2. Globalization and Justice
Globalization
The process of creating a global economy
through transnational markets and
political and legal systems
Two element of globalization
have the potential to
encourage criminality:
① Technological advances
② Free markets and fair trade
3. Corporate Enterprise
Crime
“White collar crime”
Late 1930s became the term to describe
the criminal activities of the rich and
powerful
Corporate enterprise crime
Involves illegal activities of people and
organizations whose acknowledged
purpose is to profit through illegitimate
business enterprise
4. Global Enterprise Crime
The creation of the global capital
markets has created unprecedented
opportunities for business to access
capital, and for investors to diversify
their portfolios
Types of Wall Street Fraud schemes:
Market manipulation
High yield investment fraud
Advance fee fraud
Hedge fund fraud
Commodities fraud
Foreign exchange fraud
Broker embezzlement
Late-day trading
5. Corporate Enterprise
Crime
The Subprime Mortgage Scandal
Failure of banks
Government bailout
Loans to borrowers who normally would
not qualify for bank loans
Securitization
Help first time borrowers,
also source of fraud
10. Corporate Enterprise
Crime
Strategies to Control Corporate Crime
Civil Law Strategies
Economic sanctions
Civil penalties
Criminal Law Strategies
Deterrence
11. Corporate Enterprise
Crime
The detention and enforcement of
corporate crime
Primarily in the hands of administrative
departments and agencies
The decision to pursue criminal rather
than civil violations usually is based on:
The seriousness of the case
The perpetrator’s intent, actions to conceal
the violation, and prior record
15. Cyber Crime
Cyber theft involves the use of
computer networks for criminal
profits
Some of the most common methods of
cyber theft are:
Computer fraud
Copyright infringement
Internet securities fraud
Identity theft
E-tailing fraud
16. Cyber Crime
Pornography and Prostitution
The internet is an ideal venue for selling
and distributing adult material
The First Amendment
Makes legal control of
pornography quite
difficult
17. Cyber Crime
Cyber vandalism
Involves malicious attacks aimed at
disrupting, defacing, and destroying
technology
Includes:
Viruses and worms
Trojan horses
Denial-of-service attack
Web defacement
Cyber stalking
18. Cyber Crime
Cyber Bullying
The willful and repeated harm inflicted
through the medium of electronic text
Includes:
Harassing emails or instant messages
Obscene, insulting, and slanderous
messages to online bulletin boards
Websites promoting and disseminating
defamatory content
Harassing text messages
19. Cyber Crime
Cyber Warfare
Politically motivated attacks designed to
compromise the electronic infrastructure
of an enemy nation and disrupt its
economy
One type is cyber espionage
20. Cyber Crime
The Extent and Costs of Cyber Crime
Thousand of breaches each year
The internet has become a major source
of illegal profits
Billions of dollars
Most is not reported to authorities
22. Cyber Crime
Enforcing Cyber Laws
Federal level is where most efforts occur
Other specialized enforcement agencies
Internet Fraud Complaint Center
the National White Collar Crime Center
23. Terrorism
Premeditated, politically motivated
violence
Perpetrated by subnational groups or
clandestine agents against noncombatant
targets, usually intended to influence an
audience
Act must be aimed at a goal that sets it
apart from a common law crime committed
for greed or egotism
24. Terrorism
Types of terror groups:
Revolutionary terrorism
Political terrorism
Eco-terrorism
Nationalist terrorism
Retributive terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
cult terrorism
Criminal terrorism
25. Terrorism
There is no single personality trait or
behavior pattern that distinguishes
the majority of terrorists
Views on why terrorists engage in criminal
activities:
Psychological view
Socialization view
Ideological view
Alienation view
26. Terrorism
Numerous laws have been passed in
an effort to catch terrorists and
prevent acts of terrorism
Federal courts are typically the venue of
choice
Patriot Act
27. Terrorism
The government has sometimes taken
drastic measures to curtail the rights
of its enemies
In the wake of 9/11, the Supreme Court
handed down decisions in several
important cases
28. The Future of Criminal
Justice
A number of changes in the future
include:
Demographic shifts
Technological advances
Increased diversity
Focus on what works
Doing more with less
Globalization
Green crime
Illegal immigration
