The document discusses revisiting Norman Borlaug's hypothesis of "land sparing" in the context of managing agriculture and biodiversity. It summarizes Borlaug's contributions to the Green Revolution and the land sparing approach. However, it notes limitations to land sparing and discusses alternatives like "land sharing" that integrate agriculture and natural habitat. The document advocates moving beyond the land sparing vs sharing debate to consider producing differently, beyond the plot scale, supporting biodiversity through markets and policy, and creating multifunctional landscape mosaics.
Keating - Sustainable intensification and the food security challenge CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Presentation by Robert Zougmore, CCAFS Regional Program Leader, West Africa, at the at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Keating - Sustainable intensification and the food security challenge CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Presentation by Robert Zougmore, CCAFS Regional Program Leader, West Africa, at the at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
How to achieve climate-smart agriculture and the potential triple-win that can be achieved from these practices such as adaptation, mitigation and increasing livelihoods.
Presentation by Jeremy Bird, DG, International Water Management Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at University of Copenhagen, 13 June 2012. Visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org for more.
Launch of the Southeast Asia office of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security http://ccafs.cgiar.org
7 May 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Presentation by Bruce Campbell, CCAFS Program Director
Bruno Gerard presentation during the event "Conservation Agriculture: Overcoming the challenges to adoption and scaling-up" held by IFAD jointly with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chinwe IFEJIKA SPERANZA. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Contents:
1. CCAFS – what we do
2. What is CSA in the African context
3. Best bet CSA technologies
4. CSA services and approaches
5. How can we identify the priorities?
6. Collaborative possibilities
The webinar explained ongoing and expected impacts of climate change on agriculture and the need to adapt for agriculture to adapt to weather extremes and slow-onset climatic changes. The presenter outlined the concept of climate-smart agriculture and links between adaptation to food security and mitigation using case studies.
Henry Neufeldt (presenter) is Head of the Climate Change Unit at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya. He holds degrees in environmental sciences and soil science from Bayreuth University (Germany) and has worked for many years in natural resource management, soil and water salinization, agricultural development and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
The role of mixed crop-livestock farming systems in ensuring food securityILRI
Presented by Philip Thornton and Mario Herrero at the 67th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, Belfast UK, 29 August –2 September 2016
This looks at the likely economic challenges for sustainable agriculture in Europe and the UK over the next decade or so, and makes suggestions for business approaches and policy which could help the sector to respond positively
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Keynote presentation by Philip Thornton, CCAFS Flagship Leader on Priorities and Policies for CSA, at the 3rd Conference on Agriculture and Climate Change in Budapest on 25 March 2019.
Presentation by Jeremy Bird, DG, International Water Management Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Presentation by Sonja Vermeulen, Head of Research, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at University of Copenhagen, 13 June 2012. Visit www.ccafs.cgiar.org for more.
Launch of the Southeast Asia office of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security http://ccafs.cgiar.org
7 May 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Presentation by Bruce Campbell, CCAFS Program Director
Bruno Gerard presentation during the event "Conservation Agriculture: Overcoming the challenges to adoption and scaling-up" held by IFAD jointly with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)
Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chinwe IFEJIKA SPERANZA. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Contents:
1. CCAFS – what we do
2. What is CSA in the African context
3. Best bet CSA technologies
4. CSA services and approaches
5. How can we identify the priorities?
6. Collaborative possibilities
The webinar explained ongoing and expected impacts of climate change on agriculture and the need to adapt for agriculture to adapt to weather extremes and slow-onset climatic changes. The presenter outlined the concept of climate-smart agriculture and links between adaptation to food security and mitigation using case studies.
Henry Neufeldt (presenter) is Head of the Climate Change Unit at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya. He holds degrees in environmental sciences and soil science from Bayreuth University (Germany) and has worked for many years in natural resource management, soil and water salinization, agricultural development and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
The role of mixed crop-livestock farming systems in ensuring food securityILRI
Presented by Philip Thornton and Mario Herrero at the 67th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science, Belfast UK, 29 August –2 September 2016
This looks at the likely economic challenges for sustainable agriculture in Europe and the UK over the next decade or so, and makes suggestions for business approaches and policy which could help the sector to respond positively
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
Keynote presentation by Philip Thornton, CCAFS Flagship Leader on Priorities and Policies for CSA, at the 3rd Conference on Agriculture and Climate Change in Budapest on 25 March 2019.
