https://www.khon2.com/news/notice-more-police-officers-out-writing-tickets-hpd-explains-
why/1012417301/; see also HPD, 2018 Annual Report at 26-46 (statistics section focusing almost
exclusively on arrest data), http://www.honolulupd.org/downloads/HPD2018annualreport.pdf.
12 See, e.g., Nick Grube, 20 Years Of Honolulu Police Misconduct Summaries Document Serious Bad
Behavior, CIVIL BEAT (June 24, 2020), https://www.civilbeat.org/2020/06/20-years-of-honolulu-police-
misconduct-summaries-document-serious-bad-behavior/; Anita Hofshneider, Yoohyun Jung, Nick
Grube, Shoddy Record Keeping By HPD Skews Public Picture Of Police Killings, CIVIL BEAT (June
17, 2020), https://www.civilbeat.org/2020/06/shoddy-record-keeping-by-hpd-skews-public-picture-of-
police-killings/.
6. Re: Racial and wealth disparities in policing
July 6, 2020
Page 6 of 6
identifiable information of a person stopped or searched need not be
released. To guarantee statewide uniform arrest and citation
documentation, HPD should electronically record information
regarding stops, frisks, searches, citations, and arrests by district,
race, national origin, ethnicity, age, and gender, and share such
information with the public in quarterly reports on HPD’s website and
in print.13 The reports should be easily searchable. Transparency will
provide the public — community members, activists, local and state
policymakers, criminologists, lawyers, academics, the media, etc. —
with a meaningful empirical basis for determining whether any
demographics have been targeted and to raise concerns and propose
policy solutions. This would provide more objective and
understandable information for assessing public safety; inform
discussions about the nature and appropriateness of police practices
and police resources; promote community safety, trust, and autonomy;
and better ensure accountability of police departments and individual
officers.
Finally, pursuant to Chapter 92F of the Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes, we ask
that HPD produce all government records (as defined by HRS Section 92F-3) related
to the enforcement of the COVID-19 orders during the pandemic. This request
includes, but is not limited to, any and all statistics concerning arrests and citations
issued for alleged violations of said orders, excluding any personally identifiable
information.
We ask that you please respond to this letter by July 20, 2020. If you have
any questions or comments, please contact me at 808-522-5908 or
mcaballero@acluhawaii.org.
Sincerely yours,
Mateo Caballero
Legal Director
13 More specific offense information for arrests is needed, because the Uniform Crime Report for 2017
(the last year for which there is comprehensive spreadsheet data for Honolulu) shows that one in
four arrests were for unspecified “other criminal offenses.” Attorney General, Crime in Hawaiʻi 2017:
A Review of Uniform Crime Reports (Jan. 2019), https://ag.hawaii.gov/cpja/files/2019/01/Crime-in-
Hawaii-2017.pdf.