Systems Approach to Modelling Food Sustainability: From Concepts to PracticeBioversity International
Systems Approach to Modelling Food Sustainability: From Concepts to Practice - Presentation by Ariella Helfgott. This presentation was given as part of the 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems Symposium, co-organized by Bioversity International and CIHEAM-IAMM, November 4th -5th 2014, Agropolis International, Montpellier
Visit 'Metrics of Sustainable Diets and Food Systems' Symposium webpage.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/metrics-sustainable-diets-symposium/
Dr. Marty D. Matlock - Impacts of GMO Products on Food Security and TradeJohn Blue
Impacts of GMO Products on Food Security and Trade - Marty D. Matlock, PhD PE BCEE, Executive Director, Office for Sustainability, Area Director, Center for Agricultural and Rural Sustainability, Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Author: Sara J. Scherr, Ecoagriculture Partners. Part of the keynote address at the 2nd World Congress of Agroforestry in Nairobi, Kenya. 24 August 2009.
A lecture in Quantitative Sustainability
It is often claimed that agricultural productivity needs to be increased in order to feed a growing world population. Food security depends on several factors besides the productivity, including waste/efficiency, energy crops, meat consumption, and global justice and equity. This lecture explores the issue of food security in its many dimensions and teaches how to use a high-level systems approach in sustainability science.
Madhur Gautam, David Laborde, Abdullah Mamun, Will Martin, Valeria Piñeiro, Rob Vos
POLICY SEMINAR
Can agricultural policies deliver better value for money for people, the planet, and the economy?
Co-Organized by IFPRI and World Bank Group
FEB 2, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:00AM EST
The global livestock sector: Trends and health implicationsILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Bernard Bett and Marius Gilbert at the Workshop on Measuring Progress, Biennial Meeting of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (RSTMH), Oxford, 27 September 2014
Transforming Agri-food Systems to Achieve Healthy Diets for AllCGIAR
Challenges: Why Agri-Food Systems Need to Be Transformed
Opportunities: What Science Can Offer to Address these Challenges
The CGIAR partnership: Our Contribution to achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Targets
Presentation on success stories and challenges ahead to make global agriculture more climate smart. Brownbag presentation in the WorldBank on 15th May by Andy Jarvis from the CCAFS program of the CGIAR.
The global livestock sector: Trends, drivers and implications for society, he...ILRI
Presented by Timothy Robinson, William Wint, Giulia Conchedda, Giuseppina Cinardi, Thomas Van Boeckel, Michael Macleod, Bernard Bett, Delia Grace and Marius Gilbert at the annual conference of the British Society of Animal Science (BSAS), Chester, UK, 14-15 April 2015.
Crop Diversification for Sustainable Agricultural Production (1).pptxBikram singha Mahapatra
Crop Diversification for Sustainable Agricultural Production . Agriculture .
Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry
M.S Swaminathan School of Agriculture .
Potential contribution of biofortification & other nutrition interventions to...Frédéric Baudron
Diets in rural Zimbabwe tend to be inadequate in vitamin A. Scaling up pro-vitamin A (PVA) maize can contribute to alleviate the problem, but for most household, adequacy will only be reached if biofortification is combined with other nutrition interventions
Presentation of F Baudron to the International Symposium on Transboundary Pes...Frédéric Baudron
Fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is an invasive lepidopteran pest established in most of sub-Saharan Africa since 2016. Although the immediate reaction of governments has been to invest in chemical pesticides, control methods based on agronomic management would be more affordable to resource-constrained smallholders and minimize risks for health and the environment. However, little is known about the most effective agronomic practices that could control FAW under typical African smallholder conditions. In addition, the impact of FAW damage on yield in Africa has been reported as very large, but these estimates are mainly based on farmers’ perceptions, and not on rigorous field scouting methods.
Thus, our objectives were to understand the factors influencing FAW damage in African smallholder maize fields and quantify its impact on yield, using two districts of Eastern Zimbabwe as cases. A total of 791 smallholder maize fields were scouted for FAW damage during the season 2017/18 and the head of the corresponding farming household interviewed. Grain yield was later determined in 167 (about 20%) of these fields. The same FAW damage survey was repeated in 2018/19 with the same farmers. 638 maize fields were thus surveyed (153 farmers didn’t plant maize that season). Grain yield was then determined in 386 (about 60%) of these fields.
FAW damage was found to be significantly reduced by rotation with a legume or a fallow, legume intercropping, minimum- or zero-tillage, balanced fertilization, the application of manure and/or compost, frequent weeding and early planting, during at least one of the season under study. Conversely, the presence of a hedgerow and pumpkin intercropping was found to significantly increase FAW damage (during both seasons). FAW damage appeared significantly higher in plots receiving pesticides (during both season), suggesting poor efficacy of the pesticides or application method used. We also found evidence of varietal effects on FAW damage during both seasons.
Our best estimate of the impact of FAW damage on yield was 11.57% in 2017/18, which is much lower than what previous studies reported. Although our study presents limitations, losses due to FAW damage in Africa could have been over-estimated. In 2018/19, however, our estimate of FAW damage was double the 2017/18 estimate (22.37%), possibly because of an interaction between FAW and drought.
This study demonstrates the viability of using agronomic management to control FAW in African smallholder conditions. It is guiding on-going work from CIMMYT and its partners to develop the most cost-effective practices. These include zero-tillage, push-pull and pheromone trapping in irrigated maize. Preliminary results from this empirical work are presented.
Experience of CIMMYT and its partners with the multiple dimensions of appropr...Frédéric Baudron
Mechanization is more than engineering. This presentation explores the ramification of appropriate mechanization in terms of sustainable intensification & climate-smart agriculture, equity, and commercialization through private sector involvement.
Understanding factors conditioning fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. ...Frédéric Baudron
Fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is an invasive lepidopteran pest established in most of sub-Saharan Africa since 2016. Although, the immediate reaction of governments has been to invest in chemical pesticides, control methods based on agronomic management would be more affordable to resource-constrained smallholders and minimize risks for health and the environment. However, little is known about the most effective agronomic practices that could control FAW in typical African smallholder conditions. In addition, the impact of FAW on yield in Africa has been reported as very large, but these estimates are largely based on farmers’ perceptions, but not on rigorous field scouting methods. Thus, the objectives of this study were to understand the factors conditioning FAW infestation in African smallholder maize fields and quantify its impact on yield, using two Districts of Eastern Zimbabwe as cases. 791 smallholder maize plots were scouted for FAW and the head of the corresponding farming household interviewed. Grain yield was later determined in about 20% of these fields. FAW infestation was found to be significantly reduced by weed control – either through herbicides or through frequent weeding operations – and through minimum- and zero-tillage. Conversely, pumpkin intercropping was found to significantly increase FAW infestation. Some maize varieties also appeared more susceptible that others to FAW infestation. Although the infestation levels recorded in this research (35 to 48%, depending on the proxy of infestation used) are commensurate with infestation levels found by other studies conducted on the continent, our best estimate of the impact of this infestation on yield (9.14%) is much lower than what these studies found. Although our study presents limitations, losses due to FAW in Africa could have been over-estimated. The threat that FAW represents for African smallholders, although very real, should not divert attention away from other pressing challenges they face.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...
Revisiting the Borlaug hypothesis
1. Wageningen, 26 March 2015
Frédéric Baudron,
CIMMYT-Ethiopia
Revisiting the Borlaug hypothesis
& alternative approaches to manage the
agriculture-nature interface
2.
3. Norman Borlaug
1970: Recipient of the Nobel
Peace Price
1964: Director of CIMMYT’s
Wheat Program
‘Father of the Green Revolution’
(Mexico, India, Pakistan)
CIMMYT’s icon ever since
4. 0
1
2
3
4
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Maizeyield(tha-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Wheatyield(tha-1)
India
Mexico
The Green Revolution
● High-yielding, ‘modern’ varieties of
wheat, rice and later maize
Morphology (short, many tillers, erect leave)
Traits (high yield potential, wide adaptation, etc)
● Accompanied by a suite of other
changes:
Technological changes (fertilizer, irrigation)
Changes in land use
Changes in the labor economy
● Positive outcomes:
Improved rural incomes (farmers and laborers)
Lower food prices
Transformed a number of developing countries
(e.g. India) from large food importers and recipients
of food aid into food secure countries
6. Investing in Agriculture to Conserve
nature
● Protected areas are not sufficient
(only 12% of all terrestrial land)
● Growing underfunding of protected
areas
● Species range shift due to climate
change
● Human population tends to be
concentrated in areas rich in
biodiversity
(from
Balmford et
al., 2001)
7. Agriculture is Expanding
● Additional 3 billion people by 2050
● Increase in global wealth and per
capita consumption
● Rising number of undernourished
people
● National food security… and political
stability
● Global demand for agricultural
products expected to double from
2005 to 2050 (Tilman et al., 2011)
Annual per capita dependence of caloric
demand and GDP (Tilman et al., 2011)
Food price and violent protests (Lagi et al.,
2011)
8. Cropland expansion in the
tropics and subtropics
Fate of remaining
biodiversity-rich areas?
(FAO, 2010)
10. Change in
Biodiversity
Biotic Removals
& Additions
Altered
Ecosystem
Processes
Increased Flow of
Ecosystem Goods
& Services
Increased
Human Benefits
Change in
Species Traits
Negative Consequences of
Agriculture on Biodiversity
12. Altered
Biogeochemical
& Hydrological
Cycles
Change in
Biodiversity
Biotic Removals
& Additions
Altered
Disturbance
Regimes
Altered
Ecosystem
Processes
Increased Flow of
Ecosystem Goods
& Services
Increased
Human Benefits
Change in
Species Traits
Negative Consequences of
Agriculture on Biodiversity
13. Altered
Biogeochemical
& Hydrological
Cycles
Change in
Biodiversity
Biotic Removals
& Additions
Altered
Disturbance
Regimes
Altered
Ecosystem
Processes
Increased Flow of
Ecosystem Goods
& Services
Increased
Human Benefits
Change in
Species Traits
Altered Habitats
Negative Consequences of
Agriculture on Biodiversity
14. Altered
Biogeochemical
& Hydrological
Cycles
Change in
Biodiversity
Biotic Removals
& Additions
Altered
Disturbance
Regimes
Altered
Ecosystem
Processes
Increased Flow of
Ecosystem Goods
& Services
Increased
Human Benefits
Change in
Species Traits
Altered Habitats
Negative Consequences of
Agriculture on Biodiversity
15. Benefits of Land Sparing
● Country-level evidences of
spared land (in theory)
● Biodiversity: Ghana, India,
Uganda (e.g. Phalan et al., 2011;
Hulme et al., 2013)
● Intensification and climate
change mitigation
● Yield gaps
● Poverty traps (low level equilibrium)
(Mueller et al., 2012)
(Phalan et al., 2011)
16. ● Land sparing is ‘imperfect’ (slower
growth, but not reduction in cultivted area)
Elastic demand for food crops
Subsidies
Shift to other crops
● Far-reaching impacts of agro-
chemicals
● Intensification may attract migrants
● Poor access to knowledge and
capital
● Poor transport and infrastructures
Limits to land Sparing
Rudel et al., 2009
17. Land Sharing as an alternative
(Wright et al., 2012)● Low external input use and retention
of patches of natural habitat
● Integration of land uses
● Dependency of many (open-habitat)
species on farmland
● Farmlands structurally similar to
native vegetation support high
biodiversity
18. Limits to Land Sharing
● Efficiency of large-scale national
program is very variable
● Organic inputs are scarce
● Extensive practices
Low yield
Extra land for the production of biomass and
manure
● Possibility of displacement
More the 1/3 of the food consumed by
Sweden in 1994 was imported 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Minimum Maximum
Annualadditionallandrequired
fortheperiod2000-2030(Mha)
Land degradation
Protected areas
Urban expansion
(Lambin and Meyfroidt, 2011)
20. ● Response of the species of interest
to farming intensity
Land Sparing or Sharing?
Based on What Criteria?
(Baudron and Giller., 2014)
21. ● Response of the species of interest
to farming intensity
● Scale and landscape-specific
circumstances
Topography, productivity, ‘spatial grain’
Land Sparing or Sharing?
Based on What Criteria?
22. ● Response of the species of interest
to farming intensity
● Scale and landscape-specific
circumstances
Topography, productivity, ‘spatial grain’
● Threats to the species of interest
Intensification vs. expansion, contrast
farmland-natural vegetation
Land Sparing or Sharing?
Based on What Criteria?
23. ● Response of the species of interest
to farming intensity
● Scale and landscape-specific
circumstances
Topography, productivity, ‘spatial grain’
● Threats to the species of interest
Intensification vs. expansion, contrast
farmland-natural vegetation
● Socio-economic factors
Land pressure, endowment, technological
options, markets, policies
Land Sparing or Sharing?
Based on What Criteria?
24. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
● Producing differently
● Beyond the plot
● Beyond production
● Supportive markets and policies
● Towards multifunctional landscape mosaics
30. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Beyond the plot
● Redesigning farming systems
at farm-level
Management of populations of
natural enemies
Facilitative interaction
Nutrient transfer
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Airtemperature(°C)
Time of the day (h)
Outside canopy
Under canopy
0
20
40
60
80
1 10 30
Numberofrovebeetles
captured
Distance to ensete field (m)
31. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Beyond the plot
● Redesigning farming systems
at farm-level
Management of populations of
natural enemies
Facilitative interaction
Nutrient transfer
● Redesigning farming systems
at landscape-level
Collective action at territory level
Institutional innovation
(Baudron et al., submitted)
33. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Beyond production
● Reduction of food losses and
wastes
Storage and cooling facilities
Transport from the farm to the market
34. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Beyond production
● Reduction of food losses and
wastes
Storage and cooling facilities
Transport from the farm to the market
● Access to food
‘Food sovereignty’: equitable distribution and
local accessibility
Securing land tenure to smallholders
35. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Beyond production
● Reduction of food losses and
wastes
Storage and cooling facilities
Transport from the farm to the market
● Access to food
‘Food sovereignty’: equitable distribution and
local accessibility
Securing land tenure to smallholders
● Changes in consumption patterns
Discourage grain fed livestock
Discourage biofuel production that competes
with food crop production
37. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Supportive markets and policies
● Valuing biodiversity, and returning this
value to farmers
Pricing (embodying the true costs and benefits of agricultural
practices) and labelling of commodities
Compensation (foregone use of land, disservices) and
rewards (PES)
38. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Supportive markets and policies
● Valuing biodiversity, and returning this
value to farmers
Pricing (embodying the true costs and benefits of agricultural
practices) and labelling of commodities
Compensation (foregone use of land, disservices) and
rewards (PES)
● Policy framework
Agri-environment payments to farmers
Policies that prevent deforestation & encourage
abandonment
Control of immigration in developing countries
Removal of perverse policies (e.g. subsidies)
Incentives that promote production and
consumption patterns that are less demanding in
NR
40. Beyond Sparing vs Sharing?
Towards multifunctional landscape mosaics
Natural ennemies Pollinators Hydrology Erosion control
Interactions between patches
Nutrient transfer
41. Conclusion
● Green Revolution: adapted to the context
of the 60s and 70s, but no longer the right
model
● Major move of CIMMYT towards
‘sustainable intensification’
● Agriculture as an opportunity for
conservation (not only a threat)
● Biodiversity as input to farming
● Expanding the partnership between
conservation organizations and
agricultural agencies
Although increased use of fertilizer increases greenhouse gas emission due to the energy costs of manufacture, these costs are offset by reduced greenhouse gas emissions through deforestation, as less land is needed to produce the same quantity of food or other products.
Increase in yield generally leads to a slower growth of cultivated area compared with population growth, but not to an increase in forested areas
Unmet demand in the developing world, and emerging markets such as biofuels or grain-fed livestock
Farm abandonment leads to regeneration of forest that supports a narrower range of species than a heterogeneous mosaic of land-uses, and intensification leads to a loss of spatial and temporal heterogeneity
‘Food sovereignty’ promotes the right of people to define their own food production and consumption at the local, national and global level (Rosset, 2008)
Poultry and fish are three times more efficient as cattle in converting grain into meat
‘Food sovereignty’ promotes the right of people to define their own food production and consumption at the local, national and global level (Rosset, 2008)
Poultry and fish are three times more efficient as cattle in converting grain into meat
‘Food sovereignty’ promotes the right of people to define their own food production and consumption at the local, national and global level (Rosset, 2008)
Beef fed on pasture or crop residues; poultry and fish
Poultry and fish are three times more efficient as cattle in converting grain into meat